Broadmoor Hospital
West London NHS Trust
Broadmoor in 2006
Broadmoor Hospital is located in Berkshire
Broadmoor Hospital
Shown in Berkshire
Geography
LocationCrowthorne, Berkshire, England
Coordinates51°22′09″N 00°46′43″W / 51.36917°N 0.77861°W / 51.36917; -0.77861
Organisation
Care systemNational Health Service
TypePsychiatric
Services
Emergency departmentNo
Beds284
History
Opened1863; 161 years ago (1863)
Links
Websitewww.westlondon.nhs.uk/our-services/adult/secure-services/broadmoor-hospital Edit this at Wikidata

Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital in Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. It is the oldest of England's three high-security psychiatric hospitals, the other two being Ashworth Hospital near Liverpool and Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire. The hospital's catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions: London, Eastern, South East and South West. It is managed by the West London NHS Trust.

History

See also: History of psychiatric institutions
The asylum in 1867

The hospital was first known as the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum. Completed in 1863, it was built to a design by Sir Joshua Jebb, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, and covered 53 acres (21 hectares) within its secure perimeter.[1]

The first patient was a female admitted for infanticide on 27 May 1863. Notes described her as being 'feeble minded'. It has been suggested by an analysis of her records that she most likely had congenital syphilis.[2] The first male patients arrived on 27 February 1864. The original building plan of five blocks (four for men and one for women) was completed in 1868. An additional male block was built in 1902.[3]

Due to overcrowding at Broadmoor, an extending asylum branch was constructed at Rampton Secure Hospital and opened in 1912. Rampton was closed as a branch asylum at the end of 1919 and reopened as an institution for "mental defectives" rather than lunatics. During the First World War Broadmoor's block 1 was also used as a Prisoner-of-war camp, called Crowthorne War Hospital, for mentally ill German soldiers.[4]

After the escape in 1952 of John Straffen, who murdered a local child, the hospital set up an alarm system, which was activated to alert people in the vicinity, as well as the public including those in the surrounding towns of Sandhurst, Wokingham, Bracknell, Camberley and Bagshot, when any potentially dangerous patient escapes. It was based on Second World War air raid sirens, and a two-tone alarm sounded across the whole area in the event of an escape. Until 2018, it was tested every Monday morning at 10 am for two minutes, after which a single tone 'all-clear' was sounded for a further two minutes. All schools in the area were required to keep procedures designed to ensure that in the event of a Broadmoor escape no child was ever out of the direct supervision of a member of staff. Sirens were located at Sandhurst School, Wellington College, Bracknell Forest Council depot and other sites until they were decommissioned upon the opening of the hospital's new site.[5][6]

Following the Peter Fallon QC inquiry into Ashworth Special Hospital which reported in 1999, and found serious concerns about security and abuses resulting from poor management, it was decided to review the security at all three of the special hospitals in England. Until this time each was responsible for maintaining its own security policies.[7][8] This review was made the personal responsibility of Sir Alan Langlands, who at the time was chief executive of the NHS England. The report that came out of the review initiated a new partnership whereby the Department of Health sets out a policy of safety, and security directions, that all three special hospitals must adhere to.[8]

In 2003, the Commission for Healthcare Improvement declared the Victorian buildings at Broadmoor Hospital 'unfit for purpose'.[9]

In 2015 the Care Quality Commission gave the hospital an Inadequate rating.[10] In 2018 the hospital was rated as Good overall by the Care Quality Commission.[11]

Therapies

Broadmoor uses both psychiatric medication and psychotherapy,[12] as well as occupational therapy. One of the therapies available is the arts, and patients are encouraged to participate in the Koestler Awards Scheme.[13] One of the longest-detained patients at Broadmoor is Albert Haines, who set a legal precedent in 2011 when his mental health tribunal hearing was allowed to be fully public; he argued there that he had never been given the type of counselling he had always sought, and the panel urged the clinicians to work more collaboratively and clearly towards his psychiatric rehabilitation.[14]

Nature of the facility

Because of its high walls and other visible security features as well as the news reporting it has received in the past, the hospital is often assumed to be a prison by members of the public.[15] Many of its patients are sent to it via the criminal justice system,[16] and its original design brief incorporated an essence of addressing criminality in addition to mental illness. However, the layout inside and the daily routine are intended to assist the therapy practised there rather than to be run as a prison.[17] Nearly all staff are members of the Prison Officers' Association, as opposed to other health service unions such as UNISON and the Royal College of Nursing.[18]

Governance

Historical governance

The first medical superintendent was John Meyer. His assistant, William Orange, succeeded him.[19] Orange established "a management style that was greatly admired". He also advised the Home Office on how to approach criminal insanity.[20] Orange was in charge from 1870 to 1886.[21]

From its opening, until 1948, Broadmoor was managed by a council of supervision, appointed by and reporting to the Home Secretary. Thereafter, the Criminal Justice Act 1948 transferred ownership of the hospital to the Department of Health (and the newly formed NHS) and oversight to the Board of Control for Lunacy and Mental Deficiency established under the Mental Deficiency Act 1913. It also renamed the hospital Broadmoor Institution. The hospital remained under direct control of the Department of Health – a situation that reportedly "combined notional central control with actual neglect"[22] – until the establishment of the Special Hospitals Service Authority in 1989, with Charles Kaye as its first chief executive.[18]

Alan Franey ran the hospital from 1989 to 1997, having been recommended for the post by his friend Jimmy Savile. His leadership was undermined by persistent rumours of sexual impropriety on the hospital grounds.[23] Allegedly, he ignored at least three sexual assaults that he had been informed about.[24]

The Special Hospitals Service Authority was abolished in 1996, being replaced by individual special health authorities in each of the high-security hospitals. The Broadmoor Hospital Authority was itself dissolved on 31 March 2001.[25]

Current governance

On 1 April 2001, West London Mental Health (NHS) Trust took over the responsibility for the hospital. The trust reports to the NHS Executive through NHS England London. The former director, who then became the CEO of the trust, quit in 2009 after Healthcare Commission/Care Quality Commission findings of serious failures to ensure patient safety at Broadmoor.[26][27] In 2014 the director of specialist and forensic services resigned (and was employed elsewhere in the NHS) just prior to the conclusions of an investigation into a bullying culture.[28] The next permanent CEO retired in 2015 in the wake of poor Care Quality Commission findings and other problems in the Trust.[29]

A new head of security was appointed in March 2013, John Hourihan, who had thirty years' experience at Scotland Yard and had worked as a bodyguard for members of the royal family.[30]

Meanwhile, the trust allowed ITV to film a two-part documentary within Broadmoor in 2014. Press releases stated that on average there are four 'assaults' per week on staff.[31] Psychiatrist Amlan Basu, clinical director of Broadmoor since March 2014, promoted the documentary but then decided to leave the NHS in 2015 amidst funding and staffing problems, despite the trust having just highlighted investment in his skills through its 'prestigious initiative to improve the quality of patient care in the NHS.'[32][33][34][35]

Buildings

Building work at Broadmoor-aerial 2015
Plan of hospital

Much of Broadmoor's architecture is still Victorian, including the gatehouse, which has a clock tower.[1]

Following long-standing reports that the old buildings were unfit for purpose (for therapy or safety), planning permission was granted in 2012 for a £242 million redevelopment, involving a new unit comprising 10 wards to adjoin the existing 6 wards of the modern Paddock Unit, resulting in total bed numbers of 234. Building company Kier reported in 2013 a sum of £115 million for the new unit of 162 beds, ready to accept patients by the start of 2017, and £43 million for a separate new medium secure unit for men nearby.[36][37][38][39][40]

A new unit called the Paddock Centre had already opened on 12 December 2005, to contain and treat patients classed as having a 'dangerous severe personality disorder' (DSPD).[41] This was a new and much debated category invented on behalf of the UK government, based on an individual being considered a 'Grave and Immediate Danger' to the general public, and meeting some combination of criteria for personality disorders and/or high scores on the Hare Psychopathy Check list – Revised.[41]

The Paddock Centre was designed to eventually house 72 patients, but never opened more than four of its six 12-bedded wards. The Department of Health and Ministry of Justice National Personality Disorder Strategy published in October 2011 concluded that the resources invested in the DSPD programme should instead be used in prison based treatment programmes and the DSPD service at Broadmoor was required to close by 31 March 2012.[42]

The trust took possession of the first phase of the new buildings, with 16 wards and 234 beds, in May 2019.[43]

Misconduct by staff

Abuse

See also: Jimmy Savile sexual abuse scandal

From at least 1968 the television presenter and disc jockey Jimmy Savile undertook voluntary work at the hospital and was allocated his own room, supported by Broadmoor CEO Pat McGrath, who thought it would be good publicity.[44][45][46]

