Bramshill House, in Bramshill, northeast Hampshire, England, is one of the largest and most important Jacobean prodigy house mansions in England. It was built in the early 17th century by the 11th Baron Zouche of Harringworth but was partly destroyed by fire a few years later. The design shows the influence of the Italian Renaissance, which became popular in England during the late 16th century. The house was designated a Grade I listed building in 1952.

The mansion's southern façade is notable for its decorative architecture, which includes at its centre a large oriel window above the principal entrance. Interior features include a great hall displaying 92 coats of arms on a Jacobean screen, an ornate drawing room, and a 126.5-foot-long (38.6 m) gallery. Numerous columns and friezes are found throughout the mansion, while several rooms have large tapestries depicting historical figures and events on their panelled walls. The house is set in 262 acres (106 ha) of grounds containing an 18-acre (7.3 ha) lake. The grounds, which received a Grade II* listing in 1984, are part of a Registered Historic Park that includes about 25 acres (10 ha) of early 17th-century formal gardens near the house. The wider medieval park was landscaped from the 17th to the 20th century and contains woodland.

Bramshill appears to have been a local sporting and social venue since the 16th century. The cricket ground at the house played host to a first-class match in 1823 when an early Hampshire team played an England XI, and it hosted three other matches in 1825–26. During the Second World War, the mansion was used as a Red Cross maternity home, before becoming the residence of the exiled King Michael and Queen Anne of Romania for a number of years. It became the location of the Police Staff College in 1960, and was later home to the European Police College. As a result, many campus buildings have been added to the estate. Owing to escalating maintenance costs the property was sold to the heritage property developers City & Country in August 2014. Among the 14 ghosts reputed to haunt the house is that of a bride who accidentally locked herself in a chest on her wedding night and was not found until 50 years later.

Location

Bramshill House

Location of Bramshill House in Hampshire

Bramshill House is at the approximate centre of a triangle formed by Reading, Basingstoke and Farnborough, about 47 miles (76 km) by road southwest of central London.^[1][2] It lies to the northeast of Hartley Wintney, east of Hazeley off the B3349 road, southeast of the village of Bramshill, which lies on the B3011 road. Three main lanes approach the property: Mansion Drive from the B3011 in the southwest, Reading Drive South from the B3011 to the east of Bramshill village from the north, and the shorter Pheasantry Drive which approaches it from the southeast from Chalwin's Copse, just north of the course of the River Hart. Within the grounds is a private lane, Lower Pool Road, which connects Mansion Drive to Reading Drive South, passing the pond and several outer buildings. The latitudinal and longitudinal location is 51°19'57.9"N 0°54'43.2"W or also, 51.332759, −0.911991.^[2]

History

Original house

The 1086 Domesday Book lists one of the two manors of Bromeselle (the Anglo-Norman spelling of Bromshyll) as held by Hugh de Port.^[3]

In the early 14th century, Sir John Foxley (c. 1270 – c. 1325), Baron of the Exchequer,^[4] built and endowed a chapel in the village of Bramshill.^[5] His first wife, Constance de Bramshill, may have been the heiress of the Bramshill family. Their son, Thomas Foxley (c. 1305–1360), became MP for Berkshire in 1325, and was appointed constable of Windsor Castle in 1328, soon after the accession of the 14-year-old Edward III.^[6] In 1347 he obtained a licence to build a manor house or small castle at Bramshill, which included a 2,500-acre (1,000 ha) wooded park.^[7] The house, built between 1351 and 1360, had thick walls, vaulted cellars, and an internal courtyard measuring 100 by 80 feet (30 by 24 m).^[6] Based on the similarity of the surviving vaults under Bramshill House and those under what became the servants' hall and steward's room at Windsor Castle, it may have been a copy of William of Wykeham's work there.^[8][9]

The estate remained in the hands of the Foxley family and their heirs, the Essex family,^[10] until 1499, when it was sold to Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney. Giles's son Henry Daubeney (later Earl of Bridgewater) sold the property to Henry VIII, and in 1547 Edward VI granted the estate to William Paulet, whose heirs sold it in 1600 to Sir Stephen Thornhurst of Agnes Court, Kent.^[11]

New manor house

In March 1605,^[12] Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, a favourite of James I,^[13] bought the property from Thornhurst. A house was earlier planned on the site for Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (1594–1612),^[13] whose heraldic feathers are displayed above the central pediment.^[14] Lord Zouche demolished a large part of the building and began to build the Bramshill House of today. Henry Shaw describes the new house which Zouche built as a "specimen of Elizabethan [sic] architecture [which] merits particular attention, exhibiting all the stateliness for which the period referred to was remarkable, with a suite of apartments both large and lofty. The amplitude of its dimensions indicate a princely residence."^[15]

