Brahmadeya (Sanskrit for "given to Brahmana"[1]) was tax free land gift either in form of single plot or whole villages donated to Brahmanas in the early medieval India. It was initially practiced by the ruling dynasties and was soon followed up by the chiefs, merchants, feudatories, etc. Brahmadeya was devised by the Brahmanical texts as the surest mean to achieve merit and destroy sin.

Overview

Brahmadeya represented the grant of land either in a single plot or whole villages donated to Brahmanas by making them land-owners or land-controllers.[2][3][4][5] It was also given to more than one Brahmana (ekabhoga), to several Brahmana families (ganabhogam) which is estimated to be from few to several hundreds or even more than thousands, particularly in the South India.[6][7] The gift of land were mostly selected around the irrigation facilities such as tanks or lakes and were supposed to be operable to fulfill the needs of the donees. In the absence of facility, new means of irrigation system were created near the brahmadeyas.[8][9] The Kings and feudatories were to lose their right over donated lands and could not take it back even in the absence of heir. In the absence of heir, brahamdeya was transferred to some other eligible person of the same caste.[10] Though, mostly lands, other objects such as food, grains, paddy, gold, money, cow, oxen, ploughshare, etc. were also given away as a gift.

Brahmadeyas, however helped to bring virgin land under cultivation and to integrate the existing rural settlement into a new economic order, dominated by the Brahmanas proprietor.[11][12][13] They were exempted from various land taxes and dues either entirely or partially such as in the initial states of settlement. The taxes from the donated villages were assigned to Brahmana donees.[10] Brahamdeyas also helped the ruling families as they did gain the ideological support for their political power.[12] It is said to be a chief characteristic of the Indian feudalism.[8]

The donation of land sometimes represented more than just the transfer of land rights. At many instances, human resources such as peasants, artisans and others along with revenues and economic resources were also transferred to the donees.[14][15] There are several inscriptional evidence of conflicts between peasants, Brahmanas, and donors arising out of alienation of rights. Among other conflicting issues, right over drawing water was the most sensitive issue. An inscription dated back to 1080 CE belonging to the Hasan Taluk mentions a water dispute between a Brahmana and a farmer's family. Another inscription from the same taluk of 1230 CE. evidences the death of two farmers over land right issue.[16] Peasants were sometimes forced to agree conversion of their land into brahamdeya by denying water to them. In the brahmadeya villages, villagers were landless laborers who were paid a portion of crop they helped to cultivate.[2]

History

In the Deccan region, specifically present-day Maharashtra, Buddhist establishments are known to have received land grants during Satavahana rule since as early as 1st century CE.[17] The historical evidence of the practice of donating lands to Brahmanas in return of spiritual favour is traced back to 3rd-4th century CE in South India. The earliest royal land grant inscription that mentions the word "brahmadeya" is discovered from the 3rd century CE of the reign of Brihatphala yana King Jayavarman.[18]

Brahmadeya soon developed into a systematic attempt to avail subsistence to Brahmanas and a common practice onward 4th century CE.[8] The registration of donated land that included cultivable land, garden, residential plot were recommended by the Smrities and Puranas of the post-Gupta period and were recorded on the copper plates.[6][8] The tradition of land grants through the history of practice took the shape of a legal form governed by the law book called, Dharmaśāstra. The Anushasana Parva, a part of the great epic Mahabharata has a complete chapter dedicated to Bhumi-dana-prasamsa, commending the gifts of land.[19]

The Vakataka rulers made several land grants to Brahmanas in present-day Maharashtra: in the 5th century, the Vakataka king Pravarasena II is known to have granted land to as many as 1,000 Brahmanas in a single district, using a single charter.[20] The Vakataka rulers also made several land donations to Brahmanas in central and western Madhya Pradesh. Their contemporaries, including Gupta vassals, donated lands to the Brahmanas in north-eastern Madhya Pradesh during the 4th and the 5th centuries. The Chhattisgarh region was Brahmanized during the 6th and the 7th centuries under the ruler of the Nalas, the Sharabhapuriyas, and the Pandavas (of Mekala and Dakshina Kosala).[17]