In 1987 a minister in the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), Baroness Trumpington, appointed Savile to the management board in charge of Broadmoor. He was being referred to as 'Dr Savile' by both the DHSS and Broadmoor despite having no medical qualifications or training, having left school at the age of 14.[47] In August 1988, following a recommendation by Cliff Graham, the senior civil servant in charge of mental health at the DHSS, Savile was appointed by the department's health minister Edwina Currie to chair an interim task force overseeing the management of the hospital following the suspension of its board. Currie privately supported Savile's attempts to 'blackmail' the Prison Officers' Association and publicly declared her 'full confidence' in him.[48][49][50]

After an ITV1 documentary Exposure: The Other Side of Jimmy Savile in October 2012, allegations of sexual abuse by Savile were made or re-made by former patients and staff.[44][51][52] The civil servant who first proposed Savile's appointment to the task force at Broadmoor, Brian McGinnis, who ran the mental health division of the DHSS in 1987 before Cliff Graham, has since been investigated by police and prevented from working with children.[53][54]

A Department of Health investigation led by former barrister Kate Lampard into Savile's activities at Broadmoor and other hospitals and facilities in England,[55] with Bill Kirkup leading the Broadmoor aspects,[56] reported in 2014 that Savile had use of a personal set of keys to Broadmoor from 1968 to 2004 (not formally revoked until 2009), with full unsupervised access to some wards. Eleven allegations of sexual abuse were known; this is thought to be a substantial under-estimate, due to how psychiatric patients in particular were disbelieved or put off from coming forward. In five cases the identity of the alleged victim could not be traced, but of the other six it was concluded they had all been abused by Savile, repeatedly in the case of two patients.[57]

The investigation also concluded that 'the institutional culture in Broadmoor was previously inappropriately tolerant of staff–patient sexual relationships,' and that when there were female patients they were required to undress and bathe in front of staff and sometimes visitors.[58] A 'shocking' failure to ensure a safe or therapeutic environment for female patients had already been revealed in a 2002 inquiry prior to Broadmoor becoming male-only.[59]

In 2010 a female charge nurse received a suspended prison sentence for engaging in sexual activity with a patient at the hospital.[60]

Violating patient confidentiality

Journalists invading the privacy of patients or reporting false information about them have been the subject of dozens of complaints from Broadmoor. Healthcare assistant Robert Neave took payments from The Sun for several years to provide them with information, including copies of psychiatric reports; this was subsequently investigated by Operation Elveden.[61] Mental health nurse Kenneth Hall was imprisoned in June 2015 for having repeatedly sold stories to the tabloids based on stolen medical notes and fabricated documents.[62]

Former and current patients

Current patients

Name Arrived at Broadmoor Details
Ian Ball 1974 Ball attempted to kidnap Princess Anne in 1974, as she was in a car en route to Buckingham Palace. His plan was to hold her for ransom and donate £3m to the NHS, feeling that mental health services weren't good enough. Having been charged with attempted murder and kidnapping, Ball was assessed and diagnosed with schizophrenia. He was sentenced to reside at Broadmoor under the Mental Health Act "without limit of time" and still resides at Broadmoor.[63][64]
Robert Napper 1995 Napper, a serial killer[65][66][67][68][69][70] and rapist, was convicted of two murders, one manslaughter, two rapes and two attempted rapes. He was convicted of the 1993 double murder of Samantha Bisset and her daughter Jazmine Bisset and since the time of his first trial, resided in Broadmoor. Later, on 18 December 2008, Napper was found guilty of the manslaughter of Rachel Nickell on the grounds of diminished responsibility, which occurred on 15 July 1992. He was sentenced to indefinite detention at Broadmoor.[71][67] Napper has been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia as well as Asperger syndrome.[72]
Peter Bryan 2004 Bryan was sent to Rampton Secure Hospital in 1994, having admitted to murdering a 21-year-old shop assistant in 1993. In February 2001, staff were convinced of his considerable progress regarding his behaviour. He was later moved into a hostel in north London in 2002, before being transferred to an open psychiatric ward at Newham General Hospital. Hours after being discharged from the hospital, he killed his friend and dismembered him, with police officers finding a frying pan on the stove with tissue from the dead man's brain.[73] He was remanded to Broadmoor, where ten days after being admitted, he killed another patient. He was later pleaded guilty to two manslaughters on the grounds of diminished responsibility, with his original sentence of a whole-life order being overturned to a minimum term of 15 years. However, it is unlikely that he will ever be released and currently resides at Broadmoor, having been committed for treatment.[74]
Kenneth Erskine 2009 Erskine, a serial killer, was also known as the Stockwell Strangler, targeting elderly victims, having broken into their homes. Found guilty of seven murders in 1988, he was sentenced to life and later moved to Broadmoor, when he was found to have the mental age of a 12-year-old at the time of the crimes.[75]
Michael Adebowale 2013 Adebowale, an Islamic terrorist was one of two men convicted for the murder of Lee Rigby in 2013. He was found to be a borderline schizophrenic who heard voices in his head, speaking in Nigerian accents telling him what to do next, with a history of serious mental illness. He was recommended for treatment in Broadmoor shortly before his trial. Despite this, he was found fit to enter a plea, however, did not give evidence. Examined by a series of doctors, he confessed to killing Rigby (this confession was never revealed to the jury). He stated that he had converted to Christianity and then converted back to Islam because of "jinns" or spirits. His symptoms of psychosis were found to increase with his heavy cannabis use. He was found guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 45 years, being sent to Broadmoor for treatment for paranoid schizophrenia. In 2018, Adebowale assaulted a nurse, punching him in the face after he asked Adebowale to turn the volume down. He pleaded guilty to assault occasioning actual bodily harm and was sentenced to eight months imprisonment, to be served after his minimum 45-year tariff is served.[76][77]
Nicholas Salvador 2015 Salvador, beheaded 82-year-old Palmira Silva in her garden in Edmonton, London. Friends of Salvador had recently noticed odd behaviour by him, including drug and alcohol abuse and an obsession with videos of beheadings. Psychiatrists found evidence that Salvador had paranoid schizophrenia. On 23 June 2015, he was found not guilty of murder on basis of insanity, and was detained indefinitely in a psychiatric hospital.[78]
Zakaria Bulhan 2017 Bulhan stabbed six people, one fatally in August 2016. Six people, apparently selected at random, were stabbed.[79] A 64-year-old American, Darlene Horton, died at the scene. She had planned to fly back to Florida the following day.[80][81][82][83] An American man, a British man, an Australian man, an Australian woman, and an Israeli woman were injured.[82][84] The British man, Bernard Hepplewhite, underwent emergency surgery for a serious abdominal wound and remained in hospital for several days.[85] Not long before the stabbing, Bulhan completed his first studies at South Thames College, and had been a patient at a psychiatric facility near Russell Square. According to a family friend, Bulhan called an ambulance three separate times in the last six months, claiming he wanted to harm himself. He was sentenced on 7 February to be detained for an indefinite period in a maximum security hospital.[86][87]
Muhaydin Mire 2016 Mire, armed with what was described as a blunt 3-inch (7.5 cm) bread knife, attacked three people at Leytonstone Underground station in East London. One of the three victims was seriously injured, and the other two sustained minor stab wounds. The attacker was named as 29-year-old Muhaydin Mire of Leytonstone, who was found guilty of attempted murder and four counts of attempted wounding in June 2016.[88] he was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of eight and a half years and started to serve his term at Broadmoor Hospital.

[88][89][90]

