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((Short description|Castle in Brodick, Arran, Scotland))
((Use dmy dates|date=April 2022))
((more citations needed|date=May 2014))
((Infobox military installation
|name=Brodick Castle
|location=Outside [[Brodick]], [[Isle of Arran]], Scotland
|coordinates = ((coord|55.5940|-5.1511|type:landmark|display=inline))
|image=[[Image:Brodick Castle Main Building East 01.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Brodick Castle (June 2013)
|map_type = Scotland North Ayrshire
|map_relief= 1
|map_caption = Shown within Scotland
|map_size=150
|type=Tower house
|built=1510 (site since c.400)
|builder=Earl of Arran
|controlledby=[[Duke of Hamilton|Dukes of Hamilton]]
|materials=
|height=
|used=Until 1958
|condition=Preserved
|ownership=[[National Trust for Scotland]]
|open_to_public= Yes
))
[[File:Brodick Castle, Isle of Arran, Scotland -gardens-13Feb2011.jpg|thumb|alt=Brodick Castle Gardens|upright|The walled garden at Brodick Castle]]

'''Brodick Castle''' is a castle situated outside the port of [[Brodick]] on the [[Isle of Arran]], an island in the [[Firth of Clyde]], Scotland. It was previously a seat of the [[Duke of Hamilton|Dukes of Hamilton]], but is now owned by the [[National Trust for Scotland]]. The castle is a Category A [[listed building]]<ref>((harv|Historic Environment Scotland|LB7507))</ref> and the grounds are included in the [[Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland]].<ref>((harv|Historic Environment Scotland|GDL00071))</ref>

==History==

===Early and High Medieval===
A fortress has been on the site since at least the fifth century, when [[Gaels|Gaelic]] invaders from Antrim expanded their kingdom of [[Dál Riata]].
By the tenth century [[Norsemen|Norse]] influence had grown, and Arran formed part of Sudreys or ''[[Súðreyjar]]'', administered either from [[Dublin]] or [[Orkney]] (Nordreys or ''Norðreyjar'') and nominally under the control of the King of [[Norway]]. This can be deduced by the number of Scandinavian place-names on the island including Brodick, or ''Breiðvík'' (Broad Bay). The site is thought to have been a centre of relative importance, on account of its strategic position on the [[Firth of Clyde]].

By the mid-thirteenth century Arran was part of  the [[Kingdom of Mann and the Isles]] ruled by two ''[[Norse-Gaels|Gall Gaidheal]]'' kings, [[Magnus Olafsson|Magnus of Mann]] and [[Dubhghall mac Ruaidhri|Dougal of the Isles]], sub-rulers of [[Haakon IV of Norway|Hákon Hákonarson]], King of Norway. [[Alexander III of Scotland]] had inherited his father's desire to control the islands in order to stabilise his kingdom, and made numerous unsuccessful advances to that effect. In 1262 the [[Uilleam I, Earl of Ross|Earl of Ross]] sacked and pillaged  [[Skye]] with the king's blessing. King Hákon determined to avenge this slight and set out in July 1263, with a large fighting fleet (''leiðangr'') for Scotland. 
After linking up with the fleets of Magnus and Dougal, and showing his might throughout the Hebrides, Hákon's force anchored in Lamlash Bay((sfn|Magnusson|2000|p=98)) on Arran, where they were approached by envoys from the Scots King. The Scots envoys were unsuccessful, and battle was engaged at [[Battle of Largs|Largs]], a short distance across the firth.
Although no rout, the Scots were victorious, and Hákon's forces retreated to Arran, and thence to Orkney to over-winter, where   Hákon died. The ensuing [[Treaty of Perth]] in 1266 ceded the Sudreys to the Kingdom of Scotland. This is the height of Scotland.

===Interregnum and Wars of Independence===
When both Alexander&nbsp;III and his heir, [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]] died, the Kingdom of Scotland was thrown into turmoil. In 1291, [[Edward I of England]], was called on to choose the most suitable successor. [[John of Scotland|John de Balliol]] was chosen and was forced to admit Edward as his [[suzerain]]. John defied Edward in 1295, and did not answer his request for assistance in his war in France. Edward invaded Scotland the following year and forced John to abdicate. At some point around this time an English garrison was stationed at Brodick.((sfn|Coventry|2006|p=138))((sfn|Stell|2004)) During [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruces]]'s time in hiding, following his escape from the English after his coronation and defeat at the [[Battle of Methven]], he is said to have had his legendary encounter with a spider on Arran.

On the behest of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert the Bruce]], [[James Douglas, Lord of Douglas]], early in the winter of 1307 previous to their attack on Carrick, attacked forces supplying Brodick castle giving a first minor victory and gaining their forces much needed supplies.

