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((Short description|English politician (1605–1675)))
((about-distinguish-text|the lawyer and politician|[[Whitelocke Bulstrode]], religious writer))
((lead too short|date=August 2020))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020))
((Use British English|date=March 2012))
[[File:Bulstrode Whitelocke from NPG.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1634]]
'''Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke''' (6 August 1605 – 28 July 1675) was an English lawyer, writer, [[Parliament of England|parliament]]arian and [[Lord Keeper of the Great Seal|Lord Keeper of the Great Seal of England]].((sfn|Coates|2010))

==Early life==
[[File:Bulstrode Whitelocke from NPG (2).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1650]]
He was the eldest son of [[James Whitelocke|Sir James Whitelocke]] and Elizabeth Bulstrode, and was born on 6 August 1605 at George Croke's house in [[Fleet Street]], [[London]]. He was baptized on 19 August 1605 at the nearby church of [[St Dunstan-in-the-West]], where his mother's parents were married in 1571; his notorious uncle [[Edmund Whitelocke]], being one of the godfathers, announced that the child was to be called Bulstrode. The vicar demurred, but Edmund insisted that he bear his mother's name, "Bulstrode or Elizabeth, let them choose which they please".((sfn|Spalding|1975|p=((page needed|date=June 2020)) )) Bulstrode was educated briefly at [[Eton College]], then at [[Merchant Taylors' School, City of London|Merchant Taylors' School]] and at [[St John's College, Oxford]], where he matriculated on 8 December 1620.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

==Early career==
((unreferenced section|date=January 2023))
He left [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], without a degree, for the [[Middle Temple]], and was [[called to the bar]] in 1626; in 1628 he became treasurer of his Temple. He was fond of field sports and of music, and in 1633/34 he had charge of the music in the great masque "[[The Triumph of Peace]]" performed by the Inns of Court before [[Charles I of England]] and [[Henrietta Maria of France]].

==As Lawyer==
He was appointed Recorder of [[Abingdon, England|Abingdon]] (1632–49), of Oxford (1647–49), of Bristol (1651–55), and Counsel for [[Henley-on-Thames|Henley]] (1632).

==Enters Politics==
He was elected for Stafford in the parliament of 1626. In 1640, he was chosen Member for [[Great Marlow (UK Parliament constituency)|Great Marlow]] in the [[Long Parliament]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=607))

He took a prominent part in the proceedings against [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Strafford]], was Chairman of the Committee of Management, and had charge of articles XIX–XXIV of the impeachment. He drew up the Bill for making Parliaments indissoluble except by their own consent, and supported the [[Grand Remonstrance]] and the action taken in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] against the illegal canons; on the militia question, however, he advocated a joint control by King and Parliament.((citation needed|date=January 2023))

==His part in the Civil War==
On the outbreak of the [[English Civil War]] he took the side of the Parliament, using his influence in the country as Deputy-Lieutenant to prevent the King from raising troops in [[Buckinghamshire]] and [[Oxfordshire]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

He was sent to the King at [[Oxford]] in 1643 and again in 1644 to negotiate terms, and the secret communications with [[Charles I of England|King Charles]] on the latter occasion were the foundation of a charge of [[treason]] brought later against Whitelocke and [[Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles|Denzil Holles]]. He was one of the Commissioners at the [[Treaty of Uxbridge]] in 1645.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

Nevertheless, he opposed the policy of Holles and the Peace Party and the proposed disbanding of the army in 1647, and, although he was one of the lay members of the Assembly of Divines, he repudiated the claims of divine authority put forward by the Presbyterians for their Church, and approved of religious tolerance. He thus gravitated more towards [[Oliver Cromwell]] and the Army Party, but he took no part in either the disputes between the Army and Parliament or in the trial of the King. On the establishment of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]], though out of sympathy with the government, he was nominated to the Council of State and as a Commissioner of the Parliament's new Great Seal (1659–60).((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

He purportedly urged Cromwell after the [[Battle of Worcester]] and again in 1652 to recall the Royal Family.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Fitzgibbons |first=Jonathan |date=2022-06-29 |title='To settle a governement without somthing of Monarchy in it': Bulstrode Whitelocke's Memoirs and the Reinvention of the Interregnum' |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=137 |issue=586 |pages=655–691 |doi=10.1093/ehr/ceac126 |issn=0013-8266|doi-access=free ))</ref> In 1653 he disapproved of the expulsion of the Long Parliament and he was especially marked out for attack by Cromwell in his speech on that occasion.

