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((Use mdy dates|date=April 2019))
((short description|American military base))
((More citations needed|date=March 2011))

((Infobox military structure
| name          = AFETA CAMP PEARY
| partof        = 
| location      = [[York County, Virginia|York County]] and [[James City County, Virginia|James City County]], [[Virginia]]
| image         = 
| caption       = 
| coordinates   = ((coord|37.33|-76.67|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=inline))
| map_type      = Virginia
| map_alt       = Located along the York River, eastern Virginia
| map_size      = 300
| type          = 
| code          = 
| built         = 1942
| builder       = 
| materials     = 
| height        = 
| used          = 1942–1946<br />1951–present
| demolished    = 
| condition     = Fully operational
| ownership     = [[U.S. Department of Defense]]
| controlledby  = 
| garrison      = 
| commanders    = 
| occupants     = [[Central Intelligence Agency]]<br />[[Defense Intelligence Agency]]<br />[[United States Navy]]
| battles       = 
| events        = 
| open_to_public = No
<!-- begin airfield information  -->
| FAA           = W94
| elevation     = ((Convert|41|ft|0))
| r1-number     = 05/23
| r1-length     = ((Convert|5018|ft|0))
| r1-surface    = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
<!--  end airfield information   -->
| footnotes     = '''Source:''' [[Federal Aviation Administration]]<ref name=FAA>((FAA-airport|id=W94)), retrieved 2022-02-09</ref>
))

'''Camp Peary''' is an approximately 9,000 acre U.S. military reservation in [[York County, Virginia|York County]] near [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. Officially referred to as an '''Armed Forces Experimental Training Activity''' ('''AFETA''') under the authority of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], Camp Peary hosts a covert [[CIA]] [[Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency#Training|training]] facility known as "'''The Farm'''", which is used to train officers of the CIA's [[Directorate of Operations (CIA)|Directorate of Operations]], as well as those of the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]]'s [[Defense Clandestine Service]],<ref>((cite news |first=Greg |last=Miller |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/dia-to-send-hundreds-more-spies-overseas/2012/12/01/97463e4e-399b-11e2-b01f-5f55b193f58f_story.html |title=DIA sending hundreds more spies overseas |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 1, 2012))</ref> among other intelligence entities. Its facilities are also available to the members of the intelligence community for "off-site" activities such as conferences and working groups. Camp Peary has a sister facility, "[[Harvey Point|The Point]]", located in [[Hertford, North Carolina]].

Camp Peary is named for Arctic explorer Rear Admiral [[Robert E. Peary]].<ref>((cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Julian |title=What's in a name? ((!)) Camp Peary, near Williamsburg |url=https://pilotonline.com/news/local/history/article_edcd8017-5244-57a7-8dac-50f87650df66.html |access-date=June 3, 2019 |work=[[The Virginian-Pilot]] |date=July 27, 2009 |language=en |location=[[Norfolk, Virginia]]))</ref> [[Porto Bello (Williamsburg, Virginia)|Porto Bello]], the historic hunting lodge of [[John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore|Lord Dunmore]], last royal governor of [[Virginia]], is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and is located on the grounds of Camp Peary.

==Location==
Comprising ((convert|9275|acre|km2|abbr=on|sp=us)) of land, of which about ((convert|8000|acre|km2|abbr=on)) are unimproved or only partially improved. The ((convert|100|acre|hm2|abbr=on)) Biglers Millpond occupies the site adjacent to the [[York River (Virginia)|York River]].

The majority of Camp Peary falls within York County, though a small portion of the reservation near Skimino Creek at the western edge is located in James City County.

== World War II, relocations of residents ==
[[File:US Navy training ship at Camp Peary, Virginia, c1945.jpg|thumb|"Miss Never Sail": a wooden mock-up of a [[destroyer escort]] at Camp Peary used for training in 1945]]
During [[World War II]], beginning in 1942, the [[United States Navy]] took over a large area on the north side of the [[Virginia Peninsula]] in [[York County, Virginia]] which became known as Camp Peary, initially for use as a [[Seabee (United States Navy)|Seabee]] training base. The [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] (C&O) extended a spur track from its Richmond-Newport News main line tracks to the site from nearby [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], and established Magruder Station near the former unincorporated town of [[Magruder, Virginia|Magruder]].  As part of the process of converting the property to a military reservation, all residents of the entire towns of Magruder and [[Bigler's Mill, Virginia|Bigler's Mill]] had to vacate. The town of Magruder was a traditionally [[African-American]] community, established for [[freedmen]] after the [[American Civil War]]. It had been named for [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] General [[John B. Magruder]]. A Civil War field hospital had occupied the site of Bigler's Mill near the York River.  Although the graves in the church cemetery were not moved, many of the residents and the local Mount Gilead Baptist Church were relocated to the [[Grove, Virginia|Grove]] community, located on [[U.S. Route 60 in Virginia|U.S. Route 60]] in adjacent [[James City County, Virginia|James City County]] a few miles away, where a number of displaced residents from an area near [[Lackey, Virginia|Lackey]] known simply as "the Reservation" had earlier relocated under similar circumstances during [[World War I]] when what is now the [[Naval Weapons Station Yorktown]] was created.