An inventory taken in 1634 after Zouche's death listed the library as having 250 books and a collection of mathematical instruments, and revealed that the maids' chamber was of a very high standard.^[16] James Zouch, grandson of Edward la Zouche, sold the property to the Earl of Antrim in 1637, at which time the house's furniture was valued at £2,762.^[17] During the reign of Charles I, the house was partly destroyed by a fire. On 25 June 1640, Lord Antrim sold Bramshill for £9,500 to Sir Robert Henley.^[18] In 1673 it was the property of his son, Sir Andrew Henley, 1st Baronet.^[19]

Sir John Cope purchased the property in 1699, and his descendants occupied the premises until 1935. The Cope family shortened the wings on the south side in 1703, converted most of the chapel to a drawing room and introduced a mezzanine on the west side during the 18th century. They were responsible for much of the interior, with significant renovation work done in the 19th century and in 1920.^[20] After his victory over Napoleon, the Duke of Wellington was offered his choice of house by Parliament; he visited Bramshill but in 1817 chose Stratfield Saye instead.^[21]

Sporting events

Sports on the Troco Terrace in the 17th century. Left: A game of bowls. Right: Fencing practice. Lithograph and watercolour by Joseph Nash.

Numerous paintings and prints depict games and social events taking place on the lawn; one such painting by Joseph Nash, now in the National Fencing Museum, depicts 17th-century rapier practice, with a number of upper-class men, women and children as spectators.^[22]

The cricket ground at the house first played host to a first-class match in 1823 when an early Hampshire team played an England XI. Hampshire won by five wickets.^[23] Two further first-class matches were played there in 1825, when Hampshire drew against Godalming and defeated Sussex.^[24] A final first-class match was held there in 1826 when a combined Hampshire and Surrey team played and lost to Sussex.^[25]

Modern times

In 1935, the house was purchased from the Cope family by Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket, the house's last private owner.^[26] It was used by the Red Cross as a maternity home during the Second World War, after which it became the home of the exiled King Michael and Queen Anne of Romania for several years.^[27]"

Bramshill House became a Grade I listed building on 8 July 1952,^[28][29] and was acquired by the British government the following year^[30] as a dedicated site for police training.^[31] It became the location of the National Police College in 1960.^[32] From 2005, two buildings on the site housed the European Police College (CEPOL) until this was moved to Budapest in 2014.^[33][34]

By the late 1980s the estate had become expensive to maintain, and according to John Wheeler, Chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee, by 1989 it was "in a poor state of repair".^[35] In July 2013 the Home Office placed the house and estate on the market for £25 million. It was sold to the heritage property developers City & Country in August 2014.^[36] In 2018, the house, with a reduced estate of about 90 acres, was put back on the market with a guide price of £10 million.^[37][38] In the 2022 movie Matilda the Musical, the house was used as the filming location for the school Crunchem Hall.^[39]

Architecture

Exterior

The 15-bedroom 56,974 square feet (5,293.1 m²) Bramshill House is one of the largest and most important Jacobean mansions in England,^[21][40] described as one of the "glories of English architecture" by the historians Anthony Blunt and James Lees-Milne.^[41]

The architecture of the three-storey building was inspired by the Italian Renaissance, and was executed mainly by German builders.^[42] It is approximately 140 feet (43 m) in length.^[19] The design is traditionally attributed to the architect John Thorpe, although no records remain to confirm the attribution.^[43] Surviving records do show that the stone mason Richard Goodridge was working at Bramshill in 1617 and again in 1621 and the authors of the revised Hampshire volume of Pevsner's Buildings of England suggest him as a possible alternative designer.^[44]

The building stands on the edge of a plateau, overlooking the park to the south.^[45] The plan of the house is unusual, partly because of its incorporation of the earlier building; it extends at right angles to the primary (southern) façade.^[43] The elevations are symmetrical, facing outwards, but the interior court is narrow, and projecting wings lie at either end of the eastern and western sides.^[28]

Bramshill House is three storeys high on the southern main entrance side and two storeys high to the north and east. There are three vaulted cellars to the west.^[28] The house is built of red brick laid in English bond dressed with stone, with ashlar quoining at the corners of the wings. Stone dressings are featured on numerous large mullion windows. An open carved parapet surmounts the building.^[19] The roof consists of red tiles, and there are large gables on the west side.^[43] The chimney stacks are rectangular.^[28]