Former patients

Name Time at Broadmoor Details
Peter Sutcliffe 1984 - 2016 Sutcliffe, a serial killer known as the 'Yorkshire Ripper'; was at Broadmoor after it was found he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. Whilst at Broadmoor, Sutcliffe survived multiple attempts on his life from other patients, with one attack causing a loss of vision in his left eye. He was moved to HM Prison Frankland, Durham, after it was deemed he no longer suffered from paranoid schizophrenia.[75]
Ronnie Kray 1979 - 1995 Kray, along with his twin Reggie, carried out an extensive amount of crimes during the 1950s and 1960s, resulting in both being imprisoned for life in 1969. Originally a Category A prisoner, Kray was later moved to Broadmoor when he was certified insane, suffering from schizophrenia. Kray died of a heart attack in March 1995 whilst at Broadmoor.[91]
Robert Maudsley 1974 - 1977 Maudsley, a serial killer, committed his first murder in 1974. He was found unfit to stand trial and was instead sent to Broadmoor. Whilst there, he tortured and murdered a patient in the hospital over a period of 9 hours.[92] He was transferred from the hospital to Wakefield Prison, later sentenced to life imprisonment, with the recommendation he never be released. It was there in 1978, that he killed two fellow prisoners (he originally set out to kill seven).[93]
Charles Salvador 1979 Salvador, formerly known as Charles Bronson, is an armed robber, who first arrived at Broadmoor in October 1979, having attacked prison staff and attempted suicide at HM Prison Parkhurst's psychiatric wing (the only prison willing to accept him following his violent behaviour).[94] Having arrived at Broadmoor, he was soon transferred to Rampton Secure Hospital.[95] Having attempted to strangle another patient, he was returned to Broadmoor, where he attempted to strangle another patient.[96] In 1982, he staged a protest on the roof, tearing off roof tiles and causing £250,000 worth of damage, before his family talked him down.[97] He staged another rooftop protest, demanding that he be transferred to a prison.[98]
David Copeland 1999 Copeland killed three people with homemade nail bombs in London. After his arrest, he was assessed by five psychiatrists at Broadmoor and diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia, with one diagnosing a personality disorder, not serious enough to avoid a murder charge. There were no disputes Copeland was mentally unwell, however, it became a matter of contention as to the extent of his illness regarding whether he was able to take responsibility for his actions. Despite pleading guilty to manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility, this was not accepted by either the prosecution or jury. Upon sentencing for murder, he was transferred to HM Prison Belmarsh.[99][100]
Daniel Gonzalez 2004 - 2007 Gonzalez, a spree killer, murdered four people and injured two others during two days across London and Sussex, having been inspired by horror films, such as A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th, to become a "famous serial killer". From the age of 17, Gonzalez received care because of his psychological problems and was treated by specialist mental health teams.[101] By the age of 24, he was unemployed and using drugs. He spent all his time playing computer games and watching horror films.[102] After his arrest, Gonzalez was held at Broadmoor, where he attempted to bite himself to death, attempting to bite through an artery. He was considered so violent that he was accompanied everywhere by officers in riot gear.[103] Gonzalez attempted to claim he was not guilty by reason of insanity, however, this was rejected and he was given six life sentences, with a recommendation he was never released. In August 2007, whilst in his room at Broadmoor, Gonzalez committed suicide by cutting himself with the edges of a broken CD case.[104][105]

[106][107]

James Kelly 1883 - 1888

1927 - 1929

Kelly murdered his wife, seventeen days after marrying. The first coroner found him fit to stand trial and he was sentenced to death. However, the superintedent of Broadmoor later examined Kelly and found him insane. He was sentenced to be confined to Broadmoor indefinitely. Later, on 23 January 1888, having fabricated a key, he escaped from Broadmoor and for 39 years, he remained at large. However, on 12 February 1927, Kelly handed himself in to Broadmoor, begging to be re-admitted, stating: "I am very tired and I want to die with my friends". He remained at the hospital and later died of double lobular pneumonia. Kelly is considered a Jack the Ripper suspect, with this being proposed by later theorists; Kelly's escape was around the time the Ripper murders began.[108]
John Straffen 1951-1952 Straffen, a serial killer, killed two girls and was committed to Broadmoor when it was found he suffered wide and severe damage to his cerebral cortex. In 1952, he escaped from Broadmoor, climbing the hospital's ten-foot wall. During his escape, he killed another girl before being captured. On his capture, he was moved to HM Prison Wandsworth and several other prisons, before dying at HM Prison Frankland in 2007, aged 77. He was one of the longest serving prisoners in British history, serving 55 years before his death.[109]
Graham Young 1962 - 1971 Young, a serial killer, was sentenced to detention at Broadmoor under Section 60 of the Mental Health Act to 15-years. At just 14-years-old, he poisoned his victims, including his family, lacing their food and drink with thallium and antimony (The Poisons Act 1972 was created to restrict and control the sale of poisons after Young's court case concluded). Soon after his arrival at Broadmoor, a fellow patient died of cyanide poisoning. Whilst he was suspected by some staff and patients (having enjoyed explaining in detail how cyanide could be extracted from laurel leaves, which covered the grounds around Broadmoor),[110] the patient's death was ruled a suicide.[111] Later, Harpic was found in a nurse's coffee and the contents of a missing packet of sugar soap were located in a tea urn.[112]As one of the youngest-ever patients,[113] Young was later released from Broadmoor having been deemed rehabilitated, despite having told a nurse: "When I get out, I'm going to kill one person for every year I've spent in this place."[114] Upon his release, he continued to poison victims, this time his workmates, resulting in two deaths and several critical injuries. He was convicted on two counts of murder and two counts of attempted murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. Young requested to service this in a prison and this was granted. He later died of a heart attack in 1990 at HM Prison Parkhurst, aged 42. With no history of heart disease, it is speculated as to whether he committed suicide or was murdered by prisoners or prison staff who did not feel safe around him.[115][116]
Haroon Rashid Aswat 2008 - 2015 Rashid Aswat, is a British terrorist who has been linked to the 7 July 2005 bombings in London.[117][118] American officials allege that he has ties to Al-Qaeda,[119] and have sought his extradition to the United States, which is supported by the British government.[120] However, after his internment in Broadmoor Hospital in 2008 after being diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (having been arrested in 2005), in 2010 the European Court of Human Rights blocked efforts to extradite Aswat due to concerns over the conditions of his potential imprisonment in the United States.[120] Aswat was later extradited to New York, pleading guilty to terrorism charges and was sentenced to 20-years-imprisonment. He will be returned to the United Kingdom on the completion of his sentence.[121]
Antony Baekeland 1972 - 1980 Baekeland stabbed his mother, Barbara Daly Baekeland, to death in her London home in November 1972. He was found at the scene and later confessed to her murder.[122][123] This followed him trying to thrown his mother under the traffic in July 1972, where he was arrested for attempted murder, but no charges were brought, when his mother refused to support the investigation. As a result, Baekeland was subsequently admitted to The Priory private psychiatric hospital, but was released soon afterwards.[124] Continuing sessions with a psychiatrist while living at home, the doctor became so concerned about Baekeland's condition that on October 30, he warned Barbara that he was capable of murder. Barbara dismissed the doctor's assertion, however, was later killed by Baekeland.[123] Baekeland was institutionalised at Broadmoor until July 21, 1980, when, at the urging of a group of his friends, he was released.[125] Following his release, he flew directly to New York City to stay with his 87-year-old maternal grandmother, Nini Daly. Only six days after his release, on July 27, he attacked her with a kitchen knife, stabbing her eight times and breaking several bones. He was then arrested by the New York City Police Department, charged with attempted murder[123] and sent to Rikers Island prison, later committing suicide in his cell.[126] Baekeland was the great-grandson of Leo Baekeland.[127]
William Rutherford Benn 1883 - 1890

1903 - 1921

Rutherford Benn, father of Dame Margaret Rutherford, murdered his father and was detained at Broadmoor until 1890, returning in 1903 and receiving treatement until his death.[128][129]
Sharon Carr 1998 - 2007 Carr, who at age 12 became Britain's youngest female murderer, killed an 18-year-old woman, picking her at random as she walked home from a Camberley nightclub in 1992. The murder remained unsolved until 1994, when Carr stabbed another pupil at her school and boasted about the previous murder. She was convicted of murder in 1997 and ordered to serve at least 14 years, initially held at HM Prison Holloway,[130] before being transferred to Broadmoor in 1998.[131] Whilst in Broadmoor, she continued to assault staff and other residents, and admitted wanting to kill a fellow inmate by slitting her throat.[132] On occasions she also claimed to believe that she was a lizard and tried to cut herself to attempt to find out whether she was still human. In 2007, Carr was moved again to the medium-secure Orchard Unit, but was sent to HM Prison Bronzefield in 2015 as a Restricted Status prisoner as she was presenting a risk to patients and staff.[132][133] Carr remains imprisoned long after this minimum tariff expired due to her disruptive behaviour in prison. A Restricted Status prisoner, she has continued to regularly attack and attempt to kill staff members and fellow inmates and has regularly expressed her desire to kill others. In September 2022, it was reported that her case would again go before a parole board.[134]
Richard Dadd, - 1886 Dadd killed his father in August 1843,[135] having become convinced that his father was the Devil in disguise. He fled to France and en route to Paris, he attempted to kill a fellow passenger with a razor but was overpowered and arrested by police. Dadd confessed to killing his father and was returned to England, where he was committed to the criminal department of Bethlem psychiatric hospital (also known as Bedlam). After 20 years at Bethlem, Dadd was moved to Broadmoor, a newly built high-security facility in Berkshire. There he remained for the remainder of his life, painting constantly and receiving infrequent visitors; he died on 7 January 1886, "from an extensive disease of the lungs".[136] Dadd probably had paranoid schizophrenia.[137] Two of his siblings had the condition, while a third had "a private attendant" for unknown reasons.[138][139]
Gregory Davis Davis, a spree killer, planned to become a serial killer and used his diary to plot to murder. Progressing on a diary entry that spoke of a desire to kill ad infinitum "all over the world,"[140] he eventually went on a murder spree on 28 January 2003.[141] Working his way through a compiled hit list he first paid visit to Stewart Johnson who escaped as kitchen fitters were working in his home.[142] Davis then continued down the list to Stantonbury, to the home of Dorothy Rogers.[143] His plea of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility was accepted, after five psychiatrists diagnosed him with major depressive disorder, social anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence and to be suffering from a psychotic episode at the time of the crime. He was given an indefinite sentence to be served at Broadmoor, where he resided until 2009, when he was transferred to Littlemore Hospital where he was allowed out on short release. A Mental Health Review Tribunal decided he would be released in July 2011.[144][145][140][141]
Christiana Edmunds 1872 - 1907 Edmunds, known as the 'Chocolate Cream Poisoner', carried out a series of poisonings in Brighton during the early 1870s. Edmunds purchased confectionery from a local shop and laced the sweets with strychnine before returning them to be sold to unsuspecting members of the public. Her actions resulted in several people becoming seriously ill, and at least one death. Arrested and put on trial, Edmunds was initially sentenced to death. However, this was later commuted to life imprisonment. She spent the rest of her life at Broadmoor, dying there in 1907.[146]
Ibrahim Eidarous Eidarous, an alleged member of al-Jihad, was held in the custody of the United Kingdom from 1999,[147] fighting extradition to the United States, where he was wanted in connection with the 1998 United States embassy bombings. Eidarous was diagnosed with advanced-stage leukaemia by 2002, and treated by the National Health Service in the UK, while being held at Broadmoor Hospital.[148] He was released on house arrest, and died in July 2008 in London while awaiting extradition.