==Ambassador to Sweden==
((More citations needed|section|date=January 2023))
Later in the autumn of 1653, and perhaps in consequence, Whitelocke was despatched on a mission to [[Christina of Sweden|Christina, queen of Sweden]], to conclude a [[1654 Anglo-Swedish alliance|treaty of alliance]] and assure the freedom of the Sound. Retroactively, the diplomatic mission caused him to be considered as the first of the [[List of ambassadors of the Kingdom of England to Sweden|country's Ambassadors to Sweden]], though at the time this was not a regular or fixed position. He was knighted in 1654.((sfn|Coates|2010))

==His return to Britain==
On his return he resumed his office as Commissioner of the Great Seal, was appointed a Commissioner of the Treasury with a salary of £1000,((clarify|date=August 2016)) and was returned to Parliament in 1654 for each of the four constituencies of [[Bedford]], [[Exeter]], Oxford and Buckinghamshire, electing to sit for the latter constituency.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

Whitelocke was a learned and sound lawyer. He had hitherto shown himself not unsympathetic to reform, having supported the Bill introducing the use of English into legal proceedings, having drafted a new treason law, and having set on foot some alterations in Chancery procedure. A tract advocating the registering of title deeds is attributed to him. He defeated a bill which sought to exclude lawyers from parliament; and to the sweeping and ill-considered changes in the Court of Chancery proposed by Cromwell and the Council he offered an unbending and honourable resistance, being dismissed in consequence, together with his colleague Sir Thomas Widdrington, on 6 June 1654 from his Commissionership of the Great Seal (see [[William Lenthall]]).((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

However, he still remained on good terms with Cromwell, by whom he was respected; he took part in public business, acted as Cromwell's adviser on foreign affairs, negotiated the treaty with Sweden of 1656, and, was elected again to the Parliament of the same year, as Member for Buckinghamshire, he was chairman of the committee which conferred with Cromwell on the subject of the Petition and Advice and urged the protector to assume the title of King. In December 1657 he became a member of the [[Cromwell's Other House]].((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

==Under Richard Cromwell==
On [[Richard Cromwell]]'s assumption of the Protectorship, Whitelocke was reappointed a Commissioner of the Great Seal, and had considerable influence during the former's short tenure of power. He returned to his place in the Long Parliament on its recall, was appointed a member of the Council of State on 14 May 1659, and became president in August. Subsequently, on the fresh expulsion of the Long Parliament, he was included in the Committee of Safety which superseded the council. He again received the Great Seal into his keeping on 1 November. During the period which immediately preceded the Restoration he endeavoured to oppose [[George Monck]]'s schemes, and desired [[Charles Fleetwood]] to forestall him and make terms with King Charles, but in vain.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

==End of his career==
On the failure of his plans, he retired to the country and awaited events. Whitelocke's career, however, had been marked by moderation and good sense throughout. The necessity of carrying on the government of the country somehow or other had been the chief motive of his adherence to Cromwell rather than any sympathy for a republic or a military dictatorship, and his advice to Cromwell to accept the title of King was doubtless tendered with the object of giving the administration greater stability and of protecting its adherents under the Statute of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]].  Nor had he shown himself unduly ambitious or self-seeking in the pursuit of office, and he had proved himself ready to sacrifice high place to the claims of professional honour and duty. These considerations were not without weight with his contemporaries at the Restoration. Accordingly, Whitelocke was not excepted from the [[Act of Indemnity of 1660|Act of Indemnity]], and after the payment of various sums to the King and others he was allowed to retain the bulk of his property.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=606))

[[File:Fawley Court-7210152282.jpg|thumb|Fawley Court]]

==Family==
[[File:Portrait of a lady, traditionally identified as Frances Whitelocke (1614-1649).jpg|thumb|Frances Willoughby Whitelock, portrait by [[Michael Dahl]]]]
Whitelocke purchased [[Greenlands, Buckinghamshire|Greenlands]] House, Berkshire in 1651. The purchase of this land resulted in Whitelocke owning 3 miles of Thames waterfront below Henley-on-Thames. The site is now the home of [[Henley Business School]], part of the [[University of Reading]]. Whitelocke lived at [[Fawley Court]] in [[Buckinghamshire]] which he had inherited from his father in 1632. After the house was damaged during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]] he gave it to his son [[James Whitelocke (Roundhead)|James]] and lived henceforth in seclusion at Chilton Lodge near [[Chilton Foliat]] in [[Wiltshire]], dying on 28 July 1675, aged 69.((sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=606–607))