=== Seabee training ===
[[File:Peary1943BayonetCrpd6996985447 054ffcd41d k.jpg|thumb|USMC directed fixed bayonet drill at Camp Peary NTC, VA in 1943.]]
At the outset of the War, the preliminary training of the Seabees had been carried out at Naval Training Stations across the country. That lasted a short period until boot training was consolidated at Camp Allen Virginia. [[Camp Allen]] was replaced by Camp Bradford which in turn was replaced by Camp Peary. The initial [[Seabee (United States Navy)|Seabee]] recruits of WWII were men who built [[Boulder Dam]], America's highways and [[New York City]] skyscrapers. At Naval Construction Training Center Peary, Seabees were taught basic [[Military order (instruction)|military order]], discipline, weaponry, [[stevedore|stevedoring]], and [[List of construction trades|construction trades]]. The Camp opened in November 3rd of 1942 with the 36th CB the first to train there<ref> This week in Seabee History, Seabee Online Magazine, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC)
Attn:  SEABEE Online, 1322 Patterson Ave., S.E., Bldg. 33, Suite 1000, Washington Navy Yard, DC 20374-5065[https://seabeemagazine.navylive.dodlive.mil/2015/11/02/this-week-in-seabee-history-week-of-nov-1/]</ref>  while the first organized there was the 61st CB.<ref name="CBFB">U.S. Navy Seabee Museum facebook, Camp Peary, April 26, 2018 [https://www.facebook.com/seabeemuseum/posts/in-november-1942-camp-peary-opened-for-training-prior-to-this-most-seabee-traini/10156859826605260/]</ref>   Another 100,000 men would go through the camp before training there ceased in June of 1944.  During that period the Seabees established over 60 trade schools on the base.  In June of 1943 the dynamite and demolition school opened.  Some of its first graduates included the first six classes of Seabee volunteers for the [[Naval Combat Demolition Units]].<ref name="specwarnet.net">((cite web |url=http://www.specwarnet.net/americas/NCDU.htm |title=Naval Combat Demolitions Units |website=SpecWarNet.net |access-date=18 October 2017))</ref>  After June 1944 Seabee boot camp was moved to Camp Endicott, [[Quonset Point]], Rhode Island.<ref name="CBFB"/>

Base commander Capt. J.G. Ware had the idea to raise hogs on base so the recruits called the place Capt. Wares hog farm.  Originally the hog yard was in the center of the camp, but the enlisted complained that the pigs were on high ground while they were in the mud.  This got the hogs moved to a more obscure location, but still within the limits of the military reservation.  A bulldozer was used for clearing the feed troughs and transporting slop from the galley to the hog yard.<ref>((cite news |newspaper=[[St. Petersburg Times]] |date=June 14, 1943 |title=Navy Captain Raises Hogs as Private Venture at Seabees' Camp))</ref> Eventually the farming enterprise made the news and it is from this history that base derives "The Farm" moniker used today.

=== German prisoners-of-war ===
Camp Peary's mission changed when a new need presented itself to the Navy. A portion of the land became a detention center for [[German prisoners of war in the United States]] (POWs).  Many of them were [[Kriegsmarine]] crewmen from captured German [[U-boat]]s and from ships the Germans thought lost at sea with crews presumed dead. It was important to keep the German authorities unaware of their capture, since knowledge that they had survived would mean that secret code books and [[Enigma machine]]s thought lost at sea could also have been compromised. Learning that these men were being held as POWs, would almost certainly have caused the Germans to change the secret codes that had been broken by Allied [[codebreakers]], thus, extra secrecy was necessary. There is information about life at the Camp and the German PoWs in the Herman Recht papers held by the [[College of William and Mary]], a set of letters written by a clerk at the Camp.

Many of the former POWs stayed in Virginia and the United States after the war, and became naturalized as U.S. citizens.

== Post-World War II use ==
Vacated by the Navy in 1946, Camp Peary became a [[Virginia]] state forestry and game reserve for five years. A reservoir that had been built on the upper reaches of [[Queen's Creek]] to supply the substantial fresh water needs of Camp Peary when it was a Seabee base was divested to the City of Williamsburg. The [[Waller Mill Reservoir]] formed the basis for the city's [[Waller Mill Park]], although the park is located north of the city limits in York County. A portion of the abandoned [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] spur from the [[Peninsula Extension]] main line just east of near [[Ewell, Virginia|Ewell Station]] to the base (also built during [[World War II]]) is now a recreational [[rail trail]].