[149][150][151][152]

Frankie Fraser Fraser, a gangster, was certified as insane in the 1950s, having been sent to HM Prison Durham for taking part in bank robberies, where he was then transferred to Broadmoor. Afraid of being heavily medicated for bad behaviour, Fraser stayed out of trouble and was released in 1955.[153]
June and Jennifer Gibbons 1981 - 1993 The Gibbons twins, known as the silent twins due to their selective muteness, committed a number of crimes including vandalism, petty theft and arson, which led to their being admitted to Broadmoor Hospital, a high-security mental health hospital. The twins were sentenced to indefinite detention under the Mental Health Act 1983.[154] The girls had a longstanding agreement that if one died, the other must begin to speak and live a normal life. During their stay in the hospital, they began to believe that it was necessary for one of them to die, and after much discussion, Jennifer agreed to make the sacrifice of her life.[155] They remained at Broadmoor before being moved to the more open Caswell Clinic in Bridgend, Wales. On arrival, Jennifer could not be roused. She was taken to the hospital, where she died soon after of acute myocarditis, a sudden inflammation of the heart.[156][157] There was no evidence of drugs or poison in her system. By 2008, June was living quietly and independently, near her parents in West Wales.[158] She is no longer monitored by psychiatric services, has been accepted by her community, and sought to put the past behind her.

[157][159][160][161]

Thomas John Ley 1947 Ley was an Australian politician who In 1946, Brook was living in Wimbledon, and Ley had his house at 5 Beaufort Gardens, London, converted into flats. Ley falsely believed that Maggie Evelyn Brook and a barman called John McMain Mudie were having an affair. Ley persuaded two of his labourers that Mudie was a blackmailer, and together they tortured and killed him. The case became known as the "Chalk-pit Murder" because Mudie's body was dumped in a chalk pit on Woldingham Common in Surrey, thirty miles away from Ley's home.[162]

With Lawrence John Smith, Ley was tried at the Old Bailey; both were sentenced to death in March 1947. However, both Smith and Ley escaped the noose: Smith's sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, while Ley was declared insane and sent to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane. He died there soon after of a cerebral haemorrhage. He is said to have been the wealthiest person ever to be imprisoned at Broadmoor.[163] He left an estate in New South Wales valued for probate at £744.

He is widely suspected to have been involved in the deaths of a number of people in Australia, including political rivals[164][165][166]

Roderick Maclean 1880 - Maclean attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria at Windsor with a pistol. This was the last of eight attempts to kill or assault the Queen over a period of four decades. Maclean's motive was purportedly a curt reply to some poetry that he had mailed to the Queen. Tried for high treason on 20 April, Maclean was found "not guilty, but insane" by a jury after five minutes' deliberation, overseen by Lord Chief Justice Coleridge. and he lived out his remaining days in Broadmoor Asylum. The verdict prompted the Queen to ask for a change in English law so that those implicated in cases with similar outcomes would be considered as "guilty, but insane"; this led to the Trial of Lunatics Act 1883.[167][168][169][170]
William Chester Minor 1872 - Minor, a former American army surgeon was an amateur lexicographer known as the Surgeon of Crowthorne. Haunted by his paranoia, he fatally shot George Merrett, whom Minor wrongly believed to have broken into his room. Merrett had been on his way to work to support his family: six children and his pregnant wife, Eliza. After a pre-trial period spent in London's Horsemonger Lane Gaol, Minor was found not guilty by reason of insanity and incarcerated at the asylum in Broadmoor in the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire.[171] As he had his US Army pension and was judged not dangerous, he was given rather comfortable quarters and was able to buy and read books.[172][173][174]
Daniel M'Naghten 1864 - 1865 M'Naghten assassinated English civil servant Edward Drummond while suffering from paranoid delusions. The jury, without retiring, duly returned a verdict of not guilty on the ground of insanity.

[175] After his acquittal M'Naghten was transferred from Newgate Prison to the State Criminal Lunatic Asylum at Bethlem Hospital under the 1800 Act for the Safe Custody of Insane Persons charged with Offences.[176] He was then transferred to the newly opened Broadmoor. He died there in May 1865, aged 52. Following his trial and its aftermath, his name has been given to the legal test of criminal insanity in England and other common law jurisdictions known as the M'Naghten rules. [177][178]

Edward Oxford 1864 - 1867 Oxford was the first of seven unconnected people who attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria. Having been dismissed from a pub, he purchased two pistols and fired twice at Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert, whether neither being injured. Oxford was arrested and charged with high treason. A jury found him not guilty by reason of insanity and he was detained indefinitely at Her Majesty's pleasure at the two State Criminal Lunatic Asylums: first at Bethlem Royal Hospital and then, after 1864, Broadmoor Hospital. Visitors and staff did not consider him insane. In 1867 Oxford was given the offer of release if he relocated to a British colony; he accepted and settled in Melbourne, Australia, until his death, aged 78.[179]
Richard Archer Prince - 1937 Prince, an actor, murdered another actor, William Terriss, outside the Adelphi Theatre in London in December 1897. At his Old Bailey trial, the defence attempted to prove insanity, with doctors and even his mother giving evidence that he was of unsound mind. The jury pronounced Prince "guilty, but according to the medical evidence, not responsible for his actions." He was transferred from Holloway Prison to Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum and became involved in entertainment for the inmates and conducted the prison orchestra until his death from natural causes[180] in January 1937 aged 79.[181] His relatively mild sentence was met with anger by the theatrical community, and Sir Henry Irving would later be quoted as saying "Terriss was an actor, so his murderer will not be executed."[182][183]
Nicky Reilly 2009 - 2015 Reilly, attempted to commit a suicide bombing in Exeter in 2008 using a nail bomb. Reilly was the only person injured and he pleaded guilty to launching the attempted suicide attack, receiving a life sentence with a minimum term of 18 years imprisonment. Reilly had previously been detained in a mental health hospital and had learning difficulties, Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD) and Asperger's syndrome. Having been convicted, Reilly was transferred to Broadmoor, remaining there for the next six years. In July 2015, Reilly and another patient assaulted members of staff, resulting in him being transferred back to prison. In October 2016, Reilly hanged himself in HM Prison Manchester. It was concluded that he had likely acted impulsively due to his EUPD and Asperger's syndrome and without the intent to kill himself.[184][185]
Damian Rzeszowski 2011 Rzeszowski, having murdered six members of his family in Saint Helier, Jersey in the Channel Islands, was held at Broadmoor. Consultant psychiatrist Dale Harrison interviewed Rzeszowski five days after the attacks and heard he could not remember what had happened. After returning from treatment in Broadmoor, he claimed he could hear voices.[186] He denied six murders, however pleaded guilty to manslaughter due to diminished responsibility. Rzeszowski was sentenced to life in prison, 30 years for each victim to run concurrently.

On 31 March 2018, six years into his sentence, the killer died in a suspected suicide in Full Sutton prison, a high-security jail in Yorkshire. A post-mortem examination determined that his cause of death was hanging.[187] The inquest in April 2023 heard that two weeks prior to his death, medical staff decided to refer him to Broadmoor Hospital.[188][189][190][191]

Roy Shaw Shaw, a gangster, was sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment for an armed robbery in 1963, one of England's largest armoured truck robberies. Shaw reportedly fought his way out of two different holding cells at HM Prison Maidstone, assaulting several prison guards.

