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((short description|Biological process))
((Refimprove|date=July 2011))
'''Calcium-induced calcium release''' ('''CICR''') describes a biological process whereby [[calcium]] is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> stores (e.g., [[endoplasmic reticulum]] or [[sarcoplasmic reticulum]]). Although CICR was first proposed for [[skeletal muscle]] in the 1970s,<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Endo M | title = Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 57 | issue = 1 | pages = 71–108 | date = January 1977 | pmid = 13441 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.1977.57.1.71 ))</ref> it is now known that CICR is unlikely to be the primary mechanism for activating [[sarcoplasmic reticulum|SR]] calcium release. Instead, CICR is thought to be crucial for [[excitation-contraction coupling]] in [[cardiac muscle]].<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Fabiato A | title = Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 245 | issue = 1 | pages = C1-14 | date = July 1983 | pmid = 6346892 | doi = 10.1152/ajpcell.1983.245.1.C1 ))</ref> It is now obvious that CICR is a widely occurring cellular signaling process present even in many non-muscle cells, such as in the insulin-secreting pancreatic [[Beta cell|beta cells]],<ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Islam MS, Rorsman P, Berggren PO | title = Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in insulin-secreting cells | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 296 | issue = 3 | pages = 287–91 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1537406 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80306-2 | s2cid = 86591372 | doi-access = free ))</ref> epithelium, and many other cells.<ref name=":0">((cite book | vauthors = Koulen P | chapter = Chapter 26 - Using bilayer lipid membranes to investigate the pharmacology of intracellular calcium channels | date = January 2003 |title = Membrane Science and Technology |volume=7 |pages=723–734 | veditors = Tien HT, Ottova-Leitmannova A |series=Planar Lipid Bilayers (BLMs) and Their Applications |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/s0927-5193(03)80050-5 | isbn = 9780444509406 ))</ref> Since CICR is a [[Positive feedback|positive-feedback system]], it has been of great interest to elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for its termination.

==Examples in biology==

===Excitation-contraction coupling===
[[Excitation-contraction coupling]] in myocardium relies on sarcolemma depolarization and subsequent Ca<sup>2+</sup> entry  to trigger Ca<sup>2+</sup> release from the [[sarcoplasmic reticulum]]. When an [[action potential]] depolarizes the cell membrane, voltage-gated Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels (e.g., [[L-type calcium channel]]s) are activated. CICR occurs when the resulting Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx activates [[ryanodine receptor]]s on the [[sarcoplasmic reticulum|SR]] membrane, which causes more Ca<sup>2+</sup> to be released into the cytosol.<ref name=":0" /><ref>((cite journal | vauthors = Iosub R, Avitabile D, Grant L, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Kennedy HJ | title = Calcium-Induced calcium release during action potential firing in developing inner hair cells | journal = Biophysical Journal | volume = 108 | issue = 5 | pages = 1003–12 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25762313 | pmc = 4375529 | doi = 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3489 | bibcode = 2015BpJ...108.1003I ))</ref> In cardiac muscle, the result of CICR is observed as a spatio-temporally restricted [[Calcium spark|Ca<sup>2+</sup> spark]]. The result of CICR across the cell causes the significant increase in cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> that is important in activating muscle contraction.
<!--==The paradox of regenerative release==
==Termination of CICR==
-->

== References ==
((Reflist|30em))

((Calcium signaling))

((DEFAULTSORT:Calcium-Induced Calcium Release))
[[Category:Muscular system]]

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