"Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius." is a phrase reportedly spoken by the commander of the Albigensian Crusade, prior to the massacre at Béziers on 22 July 1209.[1] A direct translation of the Medieval Latin phrase is "Kill them. The Lord knows those that are his own". Papal legate and Cistercian abbot Arnaud Amalric was the military commander of the Crusade in its initial phase and leader of this first major military action of the Crusade, the assault on Béziers, and was reported by Caesarius of Heisterbach to have uttered the order.[1]

Less formal English translations have given rise to variants such as "Kill them all; let God sort them out." Some modern sources give the quotation as Neca eos omnes. Deus suos agnoscet, evidently a translation from English back into Latin, and so omitting a biblical reference to 2 Timothy 2:19 evident in the original.[2]

Background

Further information: Massacre at Béziers

Amalric's own version of the siege, described in his letter to Pope Innocent III in August 1209, states:

While discussions were still going on with the barons about the release of those in the city who were deemed to be Catholics, the servants and other persons of low rank and unarmed attacked the city without waiting for orders from their leaders. To our amazement, crying "to arms, to arms!", within the space of two or three hours they crossed the ditches and the walls and Béziers was taken. Our men spared no one, irrespective of rank, sex or age, and put to the sword almost 20,000 people. After this great slaughter the whole city was despoiled and burnt ...[3]

About thirteen years later Caesarius of Heisterbach relates this story about the massacre, with the papal legate quoted using the words Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius:[4]

When they discovered, from the admissions of some of them, that there were Catholics mingled with the heretics they said to the abbot "Sir, what shall we do, for we cannot distinguish between the faithful and the heretics." The abbot, like the others, was afraid that many, in fear of death, would pretend to be Catholics, and after their departure, would return to their heresy, and is said to have replied "Kill them all for the Lord knoweth them that are His" (2 Tim. ii. 19) and so countless number in that town were slain.[5]

Although Caesarius did not state definitively that this sentence had been uttered, he wrote that Amalric "was reported to have said it" (dixisse fertur in the original text).[6] There is little if any doubt that these words captured the spirit of the assault,[7] and that Arnaud and his crusaders planned to kill the inhabitants of any stronghold that offered resistance.[8] The crusaders (which Arnaud referred to as nostri, "our men")[9] rampaged and killed without restraint.[10] Both Arnaud and Caesarius were Cistercians. Arnaud was the head of the Cistercian Order at the time, and Caeasarius required an imprimatur, so it is unlikely that Arnaud's alleged order as reported by Caesarius was seen at the time as reflecting badly on Arnaud. On the contrary the incident was included as an exemplum in Caeasarius's Book of Miracles because (to Cistercians at least) it reflected well on Arnaud.[1]

Meaning

The Albigensian Crusade was intended to eliminate Catharism, a religious movement denounced by the Catholic Church as heretical.[1] Béziers was not a Cathar stronghold but, according to contemporary Catholic records, home to almost 20,000 baptised Catholics and just over 300 baptised Cathars. Presented with the difficulty of distinguishing Catholics from the Cathars, especially if individuals might misrepresent their own beliefs, the phrase indicated that God would judge those who were killed, and accordingly "sort" them into Heaven or Hell.[1]

The phrase is a partial quotation from the Vulgate version of 2 Timothy 2:19 (Latin: cognovit Dominus qui sunt eius, lit. 'the Lord knows them that are his'[1]). In the King James Version, the English translation of the verse is: "Nevertheless the foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord knoweth them that are His."

In culture

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See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f McDonald, James (2021). Kill Them All! Did a Medieval Abbot give this command to his Crusader Troops?. ACHS. ISBN 979-8598792780.
  2. ^ a b Gregory, Rocky L. (2014). Just Baptize Them All and Let God Sort Them Out: Usurping the Authority of God. CrossBooks. p. xii. ISBN 9781462735877. OCLC 874730661.
  3. ^ Sibly, W. A.; Sibly, M. D. (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 9780851159256.
  4. ^ Headsman (22 July 2009). "1209: Massacre of Béziers, 'kill them all, let God sort them out'". Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  5. ^ "Medieval Sourcebook: Caesarius of Heisterbach: Medieval Heresies: Waldensians, Albigensians, Intellectuals". Fordham University. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  6. ^ Meschini, Marco (2010). L'eretica: Storia della crociata contro gli Albigesi (in Italian). Laterza. p. 116. ISBN 978-88-420-9306-0. OCLC 656501629.
  7. ^ Jacoby, Russell (2011). Bloodlust: On the Roots of Violence from Cain and Abel to the Present. Free Press. p. 29f. ISBN 978-1-4391-0024-0. OCLC 787862175. Caesarius of Heisterbach amalric.
  8. ^ William of Tudela, cited in Zoé Oldenburg, Massacre at Montségur, page 116
  9. ^ Sibly, W.A.; Sibly, M.D. (2003). The Chronicle of William of Puylaurens: The Albigensian Crusade and Its Aftermath. Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 127–128. ISBN 9780851159256.
  10. ^ Oldenbourg, Zoé (2000). Massacre at Montségur: A History of the Albigension Crusade. Phoenix Press. p. 109ff. ISBN 1-84212-428-5. OCLC 47720027.
  11. ^ Doyle, Charles Doyle; Mieder, Wolfgang; Shapiro, Fred R., eds. (2012). The Dictionary of Modern Proverbs. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300136029. OCLC 759174383.
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