The first case in Turkey was recorded on 11 March, when a local returned home[note 1] from a trip to Europe.[4] The first death due to COVID-19 in the country occurred on 15 March.[4]Turkey stood out from the rest of Europe by not ordering a legal lockdown[note 2][5] until April 2021, when the country enacted its first nationwide restrictions.[6] The government kept many businesses open, and allowed companies to set their own guidelines for workers.[5]
On 30 September 2020, Turkish Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca acknowledged that since 29 July, the reported number of cases was limited to symptomatic cases that required monitoring, which was met with rebuke by the Turkish Medical Association.[15] This practice ended on 25 November, when the ministry started to report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases alongside symptomatic ones.[15]
Background
On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.[15]
^ abOn 12 December, the government started to report recoveries among asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients as well, who are usually considered recovered after 10 days of isolation. The number of active cases and recoveries before that date was only provided for monitored symptomatic patients.
^ abBeginning on 25 November, the government began publicly reporting asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases. However they were not included in the number of recoveries until 12 December.
^From 29 July to 24 November, the Ministry of Health did not publicly report asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases.
^On 10 December, the government announced the total number of cases seen in the country for the first time since 28 July, causing a massive jump in the number of cases. However only 30,424 new cases were actually reported that day.
On 24 January, Turkey's health ministry installed medical stations nationwide to measure the body temperature of passersby and set up free hand sanitizer stations across public transportation hubs.[5]
February 2020
On 1 February, Turkey announced its decision to stop all flights from China.[5] After Iranian authorities downplayed the spread of SARS‑CoV‑2, Turkey castigated Iran for its duplicity and laxity and unilaterally closed its border on 23 February.[5] On the same day, Turkey announced its decision to stop all flights to and from Iran.[15]
On 29 February, Turkey announced the termination of all flights to and from Italy, South Korea and Iraq.[5]
March 2020: First confirmed case, closures, and cancellations
On 11 March 2020, the day the first known coronavirus case in Turkey was announced, the Ministry of Health created a website to track COVID-19 cases, monitor hot spots, enable people to report places selling fake PPE, and report hospital wait times.[5]
The next day, the Ministry of National Education announced that except for schools catering to students with special needs, all schools[5] in Turkey would close on 16 March.[16] Given the intense learning needs of students with disabilities, the Ministry of National Education announced that elementary-, middle-, and high-school students with special needs would continue to attend school in person in fixed small groups, with adults rotating into the class, so as to facilitate contact tracing.[16] The ministry subsequently announced that teachers and staff in schools for students with special needs could opt out of in-person teaching if they or their families had a health risk.[16]
MinisterKoca updated the number of infected people as four on 13 March,[5] including a pilgrim who had returned from Saudi Arabia. Following the updated tally, Turkey extended the flight ban to include many European countries, including Austria, France, and Germany.[4]
On 16 March, Minister of the InteriorSoylu ordered businesses and places of worship to halt indoor activities.[5] With that announcement, more than 80 million people in Turkey started to live under some form of restriction to their movements when trains and public transit came to a halt nationwide.[4]
On 20 March, Ministry of Health issued a decree that designated as "pandemic hospitals" all hospitals that employed at least two specialist doctors in infectious diseases and clinical microbiology, pulmonology, and internal diseases, and had level-3 adult ICU beds.[note 3][4] At the same time, Turkey started to open drive-throughscreening clinics, based on the South Korean-pioneered model, which allows testing at no cost, while avoiding nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2.[4]
On 23 March, Koca announced that the Ministry of Health authorized the Japanese anti-flu drug Favipiravir for emergency use, after early data disclosed by China's Science and Technology Minister Wang Zhigang showed that the drug shortened COVID-19 patients' recovery time.[4]