North and south

The north façade has three bays separated by windows and features a loggia, typical of early 17th-century houses, with a central arched entrance to accommodate coaches.^[43] The central bay is crowned by an ornamental pierced parapet below a niched Dutch gable, which shelters a small statue of Lord Zouche^[43][46] or James I.^[47] There are small obelisks at either side of the gable.^[28] Thorpe originally intended the main entrance of the house to be on this side, building on the gatehouse of the earlier Foxley house.^[48]

The southern façade was described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "among the most fanciful pieces of Jacobean design in [England]".^[40] It is three storeys high and features three sets of three bays in either wing, with five inner sections.^[49]

The outer two of the inner sections feature eight angular windows, aligned in rows of four on the first two floors and then a row of four windows on the top floor. The inner two sections have the same layout on the first and top floors with eight windows aligned in rows of four on the first floor and four windows on the top floor, but the ground floor features two arches, which form part of the central loggia.^[49]

The stone central bay, 20 feet (6.1 m) wide, is emphasised by superimposed double decorated pilasters on all floors and the central archway of the loggia in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders,^[50] surmounted by a florid perforated pediment. In addition there is an oriel window on the first floor above the main entrance.^[40][47]

An important difference from the other sides of this building is a terrace, 25 feet (7.6 m) in width, between the projecting wings, a kind of architectural foreground to the garden.^[47] The terrace is bounded by a 3-foot-3-inch-high (0.99 m) balustrade.^[51] The arcade on the terrace of the southern front is a good example of Italian domestic architecture, used in villas.^[52] The triglyphs and ornamented metopes, together with the simple capitals of the columns, indicate the Doric order, but are light enough to be Ionic.^[53] The south entrance was the model for Darlington,^[37] the Crocker-McMillin Mansion in New Jersey, US, built between 1901 and 1907.

East front: the Troco Terrace is above the basement-level brick wall, parallel to the façade

The southernmost of two arcaded openings on the Troco Terrace

East and west

The east façade is the longest, about 124 feet (38 m) wide, and two storeys high.^[47] It features four full-height angular bays with two windows between, while its upper walls have two arches set within a rectangular panel.^[28] On this side there is a Troco Terrace with a lawn, as well as two arcaded openings at the side on either wing of the house.

The southernmost arcaded opening contains a bench with eight arches and has three tables, one of which is older and octagonal.^[54] Carved in the wall at the side is a frieze consisting of four squares, each depicting an animal: a lion, an elephant, a wild boar and a camel.^[55]

The west façade dates to the 18th century and is the only one with multiple gables;^[43] the windows on the ground floor are sashed.^[28]

Interior

Two of the rooms have large tapestries on their walls depicting historical figures and scenes.^[56] Those in the drawing room contain scenes from Roman history and were based on designs by Peter Paul Rubens, who supervised the work in Brussels. These tapestries were initially made for Dudley Carleton, 1st Viscount Dorchester, Zouche's brother-diplomat, but in the end he rejected them for another set; how the first set came to Bramshill is not known. Rubens's sketches for the first and last tapestries in the series are in Alte Pinakothek (Munich).^[57]

The west section of the ground floor contains the former dining room and kitchen. The openings in the wall between the billiard room and the garden room had been blocked up but the rooms were reconnected in the 19th century under Sir William Henry Cope, uncovering an original doorway with a four-centred pointed arch.^[58] Cope applied arabesque patterns to the panelling in the garden room, which he had traced when two of the bedrooms were being repainted.^[59] The billiard room has a hidden door leading to the original entrance on the north side of the house through the Foxley gatehouse into the interior courtyard, and several doorways remain in the kitchen and housekeeping areas.^[60]

The Great Hall, to which an arcaded porch gives direct access, retains the basic design of the original construction.^[61] It has a dais^[61] and a Jacobean stone screen, 13 feet (4.0 m) high, decorated with 92 shields. Resident families emblazoned the shields with the arms of ancestors and family members.^[43][62][63] The entablature of the screen has a double row of 40 sculptured shields and has a depth of 2 feet 6 inches (0.76 m).^[53] Beyond the dais, double doors lead into the Terrace Hall at the foot of the staircase.^[58] Across from this is the former dining room, containing a large tapestry, believed to have been made by an English artist, "representing forest scenery in very subdued colours".^[58] During the time of the Cope family in the 1880s, the kitchen near the south hall was used as a dairy. The kitchen and the adjoining room had back-to-back fireplaces.^[64]