The eastern Andhra region was brahmanized in the 3rd and 4th centuries during the rule of the Ikshvakus (who also patronized the Buddhists), Salankayanas, and Vishnukundinas; the western region was brahmanized later, in the 5th century.[17] The southern part of Karnataka came under Brahamnical influence under the Kadamba rule during the 5th and the 6th centuries, but the large-scale Brahmana settlements came to be distributed in Karnataka during the Vatapi Chalukya rule in the 6th-8th centuries.[21]

Epigraphic evidence suggests that the land grants to Brahmanas became frequent in northern Bengal and Assam in the 5th century; in the east Bengal in the 6th century; in Gujarat, Odisha, Himachal Pradesh (Kangra and Chamba), and Nepal in the 7th century.[17]

Land grant inscriptions show that in present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chola rulers introduced Brahmana settlements during the 8th century, and such settlements increased considerably during 9th-10th centuries. In present-day Kerala, large-scale land grants to Brahmanas do not occur until the 10th-11th centuries.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thapar, Romila (1995). Recent perspectives of early Indian history. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. p. 330. ISBN 9788171545568. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  2. ^ a b Hill, Christopher V. (2008). South Asia : an environmental history. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 46. ISBN 9781851099252. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  3. ^ Sircar, D.C. (1966). Indian epigraphical glossary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 61. ISBN 9788120805620. Retrieved 14 December 2014. Brahmadeya.
  4. ^ Ghose, Rajeshwari (1996). The lord of Ārūr - the Tyāgarāja cult in Tamilnāḍu : a study in conflict and accommodation (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 136, 189. ISBN 9788120813915. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  5. ^ Ramanujan, Fred W. Clothey with the poem Prayers to Lord Murukan̲ / by A. K. (1978). The many faces of Murukan̲ : the history and meaning of a South Indian god. The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 9789027976321. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  6. ^ a b Bhavani, S.; Ganeshram, C., eds. (2011). History of people and their environs : essays in honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu. Chennai: Indian Universities Press. ISBN 9789380325910. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  7. ^ T. K. Venkatasubramanian (1986). Political Change and Agrarian Tradition in South India, C. 1600-1801: A Case Study. Mittal Publications, 1986. pp. 78, 109. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d Chattopadhyaya, B.D., ed. (2009). A social history of early India (1. impr. ed.). Delhi: Pearson Longman. pp. 160, 170, 199, 200. ISBN 9788131719589. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  9. ^ Verma, Archana (2007). Cultural and visual flux at early historical Bagh in central India. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 25, 28, 30, 32, 33. ISBN 9781407301518. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  10. ^ a b K.R. Sarkar (June 2003). Public Finance in Ancient India. Abhinav Publications, 2003. p. 141. ISBN 9788170170723. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  11. ^ Dirks, Nicholas B. (1993). The hollow crown: ethnohistory of an Indian kingdom (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472081875. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  12. ^ a b Karashima, Noboru (2001). History and society in south India : the cholas of Vijayanagar : comprising South Indian history and society, Towards a new formation ([Omnibus ed.]. ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195651041.
  13. ^ Khanna, Meenakshi, ed. (2007). Cultural history of medieval India. New Delhi: Social Science Press. p. 51. ISBN 9788187358305. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  14. ^ Thapar, Romila (2004). Early India : from the origins to AD 1300. Berkeley [u.a.]: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520242258. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  15. ^ Romila Thapar (2015). The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789352141180.
  16. ^ Upinder Singh (2008). A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century. New Delhi: Pearson Education. p. 594. ISBN 9788131711200. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  17. ^ a b c d R. S. Sharma 1974, p. 177.
  18. ^ University of Kerala. Dept. of History, University of Allahabad. Dept. of Modern Indian History, University of Travancore, University of Kerala. "Journal of Indian History". Journal of Indian History. Department of Modern Indian History. 35–36: 197. ISSN 0022-1775.
  19. ^ Dwijendra Narayan Jha (1967). Revenue system in post-Maurya and Gupta times. Punthi Pustak. p. 128.
  20. ^ a b R. S. Sharma 1974, p. 178.
  21. ^ R. S. Sharma 1974, pp. 177–178.

Bibliography

Categories