On 31 March, after consulting with trade unions spearheaded by TÜRK-İŞ and DİSK, the government launched a paycheck protection program that helped small businesses keep employees on their books.[18] Trade unions criticized this plan for not directly subsidizing employment, which would have required businesses to keep workers employed. On the same day, the government unveiled further emergency measures, including a moratorium on evictions, a stay on all debt, seizure (except for alimony and child support), and bankruptcy proceedings until 31 December.[4]
April 2020: Restrictions continue
Pasta shelves at a supermarket in Istanbul after panic buying
On 3 April, citing potential asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children, the Ministry of Health extended the curfew, which initially applied only to those 65 and older, to people 20 and younger.[4] In a televised address the same day, President Erdoğan announced measures prohibiting entry into and exit from Turkey's largest cities, including Istanbul, for 15 days.[21]
On 6 April, the government announced the building of two hospitals at Istanbul Airport that could accommodate 2,000 patients[18] and would specialize in common life-support techniques, such as Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), for people with severe cases of COVID-19.[18] On the same day, to promote face-mask use, the government started to mail masks[note 4] to everyone.[18]
On 10 April, the Ministry of Internal Affairs announced curfew with just two hours' notice.[21] This resulted in pandemonium, with residents lining up by bakeries, shops, and markets to stock up on essentials.[21] After widespread criticism, Soylu was forced to apologize and offer his resignation, which Erdoğan rejected.[21]
On 13 April, Erdoğan announced that curfews on weekends would continue but the restrictions were less stringent during the week, and many non-essential businesses, including construction sites remained open.[21]
On 23 April, Turkey became the seventh country to report more than 100,000 coronavirus cases.[22]
May 2020: Easing on restrictions
Social distance warnings in a mall's toilet.Social distance stickers placed on the floor in the ATM part of a shopping mall.İstiklal Avenue and Galatasaray, Beyoğlu during the curfew on 30 May 2020
On 4 May, the Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board stated that public-health interventions—lockdowns and mask use—had led to major drops in caseloads, reducing the strain on emergency rooms and intensive-care units. Explaining that normal life would return gradually,[4] the Ministry of Health said that Turkey had an opportunity to create and upgrade to permanently pandemic-resistant cities by subsidizing businesses to make ventilation upgrades to limit viral spread, tackling poor indoor air quality, which has long been a source of disease.[4]
State lawmakers' response to the Ministry of Health's handling of the pandemic broke down along partisan lines.[4] On 5 May, the opposition criticized the fact that businesses had no clear triggers for when and how to shut down or reduce capacity in buildings.[5]
On 7 May, the government acknowledged that the social-distancing measures, including the closure of offices and schools and ban on mass gatherings were rolled out without knowing which measures would work.[4] Ministry of Health stated that by relaxing restrictions gradually, it could make more informed recommendations on social-distancing measures in the future.[4]
June 2020: Reopening
On 1 June, domestic flights resumed and most public spaces opened, including restaurants, swimming pools, beaches, parks, libraries, and museums.[5]
Turkish parliament resumes work after COVID-19 hiatus, while wearing masks and keeping distance
On 2 June, the Turkish Parliament resumed full activities for the first time in 48 days since a hiatus was declared due to the pandemic. The parliament started working under "new norms", including enhanced hygiene measures, use of masks, and social distancing.[5]
Gross domestic product shrank 11% in the second quarter, the largest decline ever published by the Turkish Statistical Institute.[23] The worst-affected sector was manufacturing, which contracted by 18%.[23]
September 2020: Further economic measures announced
On 18 September, as part of statutory measures taken to counter the pandemic's impact on the economy, a presidential decree extended the rule that limits corporations' dividends to 25% of their net profits in 2019.[25] The rule, initially included in the Turkish Commercial Code as provisional article 13, was to phase out on 30 September.[25]
October 2020: Reintroduction of restrictions
In October, official figures showed that 9.3 million people visited Turkey in the first eight months of this year, mainly from Russia, the United Kingdom, Ukraine, Germany and Bulgaria, with 2.2 million arriving in August.[15]
On 2 October, the Minister of Internal Affairs, following an advisory opinion of the Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board, instructed all provinces to prohibit holding large public meetings until 1 December.[26]
November 2020: New lockdown