Drawing room and library

The drawing room, containing four bay windows of different sizes, is panelled with oak for its entire height of about 16 feet (4.9 m).^[65] One of the upper panels, surmounted by its Corinthian entablature, is a frieze depicting a fig, grape, and pomegranate, each with foliage and blossoms. One of the lower panels, part of the dado in the same room, has a section of projecting mouldings. The upper panel is 2 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 4 inches (.86 m × .71 m); the lower, 2 feet 7 inches by 2 feet 6 inches (.79 m × .76 m).^[65]

The massive chimneypiece in the drawing room is classically designed, believed to be inspired by one of the great Italian architects of 16th-century Mannerism, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola.^[66] It is two storeys in height, the lower being Doric and the upper Ionic. The distribution of the members is regular, and the shafts of the columns are variegated marble. The upper compartment of the chimneypiece is composed of separate pieces of the same diversified material, and the frieze of the upper order also consists of coloured marble in the centre. The fireplace is 6 feet (1.8 m) wide and 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 m) high, and retains the ancient andirons, used for burning wood. These are large and well adorned, particularly in the lower part.^[66]

The ceilings of the drawing room and library are the most elaborate in the house.^[66] The plaster frieze in the library also displays fine workmanship; 1 foot 7 inches (0.48 m) wide, it is designed in a striking arabesque pattern, with an evident Florentine influence.^[65] In the 1880s the library had a collection of 5,000 volumes, about half the number the Cope family owned at the time.^[67]

Staircase and first floor

The standards and balusters of the stairs on the north side of the hall came from Eversley Manor House and probably date to the mid-17th century,^[43] although the treads are original to the house and possibly mid-16th century.^[61][68] The walls above the stairs and on the first-floor landing contain some very large paintings, including several portraits.^[69]

Beyond the staircase are the state rooms^[69] and what was known as the "Wrought Room".^[59] The room has an ornamental ceiling with a Renaissance chimneypiece.^[59] Two of the bedrooms, the two "White Rooms", were originally connected to what was called the Flower-de-luce Room, but the doors have been boarded up.^[70]

The Long Gallery fills the first floor of the northern range: 126.5 feet (38.6 m) long and with a richly decorated stucco ceiling and a complex wooden chimneypiece,^[71] it formerly contained a "very curious collection of portraits of distinguished characters".^[15][72]

Also on the first floor is the "Chapel Drawing Room" in the south wing, connected to the Drawing Room.^[73] The Copes created this room by reducing the size of the original chapel, which is entered through it.^[74] The current chapel has an altar reredos with paintings of the Virgin Mary, St. Stephen, St. Mary Magdalene and St. John the Evangelist, by Alexander Rowan and dated by Pevsner to about 1840.^[71][75] The tapestry in the chapel room is older than the house, and was assessed by an expert as dating to 1450 or earlier; in the early 19th century it had hung in the Red Drawing Room.^[76] When the chapel ceiling was restored by Sir William Cope, it was discovered that one section of the plaster work had previously been replaced with carved wood.^[76] The large window in the south wall of the courtyard was presumably moved from the original chapel.^[71]

Grounds and garden

The house is set in 262 acres (106 ha) of grounds,^[77] which include an 18-acre (7.3 ha) lake north of the house.^[78] The grounds form part of a Registered Historic Park that received a Grade II* listing in 1984; this was subsequently upgraded to Grade I in September 2017. Under this designation are the 25 acres (10 ha) of early 17th-century formal gardens near the house, the wider 490-acre (200 ha) medieval park, landscaped from the 17th to the 20th century, with 250 acres (100 ha) of woodland^[79] and buildings including an icehouse and a folly known as Conduit House.^[77] Parts of the park have been used for commercial softwood production since the 19th century.^[79]

To the west of the house is Peatmoor Copse and to the east Bramshill Forest,^[2] and the grounds contained what was known as the "Green Court" and the "Flower Garden" at the time of William Henry Cope in the 1880s. The Grade I listed gatehouse dates to the time of the Foxleys.^[80] The fir trees in the grounds are reputed to have been planted "as a memento of his former home" by James I, who brought them from Scotland.^[72][81] The formal gardens were first laid out by Edward la Zouche, a horticulturist. Sir John Cope redesigned the gardens and continued the planting of trees in the park. At the close of the 18th century the grounds were re-landscaped to be less formal, and some areas in the south were returned to parkland.^[9]