He was able in 1307 to dislodge the English from Brodick, one of the first castles to fall to him in his struggle to regain his country.

===Late Middle Ages===
[[Image:Hamiltonarms.gif|thumb|The arms of the Chief of Hamilton, showing the ''Lymphad'' of the Isles|left]]
In 1406&nbsp;– the same year that [[James I of Scotland|James&nbsp;I]] was captured by English pirates and [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] died&nbsp;– the castle was badly damaged by an English force that had sailed into Brodick bay. Further destruction was inflicted by [[John of Islay, Earl of Ross|John of Islay]], [[Lord of the Isles]], in 1455.((sfn|Salter|1985|p=130)) At some point after 1470 the castle was granted by [[James III of Scotland|James III]] to his brother-in-law, [[James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton]]. His son, [[James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran|James Hamilton, 2nd Lord Hamilton]] was created [[Earl of Arran (Scotland)|Earl of Arran]] in 1503. At this point Hamilton added the [[Lymphad]] of the Isles to his Armorial bearings

==The Hamiltons==
===Earls of Arran===

The castle had been rebuilt by the Earl by 1510 in the form of a [[tower house]], but suffered at the hands of the Campbells and the MacLeans. During the "Rough Wooing" of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], Brodick castle was attacked by an English force led by the [[Earl of Lennox]] on behalf of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], in revenge for the actions of the 2nd Earl. [[James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran|Lord Arran]] was the [[Regent]] of Scotland whilst Mary was in her infancy, and was second in line to the Scots throne. In 1543, he had been heavily involved in arranging the marriage of Mary to the [[Francis II of France|Dauphin of France]], prior to this she had been promised to [[Edward VI|Edward, Prince of Wales]]. Arran was rewarded for his efforts, however, and was created [[Duke of Châtellerault]] in the [[Peerage of France]]. During Regent Arran's tenure at Brodick he continued to enlarge and expand the castle. 

In the summer of 1550 Andrew Hamilton and Dean John Slater worked on the building.<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 436-7.</ref> In March 1552 live partridges and hares were sent to Brodick for the Regent's table and a special boring tool called a "wombill" was bought to make holes at the rabbit warren. In June a carpenter Peter Moffett made new doors. Some timber spars for the new building were supplied by the Laird of [[Luss]] on [[Loch Lomond]].<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1913), pp. 67-8, 89, 185.</ref>

In May 1579 the [[Colin Campbell, 6th Earl of Argyll|Earl of Argyll]] took Brodick for [[James VI of Scotland|James VI]] and Ninian Stewart was installed as keeper for the crown.<ref>''HMC 6th Report: Earl of Argyll'' (London, 1877), p. 611.</ref> In 1602 Paul Hamilton, captain of Brodick for [[John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Hamilton|Marquess of Hamilton]], with his companions all armed with pistols attacked a farmer Marrarat MacMillan at [[Sannox|North Sannox]] and took his horse and cattle, and wool and plaids and imprisoned Duncan MacElloway at Brodick.<ref>''Register of the Privy Council'', vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), p. 480.</ref>

===Dukes of Hamilton===

Brodick Castle did not escape the religious paroxysms that affected seventeenth century life ''(see the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]).'' In 1639, Scotland was divided between the [[Presbyterianism]] of the [[Lords of the Congregation]], and the [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalianism]] favoured by [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]. [[James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton|James Hamilton, 3rd marquess of Hamilton]], the King's advisor on all things Scottish, was sent north to enforce the King's will, he had previously dissolved the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] when they had abolished the [[Episcopacy]]. [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll]], was the de facto ruler of Scotland and leader of the presbyterian faction. Argyll seized Hamilton's castle of Brodick. Hamilton was made a [[Duke]] in 1643 and recovered his castle the following year at the outbreak of the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Scottish Civil War]]. It was lost again to the Campbells in 1646, as the [[Cavalier|Royalist]]s fortunes foundered. The Duke was captured after the disastrous [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]], and faced the block in March 1649. He was succeeded by his brother [[William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton|William, Earl of Lanark]], but the second Duke died of wounds received at the [[Battle of Worcester]] in 1651. The Duchy of Hamilton and Earldom of Arran passed to the first Duke's only surviving child, [[Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton|Anne]]. She had been unwittingly sent to Brodick for safety. In 1650, [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s [[Roundhead]]s had taken control of the castle and had extended it by building an [[Artillery battery]] to defend the Firth at this strategic position.

Duchess Anne returned to her estates in [[Lanarkshire]] and [[West Lothian]] and in 1656 married [[William Douglas, Duke of Hamilton|William Douglas, 1st Earl of Selkirk]]. Anne did not return to Brodick, however her husband the newly created Duke of Hamilton for life, used the castle as a base for hunting excursions.