On 20 November, the Ministry of Health reinstated the curfew on people 65 and older and 20 and younger.[27] On the same day, the Minister of Internal Affairs ordered businesses and places of worship to halt indoor activities.[27] Grocery stores and pharmacies remained open, with legally imposed capacity limits.[27]
On 30 November, official figures showed that gross domestic product expanded 15.6% compared with the previous quarter, and 6.7% compared with a year earlier.[28]
December 2020: Rising death roll and assessment of coronavirus vaccines
Rate of vaccination by provinces (update 28 June 2021)[29]
On 7 December, Pfizer and BioNTech finalized their submission to the Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency (TMA), which had been reviewing data from the clinical trial since October.[31] The TMA said it would recommend granting an emergency use authorization if it concluded "that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh its risks in protecting against COVID-19", based on the 2004 law that created the TMA's process.[32]
On 10 December, the seven-day averages for three of the primary metrics (tests, cases, hospitalizations) were at record highs.[5] In the spring of 2020, during the first COVID-19 surge, the rising death toll reached a peak on 22 April, with a seven-day average of 122 daily deaths.[5] In December, the seven-day average of deaths from COVID-19 broke that record, at 255 on 29 December.[5]
On 13 December, TMA pushed back formal assessments of two COVID-19 vaccines, delaying distribution of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine and CoronaVac in Turkey to the end of December.[31][30] The TMA said it planned to give an opinion on the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine at a meeting on 29 December.[30] TMA also delayed assessing the rival Moderna vaccine until 12 January.[30]
January 2021: Vaccination and the UK variant
Turkey detected 15 cases of the UK coronavirus variant on 1 January 2021.[33] On 14 January 2021, Erdoğan received the COVID-19 vaccine.[34]
March 2021
At the beginning of March, the Turkish government eased restrictions, but infection rates rose to 21,030. Turkey had a very bad tourism season due to the restrictions, but bars and restaurants were allowed to reopen at half-capacity in provinces with lower infection rates.[35]
On 30 March, after confirming 37,303 new cases, Turkey said it would reimpose lockdowns during weekends and restrictions during Ramadan.[36]
April 2021
With the country's infection rate among the highest in Europe, on 29 April 2021, Turkey entered its first nationwide lockdown.[6]
February 2022
On February 5, 2022, Erdoğan and his wife, Emine, tested positive for COVID-19. Erdoğan announced that they had been infected with the Omicron variant and had mild symptoms.[37]
Government response
Child welfare and education
On 12 March 2020, the Ministry of National Education announced that except for schools catering to students with special needs, all schools[5] would close starting on 16 March.[18] Given the intense learning needs of students with disabilities, the Ministry of National Education announced that elementary-, middle- and high-school students with special needs would continue to attend school in person in fixed small groups, with adults rotating into the class, so as to facilitate contact tracing.[18] The Ministry of National Education subsequently announced that teachers and staff in schools for students with special needs are able to opt out of in-person teaching if they or their families had a health risk.[18]
On 17 March, MinisterSelçuk said that a subset of teachers were focusing on content generation for the national online platform on TRT EBA TV, which became functional on 23 March,[18] with the rest of the teachers matched to students to provide individual assessment, coaching, and tutoring from 23 March to the end of the semester.[5]
After the Ministry of National Education announced the closure of all schools[5] (except those catering to students with special needs) on 12 March, the government acknowledged the impact of the closure of schools on the welfare of children. Noting that children with preexisting mental-health issues[18] or who live in non-supportive home environments were likely to suffer from being out of school, the government announced emergency measures, including fund increases for foster children, expansion of the nutrition assistance program,[18] direct payments to families, and a national moratorium on evictions.[38] To alleviate students' social isolation, Selçuk piloted a project on 27 March, where the Ministry of National Education started paying schools to offer small group activities for students on Mondays and Fridays, with deep cleaning sessions in between.[18]
Throughout the pandemic, despite additional headwinds such as Saudi[39] bans on Turkish goods, the Turkish economy performed far better[40] than that of many of the country's peers. The International Monetary Fund expected the Turkish economy to contract by 3.6% in 2020, versus 5.3% in Malaysia, 9% in Mexico, 9% in Greece, and 11.3% in Argentina.[41]