Shaw, who claimed he "simply hates the system", and that the "system could never beat him", was moved between different prisons and spent time at Broadmoor, where he underwent experimental electroconvulsive therapy in an attempt to control his temper However, the doctor reported the treatments as having been a complete failure, and only served to make Shaw even more aggressive and unpredictable.[192]

Ronald True 1922 - 1951 True murdered prostitue and call girl Gertrude Yates in 1922. Initially sentenced to death for her murder, his conviction was later reprieved following a psychiatric examination ordered by the Home Secretary which determined that True was legally insane. True was then confined for life in Broadmoor Hospital in lieu of his death sentence. He died of a heart attack while still confined at Broadmoor in January 1951, aged 59.[193]
Robert Torto 2007 - Torto, who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and had a "history of assault",[194] set out to target Hindus, Muslims and other communities in London, killing two men in 2006 after setting fire to a food-and-wine shop in Kennington. Detectives found a handwritten note from Torto detailing a number of different bombs and targets including gay clubs, hospitals carrying out sex changes and all none Christian religious institutions. At a pre-trial hearing, he claimed to be the "Son of God". Torto later pleaded guilty to manslaughter and was sentenced to indefinite detention at Broadmoor.[195][196]
Callum Wheeler 2021 - 2022 Callum Wheeler, moved from HM Prison Belmarsh whilst on remand for the murder of Kent PCSO Julia James in April 2021. He was assessed, however, a doctor noted there was "no clear evidence of a direct link" between Wheeler's mental illness and the offence. Found guilty of James' murder, Wheeler was sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum sentence of 37 years imprisonment.[197][198][199]
Barry Williams 1979 onwards Williams, a spree killer, shot eight people in the English Midlands towns of West Bromwich and Nuneaton in little over an hour on 26 October 1978, killing five. Following a high-speed car chase, he was arrested and in 1979 was convicted of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility, with psychiatrists providing evidence that he had an active paranoid psychosis[200][201] He was detained in high-security hospitals, including Broadmoor, under mental health legislation.[202][203] Williams was released from hospital in 1994, after a mental health tribunal found he was no longer a risk to the public.[204] However, in October 2014, having pleaded guilty to three charges of possessing a prohibited firearm, to putting a neighbour in fear of violence, and to making an improvised explosive device,[205] Williams was again ordered to be detained indefinitely, this time under sections 37 and 41 of the Mental Health Act 1983. Williams was returned to Ashworth Hospital, where he was already being treated on recall from his previous detention.

[205][203][206] He died on 24 December 2014 from a suspected heart attack.[207]

Alan Reeve 1968 - 1981

1997

Reeve strangled fellow Broadmoor prisoner Billy Doyle to death in 1968 after an argument in the common room.[208] He confessed to the murder and was convicted, but later denied he had done it, claiming he made it up to get the attention of his medical officer.[209] Whilst regarded as highly dangerous by staff, Reeve committed no more crimes and completed a sociology degree.[208] In August 1981, Reeve escaped from Broadmoor by scaling two walls. For the first one he used a grappling hook with a rope made from sheets, then he climbed scaffolding to get over the second.[210][211] He drove away from Broadmoor with his girlfriend Pat Ford, to whom he had become engaged to be married.[212] The police set up roadblocks in Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey, but the couple managed to flee to the Netherlands, where they lived in squats in Amsterdam.[212][210] One year later, when Reeve went to steal bottles of whisky and Cointreau to celebrate his escape from Broadmoor, he caused a gunfight with the police in which he wounded two officers and took a woman hostage.[213][214] One officer, Jacob Honingh, died of his injuries.[214] Reeve was arrested and subsequently received a 15 year sentence for manslaughter.[213] Reeve was released on parole in 1992 after having served ten years of his sentence. The UK government requested extradition but the Dutch courts refused to remand him, so he went into hiding in the Netherlands. The decision not to extradite was overruled a year later, but by then there was no trace of Reeve.[212] In 1995, it was revealed that Reeve was living in Cork in the Republic of Ireland.

[212] Reeve was arrested in April 1997 and extradited back to the UK.[215][216] Reeve consented to the extradition, saying that his sentence would be commuted after his "good behaviour over a long period of time".[215] The following day, Reeve decided to contest the extradition but was unsuccessful.[217] Having returned to the UK, Reeve was taken to Broadmoor after a hearing in Bracknell, Berkshire.[218] Five months later he was released from Broadmoor and returned to Cork.[219]

Orville Blackwood 1987 - 1991 Blackwood began to hear voices and behave "in a bizarre manner" and at his admission in August of that year, he bit a nurse.[220] A series of brief admissions became the pattern over the subsequent four years, with states of highs and agitation, sexual disinhibition, aggression and according to the hospital authorities he "lacked any insight".

[220]

In January 1986, using a toy gun, he attempted to rob a betting shop and was subsequently arrested and examined in HM Prison Brixton.[220][221] No mental illness had been diagnosed at that time.[220] He received a three-year sentence and while being moved to HM Prison Grendon, he was noted to be in a state of paranoia and aggression, and at one time tried to hang himself.[220] In October 1987, he was moved to Broadmoor Hospital, a combination of a high security prison and a mental hospital, catering for people who had committed serious crime such murders, manslaughter and sexual offences.[220] There, several times he was restrained, placed in seclusion and administered large doses of medications in response to his behaviour.[220] On the morning of 28 August 1991, he voluntarily made his way to "seclusion" after refusing to attend his occupational therapy session.[220] When a group of health professionals entered his room several hours later, he became aggressive.[220] Under the instruction of his physicians, he was held down and injected with promazine, a major tranquilliser, at three times the maximum dose as stated in the British National Formulary, and with twice the recommended dose of fluphenazine.[222][223] Blackwood died almost immediately, the third black patient, after Michael Martin and Joseph Watts, to die at the hospital within seven years, under similar circumstances.[220] Forty seven recommendations were made.[221] Several addressed issues relating to ethnicity, including appointing black staff in senior management posts.[224] The committee suggested further research into administering anti-psychotic medication in emergency settings. [225]

Albert Goozee 1956 - 1971 Goozee murdered his landlady and her daughter in 1956 and was sentenced to death. However, four days before his execution, he was given a reprieve and was instead detained at Broadmoor high-security psychiatric hospital. Released in 1971, Goozee, who had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, was subsequently convicted of several further violent crimes, and in 1996 was convicted of indecently assaulting two girls, aged 12 and 13. Sentencing, Mr. Justice Gower said one of the two cases had been "one of the most serious cases of indecent assault that I have ever had to deal with". In October 2009, Goozee again became the subject of media interest when it was discovered that he had been released on compassionate grounds into the care of a nursing home for the elderly in Wigston, Leicester. While there, Goozee began a hunger strike and refused all food and medication. After developing a blood clot in his heart and complications from diabetes, he died on 25 November 2009. The coroner recorded a verdict of death by natural causes.
Arthur Lloyd James 1941 - 1943 Lloyd James, stressed by World War II, killed his wife, fearing the war would otherwise cause her hardship. The murder weapons were a fork and poker.[226] He was tried at the Central Criminal Court, with Mr. Justice Wrottesley presiding. The prosecutor was Mr. G. B. McClure, and Mr. Richard O'Sullivan, K.C. was the defence. Brixton Prison senior medical officer Dr. H. A. Grierson argued that Lloyd James had manic depressive insanity with a predominant depressive stage. Lloyd James pleaded not guilty; the jury found him guilty but insane. He was sentenced to Broadmoor, where he hanged himself in 1943.
Binky McKenzie 1972 McKenzie was convicted of the manslaughter of his parents and brother-in-law, where his younger sister was also stabbed and seriously injured during a siege at the family home in Cricklewood, London. At the Old Bailey in March 1972, McKenzie was found guilty on three counts of manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.[227][228][229]

During the 1960s, McKenzie was a musician who played and recorded with several musicians such as Alexis Korner, John McLaughlin, Pete Brown, Denny Laine, Vincent Crane and Duffy Power.

David Cedric Morgan 2002 Morgan, a schizophrenic, stabbed 15 people in a Rackhams department store in Birmingham, England. Three people were seriously injured and needed surgeries. In addition of those stabbed, five people were treated for shock.[230][231] despite a disagreement between his legal team and the NHS, it was later determined by a psychologist that Morgan was vulnerable and isolated but apparently suffered from no mental illnesses. Morgan was sentenced to life imprisonment in February 1996.[232][233] He admitted to nine offences of wounding with intent to cause grievous bodily harm and one of assault. In 2002 he was transferred from Broadmoor to a medium security unit where he would be allowed on escorted shopping trips as part of rehabilitation.[232] In 2006, Morgan, then 43 years old, was released into the community to go shopping. At the time he was being treated at the Stafford's St George's Hospital.

