CHD8
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCHD8, AUTS18, HELSNF1, chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8, IDDAM
External IDsOMIM: 610528 MGI: 1915022 HomoloGene: 72405 GeneCards: CHD8
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

57680

67772

Ensembl

ENSG00000100888

ENSMUSG00000053754

UniProt

Q9HCK8

Q09XV5

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_020920
NM_001170629

NM_001010928
NM_201637

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001164100
NP_065971

NP_963999

Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 21.39 – 21.46 MbChr 14: 52.44 – 52.5 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHD8 gene.[5][6]

Function

The gene CHD8 encodes the protein chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8,[7] which is a chromatin regulator enzyme that is essential during fetal development.[8] CHD8 is an ATP dependent enzyme.[9]

The protein contains an Snf2 helicase domain that is responsible for the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP.[9] CHD8 encodes for a DNA helicase that function as a transcription repressor by remodeling chromatin structure by altering the position of nucleosomes.[8] CHD8 negatively regulates Wnt signaling.[10] Wnt signaling is important in the vertebrate early development and morphogenesis. It is believed that CHD8 also recruits the linker histone H1 and causes the repression of β-catenin and p53 target genes.[7] The importance of CHD8 can be observed in studies where CHD8-knockout mice died after 5.5 embryonic days because of widespread p53 induced apoptosis.[7]

Recently CD8 has been associated to the regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs),[11] and the regulation of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) initiation, via regulation of Xist long non-coding RNA, the master regulator of XCI, though competitive binding to Xist regulatory regions.[12]

Clinical significance

Mutations in this gene have been linked to a subset of autism[13] cases in human and mouse models.[14]

Mutations in CHD8 could lead to upregulation of β-catenin-regulated genes, in some part of the brain this upregulation can cause brain overgrowth also known as macrocephaly, which occurs in 15-35% of autistic children.[8]

Some studies have determined the role of CHD8 in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).[8] CHD8 expression significantly increases during human mid-fetal development.[7] The chromatin remodeling activity and its interaction with transcriptional regulators have shown to play an important role in ASD aetiology.[15] The developing mammalian brain has a conserved CHD8 target regions that are associated with ASD risk genes.[8] The knockdown of CHD8 in human neural stem cells results in dysregulation of ASD risk genes that are targeted by CHD8.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100888 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000053754 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ Nagase T, Kikuno R, Nakayama M, Hirosawa M, Ohara O (August 2000). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XVIII. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 7 (4): 273–81. doi:10.1093/dnares/7.4.271. PMID 10997877.
  6. ^ "Entrez Gene: CHD8 chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 8".
  7. ^ a b c d Nishiyama M, Oshikawa K, Tsukada Y, Nakagawa T, Iemura S, Natsume T, et al. (February 2009). "CHD8 suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis through histone H1 recruitment during early embryogenesis". Nature Cell Biology. 11 (2): 172–82. doi:10.1038/ncb1831. PMC 3132516. PMID 19151705.
  8. ^ a b c d e Ronan JL, Wu W, Crabtree GR (May 2013). "From neural development to cognition: unexpected roles for chromatin". Nature Reviews. Genetics. 14 (5): 347–59. doi:10.1038/nrg3413. PMC 4010428. PMID 23568486.
  9. ^ a b Thompson BA, Tremblay V, Lin G, Bochar DA (June 2008). "CHD8 is an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor that regulates beta-catenin target genes". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (12): 3894–904. doi:10.1128/MCB.00322-08. PMC 2423111. PMID 18378692.
  10. ^ Nishiyama M, Skoultchi AI, Nakayama KI (January 2012). "Histone H1 recruitment by CHD8 is essential for suppression of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 32 (2): 501–12. doi:10.1128/MCB.06409-11. PMC 3255766. PMID 22083958.
  11. ^ Wilkinson B, Grepo N, Thompson BL, Kim J, Wang K, Evgrafov OV, et al. (May 2015). "The autism-associated gene chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 8 (CHD8) regulates noncoding RNAs and autism-related genes". Translational Psychiatry. 5 (5): e568. doi:10.1038/tp.2015.62. ISSN 2158-3188. PMC 4471293. PMID 25989142.
  12. ^ Cerase A, Young AN, Ruiz NB, Buness A, Sant GM, Arnold M, et al. (2021-04-15). "Chd8 regulates X chromosome inactivation in mouse through fine-tuning control of Xist expression". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 485. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-01945-1. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 8050208. PMID 33859315.
  13. ^ Bernier R, Golzio C, Xiong B, Stessman HA, Coe BP, Penn O, et al. (July 2014). "Disruptive CHD8 mutations define a subtype of autism early in development". Cell. 158 (2): 263–276. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.017. PMC 4136921. PMID 24998929.
  14. ^ Gompers AL, Su-Feher L, Ellegood J, Copping NA, Riyadh MA, Stradleigh TW, et al. (August 2017). "Germline Chd8 haploinsufficiency alters brain development in mouse". Nature Neuroscience. 20 (8): 1062–1073. doi:10.1038/nn.4592. OSTI 1436635. PMC 6008102. PMID 28671691.
  15. ^ Sugathan A, Biagioli M, Golzio C, Erdin S, Blumenthal I, Manavalan P, et al. (October 2014). "CHD8 regulates neurodevelopmental pathways associated with autism spectrum disorder in neural progenitors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (42): E4468-77. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E4468S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1405266111. PMC 4210312. PMID 25294932.
  16. ^ Cotney J, Muhle RA, Sanders SJ, Liu L, Willsey AJ, Niu W, et al. (March 2015). "The autism-associated chromatin modifier CHD8 regulates other autism risk genes during human neurodevelopment". Nature Communications. 6 (6): 6404. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6404C. doi:10.1038/ncomms7404. PMC 4355952. PMID 25752243.

External links

Further reading

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