Bulgakov (Russian: Булгаков) is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Anatoly Bulgakov (footballer, born 1944), Russian football coach and former player
• Anatoly Bulgakov (footballer, born 1979), Russian football player
• Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (1781–1863), Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator; son of Yakov
• Dmitry Bulgakov (born 1954), Russian economist and military leader
• Gediminid family of Princes Bulgakov
• Genrikh Bulgakov (1929–2010), Soviet fencer
• Konstantin Bulgakov (1782–1835), Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator; son of Yakov
• Mikhail Bulgakov (1891–1940), Russian novelist and playwright, most notably of The Master and Margarita
• Macarius Bulgakov (1816–1882), bishop known as Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow and Kolomna
• Nikolai Bulgakov (1960–2023), Russian professional football coach and a former player
• Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944), Christian theologian, philosopher and economist
• Valentin Bulgakov (1886–1966), Russian memorialist and biographer of Leo Tolstoy
• Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809), Russian diplomat; father of Alexander and Konstantin
• Nadezhda Mikhailovna Bulgakova, Russian physicist
• Yuri Bulgakov, 16th century Russian governor and diplomat