[234]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Historic England. "Broadmoor Hospital (1001401)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  2. ^ Bronson, Charlie; Etherington, Lorraine (2015). Broadmoor – My Journey Into Hell. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1784181178.
  3. ^ Trainor, Terry (2012). Bedlam. St. Mary of Bethlehem. Terry Trainor. ISBN 978-1471714245.
  4. ^ Berkshire Record Office catalogue of Broadmoor Hospital records, introduction
  5. ^ Not Panicking Ltd (12 May 2013). "h2g2 – The Broadmoor Siren – Edited Entry". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  6. ^ The Broadmoor siren Archived 16 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. WLMHT. Accessed 1 July 2012
  7. ^ Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. published by the Stationery Office. Accessed 12 November 2007
  8. ^ a b Langlands, Alan (22 May 2000). Report of the review of security at the high security hospitals. Department of Health. Accessed 12 November 2007
  9. ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses". BBC News. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  10. ^ Siddique, Haroon (16 September 2015). "Broadmoor hospital rated inadequate by watchdog". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Broadmoor is rated Good overall by CQC | Care Quality Commission". www.cqc.org.uk.
  12. ^ "I was a therapist to killers in Broadmoor – and felt 'radical empathy' for them". The Guardian. 29 August 2021.
  13. ^ "The fine art of starting over". The Guardian. 17 September 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  14. ^ Broadmoor patient Albert Haines loses appeal bid The Independent, Jerome Taylor, 26 October 2011 Archived 30 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ Press Complaints Commission (9 Jan 2009) Broadmoor Hospital Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 1 March 2009
  16. ^ "Broadmoor in numbers: What you didn't know about the Berkshire hospital". ITV News. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  17. ^ Lemlij, Maia (November 2005) Broadmoor Hospital: Prison-like hospital or hospital-like prison? A study of a high security mental hospitals within the context of generic function. pp. 155, 156. Space Syntax Laboratory, UK. Accessed 21 February 2009.
  18. ^ a b Charles Kaye and Alan Franey (1998). Managing High Security Psychiatric Care. Jessica Kingsley. pp. 31, 40. ISBN 9781853025815. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  19. ^ Stevens, Mark (25 February 2011). "Broadmoor revealed: The Victorian asylum". The National Archives.
  20. ^ "William Orange CB, MD, FRCP, LSA: A Broadmoor pioneer". Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  21. ^ "Lives of the fellows". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Ashworth Special Hospital: Report of the Committee of Inquiry". official-documents.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  23. ^ Rigby, Nic (1 July 2014). "Ex-Broadmoor manager's 'Savile scapegoat' claims". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  24. ^ Andrew Gregory; Tom Pettifor (26 June 2014). "Nine Jimmy Savile victims had abuse complaints IGNORED by Leeds General Infirmary staff". Mirror Online. Mirror. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  25. ^ National Archives, Office of Public Sector Information. Broadmoor Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001 Archived 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 0-11-029108-5. Accessed 14 June 2007.
  26. ^ "Broadmoor chief quits ahead of criticisms in patient death report". 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  27. ^ "Concern over Broadmoor 'failings'". BBC News. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  28. ^ Andy Weir: Bullying case NHS boss leaves with £170,000 Exclusive: Broadmoor chief landed new job before the end of investigation prompted by whistleblower] Paul Gallagher, The Independent
  29. ^ Gallagher, Paul (27 June 2015). "Chief of NHS mental health trust that controls Broadmoor leaves post amid string of controversies". The Independent. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  30. ^ Prince William, Kate Middleton 'upset' after bodyguard quits March 2013, Digital Spy
  31. ^ Broadmoor: ITV doc offers first ever look inside highest-security psychiatric hospital November 2014, The Independent
  32. ^ "New clinical director at Broadmoor Hospital – West London Mental Health Trust". 28 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  33. ^ Basu, Amlan (12 November 2014). "Broadmoor hospital: why we opened our doors to a film crew". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  34. ^ "Broadmoor's clinical director joins NHS quality improvement initiative – West London Mental Health Trust". 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  35. ^ "Broadmoor attacks fuel fears that cuts put public and staff at risk". 15 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  36. ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses". BBC News. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  37. ^ Hayman, Allister (28 June 2013). "Kier bags £285m Broadmoor revamp | News". Building. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  38. ^ "Kier given go-ahead for two Broadmoor hospitals | SGP". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  39. ^ "Kier Group – Kier gets go ahead for £158m healthcare projects". Kier.co.uk. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  40. ^ "Kier Group – Kier preferred for £115m Broadmoor Hospital redevelopment". Kier.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Dangerous & Severe Personality Disorder Programme". National Personality Disorder Organisation (UK). Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  42. ^ "Offender personality disorder – consultation response". Department of Health and Ministry of Justice. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  43. ^ "New Broadmoor Hospital one step closer to opening". Building Better Healthcare. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  44. ^ a b Daily Telegraph, "Broadmoor staff said Jimmy Savile was a 'psychopath' with a 'liking for children'", 1 November 2012. Accessed 1 November 2012
  45. ^ Adam Sweeting (29 October 2011). ""Sir Jimmy Savile obituary" at guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  46. ^ Jimmy Savile Institutions Victims Abuse The Guardian, June, 2014
  47. ^ Fielding, James (12 April 2014). "Documents reveal how pervert Jimmy Savile was called 'doctor' by staff". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  48. ^ Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS June 2014, The Guardian
  49. ^ The Earl of Dundee (7 November 1988). "Mentally Ill Offenders: Treatment". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HL Deb 7 November 1988 vol 501 c525. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  50. ^ "Edwina Currie – 'nothing to hide' on Savile". BBC News. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  51. ^ Evans, Martin (11 October 2012). "Sir Jimmy Savile: fourth British TV personality accused in sex allegations". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
  52. ^ Addley, Esther; O'Carroll, Lisa (12 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile scandal: government could face civil claims". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  53. ^ Donnelly, Laura (27 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile's relatives speak of their turmoil". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  54. ^ John Pring (11 July 2014). "Department of Health probes abuse law concerns over former civil servant". Disability News Service. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  55. ^ "Jimmy Savile scandal: Kate Lampard to lead NHS investigation". BBC News. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  56. ^ Davies, Caroline; Mason, Rowena (27 June 2014). "Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  57. ^ Slevin, Jennie (26 June 2014). "Report reveals full extent of Jimmy Savile's sexual abuse at Broadmoor Hospital". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  58. ^ "Scale of Jimmy Savile's abuse at Broadmoor revealed". Bracknell News. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  59. ^ "Broadmoor women faced sex abuse". BBC. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  60. ^ "Care worker who assaulted Broadmoor man changes plea to guilty". Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  61. ^ "Broadmoor was a 'goldmine for stories' conspiracy trial of the Sun six told". Press Gazette. 20 October 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  62. ^ "Broadmoor nurse who sold stories about killers is jailed". BBC News. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
  63. ^ Robyn Morris (26 June 2023). "What happened to Ian Ball, the man who tried to kidnap Princess Anne in 1974?". Woman and Home Magazine. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  64. ^ Loffhagen, Emma (20 March 2024). "'Not bloody likely!': the day Princess Anne was almost kidnapped, 50 years on". Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  65. ^ Wardrop, Murray (18 December 2008). "Rachel Nickell: How depraved serial killer Robert Napper his secrets". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  66. ^ "Serial sex killer who was caught after a series of police blunders". The Herald. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  67. ^ a b "Inside the mind of Robert Napper". The Guardian. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  68. ^ Cheston, Paul; Davenport, Justin (13 April 2012). "Sex killer admits manslaughter of Rachel Nickell". Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  69. ^ Laville, Sandra (18 December 2008). "Nickell case: Missed clues that allowed Napper to kill again". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  70. ^ "Killers Behind Bars: Birmingham criminologist links convicted murderers to unsolved cases gone cold". Birmingham Live. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  71. ^ "Sex killer sent to Broadmoor". The Independent. 10 October 1995. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  72. ^ Laville, Sandra (18 December 2008). "Rachel Nickell killing: Serial rapist Robert Napper pleads guilty". The Guardian.
