Butterfish may refer to:

• Stromateidae, found in coastal waters off the Americas, western Africa and in the Indo-Pacific
• Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), found in muddy sea beds in the North Pacific Ocean
• Rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus), ray-finned fish, found in the coastal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Atlantic part of the Arctic Ocean
• Pacific rudderfish (Psenopsis anomala), also as Japanese butterfish and simply butterfish, found in the Western Pacific, near Japan, in the Taiwan Strait and in the East China Sea
• Pentapodus nagasakiensis, also known as Japanese butterfish or Japanese whiptail, found in the Western Pacific.
• Escolar is sometimes fraudulently labelled as butterfish.