Whitelocke married three times:
# in June 1630, Rebecca, daughter of Thomas Bennet, alderman of London.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ((harvnb|Whitelocke|1860|p=65))</ref> She was adjudged insane,((when|date=January 2023)) and died on 9 May 1634.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ((harvnb|Whitelocke|1860|p=107)).</ref> 
#*Their eldest son, [[James Whitelocke (Roundhead)|James]] (13 July 1631 – 1701), served in Cromwell's guard in Ireland, was chosen colonel of an Oxfordshire militia regiment in 1651, was knighted by the Protector on 6 January 1657, represented Aylesbury in the parliament of 1659.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ((harvnb|Whitelocke|1860|p=69)); ((harvnb|Annesley|1682|loc=iii. pp. 75, 135, 311, 342, 413, iv. p. 338)); ((harvnb|Le Neve|1873|p=422)).</ref>
# on 9 November 1635, Frances (died 1649), daughter of [[William Willoughby, 3rd Baron Willoughby of Parham|Lord Willoughby of Parham]], with whom he had nine children.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ((harvnb|Whitelocke|1860|p=123)).</ref> 
#*His eldest son by his second marriage, William Whitelocke, entertained William III on his journey to London, and was knighted by him on 10 April 1689.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115))cites ((harvnb|Le Neve|1873|p=421)).</ref>
# about 1651, Mary, daughter of one Carleton, and widow of Rowland Wilson,<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cite  ((harvnb|Whitelocke|1860|p=282)).</ref> with whom he had four sons and several daughters.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ((harvnb|Le Neve|1873|p=422)).</ref>

An account of the distribution of his property among these different sons is given in R. H. Whitelocke's ''Life of Whitelocke''.<ref>((harvnb|Firth|1900|p=115)) cites ''Memoirs'', pp. 457–464.</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Whitelocke was the author of:((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=607))

* ''Memorials of the English affairs from the beginning of the reign of Charles I …'', published 1682 and reprinted. According to the author of Whitelocke's biography in the [[Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition]] "[it is] a work which has obtained greater authority than it deserves, being largely a compilation from various sources, composed after the events and abounding in errors".((sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=607))
* ''Annals'', his work of greatest value, still remains in manuscript in Lord Bute's and Lord de la Warr's collections (''Hist. Brit. Comm. III.'' Rep. pp202, 217; also Egerton Manuscripts Brit. Mus. 997, add. Manuscripts 4992, 4994); his ''Journal of the Swedish Embassy …'' was published in 1772 and re-edited by Henry Reeve in 1885 (add. Manuscripts 4902, 4991 and 4995 and Hist. Manuscripts Comm III. Rep. 190, 217)
* ''Notes on the Kings Writ for choosing Members of Parliament …'' were published in 1766 (see also add. MSS. 4993)
* ''Memorials of the English Affairs, from the suppos'd expedition of Brute to this Island, to the end of the Reign of King James I'', were published in 1709
* ''Essays Ecclesiastical and Civil'' (1706)
* ''Quench not the Spirit'' (1711)
* some theological treatises remain in manuscript, and several others are attributed to him.

==Notes==
((reflist))

==References==
*((cite encyclopedia|last=Coates |first=Ben |year=2010  |title=Whitelocke, Bulstrode (1605-1675), of the Middle Temple, London; later of Fawley Court, Bucks.  |encyclopedia=The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 |edition=online |editor-last= Thrush |editor-first=Andrew  |editor2-first=John P.  |editor2-last=Ferris |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1604-1629/member/whitelocke-bulstrode-1605-1675))
*((Cite book|last=Spalding |first=Ruth  |year=1975 |title=The Improbable Puritan |publisher=[[Faber & Faber]]))
'''Attribution:'''
*((EB1911 |wstitle=Whitelocke, Bulstrode |volume=28 |pages=606–607))
*((DNB|last=Firth |first=Charles Harding|author-link=Charles Harding Firth |wstitle=Whitelocke, Bulstrode |volume=61 |pages=110)) Endnotes:
**((cite book  |editor-last=Annesley |editor-first=Arthur |editor-link=Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey |year=1682 |title=Memorials of the English Affairs from the beginning of the Reign of Charles I...))
**((cite book |last=Le Neve |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Le Neve |year=1873  |title=Le Neve's pedigrees of the knights made by King Charles II |location=London |publisher=Mitchell and Hughes |url=https://archive.org/details/lenevespedigrees00lene))
**((cite book  |last=Whitelocke |first=R.H. |year=1860  |title=Memoirs Biographical and Historical of Bulstrode Whitelocke))

==Further reading==
*((Cite book|editor-first=Ruth |editor-last=Spalding |year=1990 |title=The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675 and Contemporaries of Bulstrode Whitelocke, 1605–1675, Biographies, Illustrated by Letters and other Documents |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for the [[British Academy]] ))
*((Cite ODNB|last=Spalding |first=Ruth |title=Whitelocke, Bulstrode, appointed Lord Whitelocke under the protectorate (1605–1675) |orig-year=2004 |edition=online |date=October 2009 |id=29297))

== External links ==
((commons category|Bulstrodus Whitelocke))
* ((gutenberg author| id=7357| name=Bulstrode Whitelocke))
* [http://www.bartleby.com/217/0925.html Historical and Political Writings] by Bulstrode Whitelocke
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp04811 Pictures] in the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[London]]
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0852122.html Infoplease biography]

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((succession box | title=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]]| before=[[Thomas Widdrington|Sir Thomas Widdrington]] | after=[[Chaloner Chute]] | years=1657))
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((DEFAULTSORT:Whitelocke, Bulstrode))
[[Category:1605 births]]
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