  73. ^ "Cannibalistic killer not watched properly in Broadmoor, inquest finds". The Guardian. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  74. ^ "Cannibal Peter Bryan killed Broadmoor Hospital inmate". BBC. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  75. ^ a b "Broadmoor facing £3m bill to fix security flaws at psychiatric hospital". The Independent. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  76. ^ "Lee Rigby killer Michael Adebowale in hospital with Covid-19". BBC News. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  77. ^ Davenport, Paul Cheston, Justin (19 December 2013). "Lee Rigby murderer Adebowale 'is borderline schizophrenic recommended". Evening Standard. Retrieved 27 March 2024.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  78. ^ Jamie Grierson (22 June 2015). "Man who killed great-grandmother in her garden had paranoid schizophrenia | UK news". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  79. ^ Tomkiw, Lydia (5 August 2016). "Who Is Zakaria Bulhan? London Russell Square Knife Attacker Identified, Terrorism Ruled Out As Motive". The International Business Times. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  80. ^ "Russell Square stabbings: Man arrested on suspicion of murder". BBC News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  81. ^ "Russell Square stabbings: Darlene Horton named as victim". BBC News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  82. ^ a b Shapiro, Emily (4 August 2016). "London Stabbing Attack Victim Identified as Wife of FSU Professor". ABC News. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  83. ^ Etters, Karls (4 August 2016). "Stabbing of FSU professor's wife shocks Tallahassee". Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  84. ^ "London stabbing suspect charged with murder". Sky News. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
  85. ^ "Man appears in court charged with murder after London knife attack". Reuters. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  86. ^ "Zakaria Bulhan sentenced for stabbing six people in Russell Square". Kent Online. 7 February 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  87. ^ "Sentencing remarks of Mr Justice Spencer". UK Judicial Press Office. London. 7 February 2017.
  88. ^ a b Dodd, Vikram; Addley, Esther (8 June 2016). "Leytonstone knife attack: man convicted of attempted murder". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  89. ^ Kirk, Tristan; Collier, Hatty (1 August 2016). "Leytonstone Tube attack: Muhiddin Mire sentenced to life behind bars". Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  90. ^ "Leytonstone Tube attacker Muhiddin Mire jailed for life". BBC News. 1 August 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2017.
  91. ^ "The Kray twins: their extraordinary life behind bars". The Telegraph. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  92. ^ "'Brain-Eater' killer Robert Maudsley is now 40 Years into solitary confinement stretch". Liverpool Echo. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  93. ^ Thompson, Tony (27 April 2003). "The caged misery of Britain's real 'Hannibal the Cannibal'". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  94. ^ Lucy Wigley (27 February 2023). "What did Charles Bronson go to prison for, and when could he be released? Channel 4 documentary Bronson: Fit to Be Free? looks at his life". GoodTo. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  95. ^ Bronson 2000, p. 77
  96. ^ Bronson 2000, p. 105
  97. ^ Bronson 2000, p. 121
  98. ^ "'Britain's most dangerous prisoner' Charles Bronson by the man who really knows him". Wales on line. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  99. ^ "Nail bomber trapped by fake penpal". The Guardian. 2 July 2000. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  100. ^ Hopkins, Nick and Hall, Sarah. "David Copeland: a quiet introvert, obsessed with Hitler and bombs" Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, 30 June 2000.
  101. ^ Scott-Moncrieff, Briscoe & Daniels 2009, p. 4.
  102. ^ Boyle, Joe (16 March 2006). "Craving of 'horror film' murderer". BBC News.
  103. ^ Laurance, Jeremy (17 March 2006). "Mother fought to get help for disturbed son before he went on killing". The Independent. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  104. ^ Hooper, Duncan (10 August 2007). "'Freddy Krueger' serial killer found dead". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  105. ^ "Daniel Gonzalez: The Mummy's boy serial killer". Court News UK. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  106. ^ "Inquiry over serial killer death". BBC News. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  107. ^ "Killer found in 'pool of blood'". BBC News. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
  108. ^ "Broadmoor files could unmask Jack the Ripper". The Telegraph. 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  109. ^ "Obituary: John Straffen". The Guardian. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  110. ^ Emsley (2005), p. 347
  111. ^ Holden (1995), p. 59
  112. ^ Holden (1995), p. 64-65
  113. ^ Holden (1995), p. 54
  114. ^ Holden (1995), p. 74
  115. ^ "Graham Young". Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  116. ^ Fred Dinenage: Murder Casebook: Graham Young - The Teacup Poisoner - Pick - Sky UK - 2011
  117. ^ "Haroon Aswat arrested, 2 more charged with murder". www.rediff.com.
  118. ^ "Complete 911 Timeline: Haroon Rashid Aswat". www.historycommons.org.
  119. ^ Richard Woods; et al. (31 July 2005). "Tangled web that still leaves worrying loose ends". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  120. ^ a b Dominic Casciani (8 July 2010). "Abu Hamza US extradition halted". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Abu Hamza, Mr Ahmad and Mr Ahsan face life sentences and US prosecutors have said that Abu Hamza could be jailed for 100 years. Mr Aswat faces a maximum of 50 years.
  121. ^ "Haroon Aswat given 20 years in prison for terror crimes". BBC News. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  122. ^ Robins & Aronson, p. 6.
  123. ^ a b c Krajicek, David J. (15 July 2012). "He will kill you: Shrink warned mother of Baekeland plastics heir". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  124. ^ Robins & Aronson, p. 387
  125. ^ Robins & Aronson, p. 409.
  126. ^ Robins & Aronson, p. 469.
  127. ^ Facts related in non-fictional book Savage Grace by Natalie Robins and Steven M.L. Aronson [1985, ISBN 978-0-688-04373-5], and more recently in the Tom Kalin's film Savage Grace (2007)
  128. ^ "Murder, Madness and Miss Marple: The secret life of Dame Margaret Rutherford". 4 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  129. ^ Billington, Michael (2001). Stage and Screen Lives. Oxford University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-19-860407-5.; Andy Merriman in Radio Times, 4–10 June 2011
  130. ^ "Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020]" (Legal application for Judicial Review). casemine. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  131. ^ "Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020]" (Legal application for Judicial Review). casemine. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  132. ^ a b "Katie killer set to fight murder conviction". SurreyLive. 21 October 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  133. ^ "Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020]" (Legal application for Judicial Review). casemine. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  134. ^ "Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020]" (Legal application for Judicial Review). casemine. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  135. ^ Allderidge 1974, Richard Dadd, p. 24.
  136. ^ Greysmith 1973, p. 73.
  137. ^ The Victorians part 4. Dreams and Nightmares BBC One, 8 March 2009
  138. ^ Allderidge 1974, Richard Dadd, p. 22.
  139. ^ "Richard Dadd: Masterpieces of the asylum". independent.co.uk. 30 August 2011.
  140. ^ a b "'Psycho' killer set to return to city - Local - Milton Keynes Citizen". Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  141. ^ a b "UK | England | Beds/Bucks/Herts | Mother and son killed by 'psychotic'". BBC News. 15 December 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  142. ^ "Killer's letters reveal 'hit list' - Milton Keynes Citizen". Miltonkeynes.co.uk. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  143. ^ "Sick 'serial killer' fan sent to Broadmoor". Milton Keynes Citizen. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  144. ^ "Milton Keynes Citizen - 24/3/2011 digital edition". Edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  145. ^ "Plan to free 'psychotic' double killer Gregory Davis". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  146. ^ "Broadmoor revealed in online book". BBC News. 25 November 2011.
  147. ^ Report of arrests, Washington Post
  148. ^ Daily Times of Pakistan, Terrorists planning chemical hit on European targets Archived 2009-05-02 at the Wayback Machine, December 19, 2002
  149. ^ Whitlock, Craig (2 May 2009). "Britain Pays to Keep Suspects From U.S. Hands". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  150. ^ Trenear-Harvey, Glenmore S. (20 November 2014). Historical Dictionary of Intelligence Failures. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4422-3274-7.
  151. ^ Copy of indictment USA v. Usama bin Laden et al.] S(6)98 Crim.1023(LBS), District Court of Southern New York, June 1999. Emphasis on page 28.
  152. ^ Daily Times of Pakistan, Terrorists planning chemical hit on European targets Archived 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 19 December 2002
  153. ^ "Frankie Fraser: Career criminal who spent 42 years in jail and spent much of that time violently clashing with authority". The Independent. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  154. ^ Evans, Jason (23 December 2018). "Locked Up Mysterious Twins Wouldn't Speak to Anyone". Wales On Sunday. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019.
  155. ^ Wallace, Marjorie (13 July 2003). "Marjorie Wallace: The tragedy of the Bijani sisters". The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  156. ^ Kellam, Alexander M.P. (October 1993). "The silent twins" (PDF). Psychiatric Bulletin. 17 (10): 622–623. doi:10.1192/pb.17.10.622.
  157. ^ a b Morgan, Kathleen (2 August 2010). "Tragic tale of twins and their secret world". Herald Scotland. Archived from the original on 17 May 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  158. ^ Wallace, Marjorie (2008). The Silent Twins. London: Vintage. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-09-958641-8. OCLC 60262552.
  159. ^ Bennetto, Jason (12 March 1993). "Inquiry into death of 'silent twin'". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  160. ^ Misstear, Rachael (31 October 2011). "Powerful Play about Silent Twins Will Get You Talking". Western Mail. Cardiff, Wales. Archived from the original on 24 April 2019.