Bramshill Park was conceived as a "hunting box" for Henry Frederick and became a popular estate for hunting.^[72] On 24 July 1621, while hunting in the park, George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, accidentally shot and killed one of the gamekeepers with his crossbow.^[12] An inquiry cleared him of murder.^[65] Another notable clergyman/hunter who frequented Bramshill was Charles Kingsley, rector of Eversley,^[82] who hunted fox and deer and collected butterflies there^[83] and frequently took his family and friends.^[84] Kingsley was reportedly especially enamoured of the fir trees, which he considered "a source of constant delight",^[81] fondly naming them "James the First's gnarled giants".^[85] In the 19th century, Sir John Cope, a friend of Kingsley's, was known as a supporter of the fox hunt and especially as a breeder of fox hounds.^[86][87] The opening of the season at Bramshill in the late 1840s was noted in the British hunting press.^[88]

The main avenue approaches from the southwest, through an arched gateway formed by two Grade II listed early 19th-century lodges,^[89] before crossing the Broad Water formed by the River Hart by a Grade I listed early 19th-century bridge with two arches.^[90] There are separate listings for other structures near the house, including the Grade I listed early 17th-century triple-arched gateway on the route to Reading to the northeast of the house,^[91] Grade I listed early 17th-century boundary walls and turrets to the south and west,^[92] Grade II listed boundary walls and gate-piers to the west, including the kitchen garden,^[93] Grade I listed garden walls and gateways to the north and east,^[94] and the Grade II listed late 18th-century stable block to the north.^[95]

Legends

Bramshill has been cited as one of the most haunted houses in England.^[96][97] According to one UK police officer who worked at the college, 14 ghosts have purportedly been identified, although another officer at the college did not take these suggestions seriously.^[27] They include a Grey Lady (one story suggests that her husband, a religious dissenter, was beheaded in the 17th century) and a Green Man (a Cope family member who either drowned in the lake in 1806, according to the journalist P. Lal, or threw himself off a cliff near Brighton, according to the author Penny Legg).^[27][98]

The Green Man, dressed as his name suggests, reportedly manifests near the lake, as does the ghost supposed to be that of a gardener who drowned there.^[98]

The Grey Lady allegedly haunts the terrace, the library, and the chapel. Legg suggests that she has a young and beautiful appearance, with a sad, tear-stained face and golden hair, and smelling of the lilies of the valley; Lal argues that she has reddish-brown hair and wears a grey, sleeveless robe.^[27][99] The Grey Lady's husband has been reported to haunt the stables and the chapel drawing room.

The ghost of a young child allegedly haunts the library and the Fleur de Lys room; the child has supposedly been heard crying, and attempts to hold visitors' hands. Folklore holds that the Grey Lady was the child's mother.^[99]

A lady dressed in the style of Queen Anne, and a knight in armour, are reported to have been seen in the chapel drawing room. The chapel itself is purportedly frequented by the ghost of a lady in 17th-century dress, and by that of a nun.

A young man dressed in 1920s tennis garb, reputed to be a Cope family member who fell from a train, has supposedly been seen in the reception area of the house. A small boy documented to haunt the terrace is said to have fallen from the roof sometime in the 18th century.^[98]

In addition, Bramshill House was cited by the historian William Page as a possible location for the Legend of the Mistletoe Bough, a ghost story associated with several English country mansions.^[7] This legend tells of a bride who supposedly hid in a wooden chest during a game of hide and seek on her wedding night. In the case of Bramshill House, the story has it that this happened at Christmas time, and that the bride was found fifty years later still wearing her wedding dress and with a sprig of mistletoe in her hand; the chest is on display in the entrance hall.^[27]

The woman is sometimes identified as John Cope's daughter Anne, who married Hugh Bethell of Yorkshire.^[100] An alternative claim is that she was Genevre Orsini, who was married in 1727, and that her ghost came to Bramshill from Italy together with the chest.^[27] In his monograph on the house, the Victorian writer Sir William Cope preferred this theory and added that the chest on display was not the original, which had been proved large enough by "a woman of comely proportions" who had tested it by lying down in it, but which had been taken away by Sir Denzil Cope's widow in 1812.^[101]

The ghost of the bride is referred to as the White Lady, and she is said by Legg to haunt the Fleur de Lys room.^[102] According to Legg, Michael I of Romania asked to be moved to another room during a stay there, in order to not be disturbed by the young woman in white who passed through his bedroom every night.^[99]

An old man with a grey beard, thought by Legg to be the father or husband of the White Lady, is reported to stare through windows and at the Mistletoe Chest.^[99]