Turkey provided a boost to the economy in a series of historically large economic packages.[38] In the ₺141 billion[note 5] economic measures package, Parliament provided ₺500 billion ($63 billion)[38] in forgivable loans[42] to small businesses[43] in part by raising the Credit Guarantee Fund (KGF) limit; sent ₺1,500 checks[38] to retired Turks; and disbursed ₺2 billion as unemployment checks.[38]
Unemployment peaked at 12.7% in 2020, and decreased to 11.9% following the economic expansion in the third quarter and governmental job retention programs.[43][44] But youth unemployment increased to 24.3%,[44] meaning that the demographic least capable of bearing financial pain bore most of it.[38]
International aid
Countries that received medical supplies/aid from Turkey
By setting itself up as a provider rather than a recipient of aid, Turkey portrayed itself as a valuable partner in combating the global spread of SARS-CoV-2.[45]
^ abPositive results were classified as either "symptomatic" or "asymptomatic" starting on July 29, 2020. The government disclosed only "symptomatic" cases between July 29 and November 25, 2020.
^ abPositive results were classified as either "symptomatic" or "asymptomatic" starting on July 29, 2020. The government started disclosing "asymptomatic" cases on November 25, 2020.
^ abThe government does not announce the number of active cases, which is calculated by using government data (total number of deaths, recoveries, and cases).
Graphs
Cumulative cases, recoveries, and deaths
Total confirmed cases Active cases Recoveries Deaths
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Linear scale
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Logarithmic scale
Daily confirmed cases
New cases per day
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Daily confirmed COVID-19 deaths
New deaths per day
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Daily tests
Tests per day
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Test positivity rate
High positive test positivity rates may help identify severe underreporting of cases.[46] The World Health Organization has suggested that an adequate test positivity rate should be between 3 and 12%.[46]
Test positivity rate in Turkey
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Case fatality rate
Case fatality rate in Turkey
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Number of tests per case
Number of tests per case is the inverse of the test positivity rate. WHO recommends in the range of 10–35 tests per case.[46]
Number of tests per positive case in Turkey
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
^ abData Protection Law number 6698[3] precludes the Turkish Ministry of Health from disclosing sensitive patient health information, interpreted broadly to include location during the pandemic.
^Turkey's Article 11/C of the Law on Public Health authorizes only provinces to order quarantines, for a maximum period of 15 days. The national government is barred by the constitution from ordering lockdowns.[4]
^The Ministry of Health order also requires pandemic hospitals to reserve a special ward and ICUs for COVID-19 cases and make necessary arrangements to maximize the number of ICUs allocated to this task.[4]
^Masks were sent on request, and limited to five masks per person per week.[18]
^The ₺141 billion package is the sum of the ₺100 billion measure the government announced plus the ₺41 billion[38] collected through donations.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw"What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020. The strategy of ordering people over 65 to stay home seems to have worked. The most vulnerable escaped the worst of the pandemic, while those infected, mostly working-age adults, generally recovered.
^"What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020. Few elderly Turks live in nursing homes, which became breeding grounds for the virus in Europe and America.
^"What Turkey got right about the pandemic". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 4 June 2020. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020. Demography mattered. Among OECD countries, only Mexico and Colombia have a lower proportion of people aged 65 and over than Turkey does.
^Cantekin, Kayahan (3 November 2020). "Prohibiting Large Meetings". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
^ abcAnt, Onur (2 May 2020). "Turkey Rolls Back Curbs on Medical Exports as Outbreak Subsides". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020. The government has dispatched medical equipment to at least 55 countries, including the U.K. and the U.S. Around 120 states asked for medical assistance, which Turkey will continue to meet in the period ahead.
"Coronavirus Turkey updates and news" [Latest news and statistics of coronavirus in Turkey.] (in English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Estonian, and Russian). Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
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