In the following years Brodick was used mainly as an occasional sporting estate. In the nineteenth century, it became residence for the eldest son of the [[Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton|10th Duke]], styled the [[Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale]].

[[William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton|William, 11th Duke of Hamilton]], married in 1843, [[Princess Marie Amelie of Baden|Princess Marie of Baden]], youngest daughter of  the [[Charles, Grand Duke of Baden|Grand Duke of Baden]] and [[Stéphanie de Beauharnais]], adopted daughter of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]. In 1844, massive building work was undertaken at the castle, almost tripling the size of the building, under the architect [[James Gillespie Graham]]. The Twelfth Duke, [[William Douglas-Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton|William]], had no male heirs, so although his titles passed to his distant cousin [[Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton|Alfred Douglas-Hamilton]] upon his death, he entailed the castle upon his only daughter the [[Lady Mary Louise Douglas-Hamilton]]. She married [[James Graham, 6th Duke of Montrose|The 6th Duke of Montrose]] in 1906. Unlike in 1651, when the property also passed through the female line and the then spouse assumed the Hamilton name, at this time, after more than five hundred years, Brodick Castle was no longer possessed by someone bearing the Hamilton name.

==Today==
The Castle and gardens were acquired by the [[National Trust for Scotland]] from the [[Lady Jean Fforde]] in 1958,((sfn|Coventry|2006|p=139)) in lieu of [[death duties]] upon the death of her mother, the Dowager Duchess of Montrose. The 2017 obituary in ''[[The Times]]'' of London of Lady Jean (who, among other things, had worked at [[Bletchley Park]], the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War) quotes her as saying that the loss "of the castle and all its contents . . . was like losing my whole life."<ref>"Obituary: Lady Jean Fforde: Controversial countess who found code-cracking at Bletchley Park boring and sold the Earldom of Arran to pay for central heating." The Times. 16 October 2017.</ref>

The castle is open to the public during the summer, with [[Brodick Country Park]] open all year round. The site welcomed 68,423 visitors during 2019.<ref name="ALVA 2019 visitor numbers">((cite web |title=ALVA - Association of Leading Visitor Attractions |url=https://www.alva.org.uk/details.cfm?p=423 |website=www.alva.org.uk |access-date=18 November 2020))</ref>

A black-and-white copy of [[William Woollett]]'s engraving of the painting ''[[The Death of General Wolfe]]'' by [[Benjamin West]] can be seen at the castle.

Since 1972, an illustration of the castle has featured on the reverse side of [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|twenty pound notes]] issued by the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]].<ref name="scotbanks">((cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_royal_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes : Royal Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|access-date=2008-10-17))</ref> The 1998 film  ''[[The Governess]]'', starring [[Minnie Driver]], was filmed at Brodick Castle.

==Gardens==
[[Bee bole]]s can be seen in the [[Walled Garden]], which was built in 1710.<ref>((harv|Historic Environment Scotland|LB7508))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Banknotes of Scotland]] (featured on design)
*[[Home Farm, Brodick]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Bibliography==
*((citation | last=Coventry | first=Martin | title=The Castles of Scotland | publisher=Birlinn | year=2006 | isbn=1-84158-449-5))
*[[John of Fordun|Fordun, John of.]] ''Chronicle of the Scottish nation'' ed. Skene 1872.
*ed. [[Francis Hindes Groome|Groome, F.H.]] ''Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland'', Thomas C. Jack, Edinburgh 1884
*((Historic Environment Scotland|num=GDL00071 |desc=BRODICK CASTLE|access-date=7 March 2019))
*((Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB7507 |desc=BRODICK CASTLE ESTATE, BRODICK CASTLE|cat=A |access-date=7 March 2019|fewer-links=yes))
*((Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB7508 |desc=BRODICK CASTLE ESTATE, WALLED GARDEN, TERRACES, GARDEN GATES, SUNDIAL AND COMMEMORATIVE GATES |cat=A |access-date=7 March 2019|fewer-links=yes))
*((citation |last=Magnusson|first=Magnus|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation |date=2000 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |isbn=9780006531913))
*Marshall, Dr Rosalind. ''The Days of Duchess Anne'', Tuckwell Press, East Lothian 2000
*((citation | first=Mike |last=Salter | title=Discovering Scottish Castles | publisher=Shire Publications Ltd | year=1985 | isbn=0-85263-749-7))
*((citation |last=Stell |first=Geoffrey P. |contribution=John (John de Balliol) (c.1248x50–1314) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2004))

==External links==
((Commons category|Brodick Castle))
*[https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/brodick-castle-garden-country-park Brodick Castle and Country Park] - official site

((Arran))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Castles in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:National Trust for Scotland properties]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:James Gillespie Graham buildings]]
[[Category:Gardens in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Isle of Arran]]
[[Category:Clan Stewart]]

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