  161. ^ "The Creepy Case of the Silent Twins". Mysterious Universe. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  162. ^ "Thomas John Ley: The Chalk-Pit Murderer". Sword and Scale. 21 March 2018.
  163. ^ Jesse, F. Tennyson (1954). "Ley and Smith". In Hodge, James H. (ed.). Famous Trials. Vol. 4. Penguin Books. p. 109. Ley is supposed to have been the richest prisoner ever sent to the Criminal Lunatic Asylum.
  164. ^ Berzins, Baiba (1986). "Thomas John (Tom) Ley (1880–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  165. ^ Berzins, Baiba (1986). "Thomas John (Tom) Ley (1880–1947)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 10. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  166. ^ "Thomas John (Tom) Ley (1880–1947)". Ley, Thomas John (Tom) (1880–1947). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  167. ^ Banerjee, A. (4 October 2013). "Queen Victoria's Would-Be Assassins: A Review of Shooting Victoria: Madness, Mayhem and the Modernisation of the Monarchy, by Paul Thomas Murphy". The Victorian Web. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  168. ^ Murphy, Paul Thomas (2 March 2014). "Roderick Maclean's attempt, 2 March 1882: the Last First Report in the Times". Shooting Victoria. Pegasus Books. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  169. ^ "From the archive, 4 March 1882: Queen Victoria survives assassination attempt". The Guardian. United Kingdom. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
  170. ^ "Roderick Maclean: the mad poet who shot at Victoria". The Times. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  171. ^ Blair, Jenny. "A tortured soul finds redemption in words". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
  172. ^ "Broadmoor Asylum", Asylums, UK: Institutions, archived from the original on 17 April 2010.
  173. ^ "William Chester Minor", Documents (PDF) (biography), Berkshire, UK: Record office, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2009.
  174. ^ "Broadmoor's word-finder". BBC. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  175. ^ State Trials Report: The Queen v. Daniel McNaughton, 1843. Reprinted in DJ West and A Walk (eds) 1977 Daniel McNaughton: his trial and the aftermath. Gaskell Books: 12–73.
  176. ^ P Allderidge 1977 Why was McNaughton sent to Bethlem? in DJ West and A Walk (eds) Daniel McNaughton: his trial and the aftermath. Gaskell Books: 100–112.
  177. ^ R Moran McNaughtan, Daniel (1802/3–1865), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  178. ^ "M'Naghten Standard". Psychology. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  179. ^ "Birmingham barman tried to shoot the Queen". Birmingham Mail. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  180. ^ 'Murderer's Death in Asylum', Nottingham Evening Post 27 January 1937
  181. ^ Richard A Prince in the England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 - Ancestry.com (subscription required)
  182. ^ Goodman, p. 70
  183. ^ The New York Times, 17 December 1897, p. 3
  184. ^ "Failed bomber's recruiters hunted". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  185. ^ https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Nicky-Reilly-2019-0014_Redacted.pdf. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  186. ^ "Dad 'has no memory of killings'". 14 August 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  187. ^ "Killer 'was found hanged in suspected prison suicide' inques hears inquest". www.jerseyeveningpost.com. 21 April 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  188. ^ "Rzeszowski sentenced to 30 years". 29 October 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  189. ^ "Killer found dead in prison near York 'should have been in psychiatric hospital'". York Press. 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  190. ^ Morris, Steven; agencies (14 August 2012). "Jersey murder trial: Damian Rzeszowski 'heard voices in his head'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  191. ^ "Jersey murder trial: Damian Rzeszowski 'has no memory of deaths'". BBC News. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  192. ^ "Have you seen these men?". The Independent. 11 July 1999. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  193. ^ "Did this man batter a prostitute to death without realising what he was doing?". Life death prizes. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  194. ^ "'Son of God' firebomber laughed as his victims were dying". The London Evening Standard. 13 July 2007.
  195. ^ "Deranged man killed two in firebomb attacks". The Telegraph. 14 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  196. ^ "Asian shop arsonist detained indefinitely". Your Local Guardian. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  197. ^ "Callum Wheeler". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  198. ^ https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/R-v-Wheeler-sentencing-080722.pdf. Retrieved 27 March 2024. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |title= (help)
  199. ^ "'Sick and twisted' killer of PCSO Julia James jailed for at least 37 years". The Independent. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  200. ^ "Gunman who shot 5 sent to Broadmoor". The Glasgow Herald. 27 March 1979. p. 3. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  201. ^ "A killing spree that shocked Britain - How Harry Street's rampage unfolded". Express & Star. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  202. ^ "Calls for law to be changed after Broadmoor killer Barry Williams is released without supervision". The Telegraph. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  203. ^ a b Greatrex, Jonny (6 October 2014). "Replay: Serial killer Barry Williams stockpiled weapons under new identity - live updates from Birmingham Crown Court". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  204. ^ Evans, Martin (6 October 2014). "Calls for law to be changed after Broadmoor killer Barry Williams is released without supervision". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  205. ^ a b "Spree killer Harry Street pleads guilty to making bomb". BBC News. 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  206. ^ Evans, Martin (6 October 2014). "Mass killer Harry Street is detained indefinitely after admitting bomb plot". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  207. ^ "Mass killer Harry Street - who shot dead five people - dies in hospital". Express and Star. 28 December 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014.[permanent dead link]
  208. ^ a b Cruickshank, Jim (7 November 1993). "British triple murderer plans rights appeal to EC". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  209. ^ Hodges, Lucy (10 August 1981). "Killer who despaired of release from hospital". The Times. Gale CS35621130.
  210. ^ a b "1981: Second killer escapes from Broadmoor". BBC News "On this Day: 9 August". 9 August 1981. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  211. ^ "Killer agrees to extradition". The Independent. London. 17 April 1997. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  212. ^ a b c d Donnelly, Rachel (15 April 1997). "Man seen as brilliant was in trouble from age 10". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  213. ^ a b Schuit, Robert (18 December 1982). "Reeve jailed for 15 years". The Times. Gale CS302222226.
  214. ^ a b "Jaar één, Alan Reeve na dertig jaar opsluiting". Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  215. ^ a b "Killer agrees to extradition". The Independent. 17 April 1997. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  216. ^ "Triple killer had a new life, job and baby in Cork". The Irish Times. 15 April 1997. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  217. ^ "Killer's plea rejected". The Guardian. 18 April 1997. p. 8. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  218. ^ "Triple killer goes back to Broadmoor". The Independent. 19 April 1997. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  219. ^ Ford, Richard. "Broadmoor frees triple killer after 16 years on run". go.gale.com. Gale IF0500869107.
  220. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cummins, I. D. (2015). "Discussing race, racism and mental health : two mental health inquiries reconsidered" (PDF). International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare. 8 (3): 160–172. doi:10.1108/IJHRH-08-2014-0017. ISSN 2056-4902. S2CID 71022403.
  221. ^ a b Dolley, M. (11 September 1993). "News". British Medical Journal. 307 (6905): 641–644. doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6905.641. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1678992. PMID 11643164.
  222. ^ Lipsedge, Maurice (1 May 1994). "Dangerous stereotypes". The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry. 5 (1): 14–19. doi:10.1080/09585189408410894. ISSN 0958-5184.
  223. ^ Sheppard, Dave (2004). "9. Mental health inquiries 1985-2003". In Stanley, Nicky; Manthorpe, Jill (eds.). The Age of Inquiry: Learning and Blaming in Health and Social Care. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 0-415-28315-9.
  224. ^ Prins, Herschel (6 August 1998). "Letter: Rooted racism". The Independent. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  225. ^ Crichton, John H. M. (April 1994). "Comments on the Blackwood Inquiry". Psychiatric Bulletin. 18 (4): 236–237. doi:10.1192/pb.18.4.236. ISSN 0955-6036.
  226. ^ Bell, Amy Helen (2015). "Violent crime and the family in wartime London, 1939–45". Murder Capital: Suspicious Deaths in London, 1933–53. Manchester University Press. p. 67. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719091971.003.0003. ISBN 9780719091971.
  227. ^ Archives, The National. "The Discovery Service". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk.
  228. ^ Jan Bondeson (28 June 2015). "Murder Houses of Greater London". Matador Publishing Ltd. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-7846233-3-3
  229. ^ Derek Godrey (30 July 1971). "CS gas ends siege after triple killing". London Evening News. p. 7.
  230. ^ Slasher Injures 15 in Department Store, Associated Press (8 December 1994)
  231. ^ Ex-psychiatric patient charged in store attacks, The Herald (9 December 1994)
  232. ^ a b From the Archives: The nightmare before Christmas at Rackham's, Birmingham Mail (8 December 2010)
  233. ^ Knifeman told of 'evil thoughts' before attack, The Independent (6 February 1996)
  234. ^ Rackhams slasher pops out shopping, Business Live (19 August 2006)

Sources

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadmoor Hospital.
NHS hospitals in South East England
Authority control databases
Categories