Then, in 1951, the U.S. Navy returned to the property, securing the portion north of the highway, which was State Route 168 at the time, and announced it closed to the public; it has been that way ever since. In June 1961, two months after the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]], the Navy announced it was officially opening a new facility at [[Harvey Point]] base, in [[Hertford, North Carolina]]. A spokesman said that all four branches of the military would conduct "testing and evaluation of various classified materials and equipment" at the new site. He added that some of the training "now being done at Camp Peary, Va., will be transferred to [[Harvey Point]]."

=== The Farm ===
Camp Peary is known as "The Farm", a training facility run by the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] for the purpose of training CIA's clandestine officers, as well as officers of other organizations specializing in clandestine activities, such as the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]]. The existence of this facility is widely known but has never been formally acknowledged by the [[U.S. government]]. Access to Camp Peary is strictly controlled, and visitors to the installation are escorted at all times. The portion of the original World War II Seabee base north of [[Interstate 64 in Virginia|Interstate 64]] has been closed to the public since 1951. However, the roads and many structures of Magruder and Bigler's Mill are still there and many are occupied. An airport with a ((convert|5000|ft|m|adj=on)) runway was added to the facility near the site of Bigler's Mill. Flight records show that at least 11 aircraft that appear to be owned by CIA [[front companies]], and are believed to have been used as [[rendition aircraft]] by the CIA under the guise of charter flights, have landed on this runway.<ref>((cite news |first1=Scott |last1=Shane |first2=Stephen |last2=Grey |first3=Margot |last3=Williams |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/31/us/cia-expanding-terror-battle-under-guise-of-charter-flights.html |title=C.I.A. Expanding Terror Battle Under Guise of Charter Flights |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 31, 2005))</ref>

Former CIA officer Bill Wagner attended a three-week interrogation course at The Farm in 1970. He claims it was the agency's "premier course", and that volunteers played the role of interrogation subjects in order to be guaranteed seats in future classes. Interrogators-in-training practiced techniques such as [[sleep deprivation]], deliberately tainted food, and mock executions. According to Wagner, the course was dropped from the CIA training curriculum after the [[Watergate scandal]], due to increased attention being paid to CIA practices.<ref>((cite book |title=Road Work: Among Tyrants, Heroes, Rogues, and Beasts |first=Mark |last=Bowden |author-link=Mark Bowden |chapter=The Dark Art of Interrogation |chapter-url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/10/the-dark-art-of-interrogation/2791/ |page=[https://archive.org/details/roadworkamongtyr00bowd/page/103 103] |publisher=[[Atlantic Monthly Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-87113-876-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/roadworkamongtyr00bowd/page/103 ))</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Agent handling#Training|Agent handling]]
* [[CIA University]]
* [[Harvey Point]]
* [[Quantico (season 2)|''Quantico'' (season 2)]]
* ''[[The Recruit (film)|The Recruit]]''
* [[Sherman Kent School for Intelligence Analysis]]
* [[Special Activities Center]]
* [[United States Army Intelligence Center]]
* [[Warrenton Training Center]]

==Bibliography==
* [[Lindsay Moran#Clandestine career|Lindsay Moran]], ''Blowing My Cover: My Life as a CIA Spy'', 2005
* TJ Waters, ''Class 11: My Story Inside the CIA's First Post-9/11 Spy Class''

==References==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* ((cite web |url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Camp_Peary_(%22The_Farm%22) |title=Camp Perry |website=[[SourceWatch]] |publisher=[[Center for Media and Democracy]]))
* ((cite news |first=John |last=Diamond |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-12-22-cia-book_x.htm |title=Ex-spy says CIA trapped in Cold War mode |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |date=December 22, 2004))
* ((cite news |first=Mark St. John |last=Erickson |url=http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/dp-nws-evg-camp-peary-seabees-20171110-story.html |title=Training the Fighting SeaBees of WWII at Camp Peary |newspaper=[[Daily Press (Virginia)|Daily Press]] |date=December 3, 2017 |location=[[Newport News, Virginia]] |access-date=January 9, 2018 |archive-date=August 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805112612/http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/dp-nws-evg-camp-peary-seabees-20171110-story.html |url-status=dead ))

((VAMilitary))

((coord|37.33|-76.67|type:landmark_region:US-VA|display=title))

[[Category:Central Intelligence Agency training facilities]]
[[Category:Military installations in Virginia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in York County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Williamsburg, Virginia]]
[[Category:Secret places in the United States]]
[[Category:Installations of the U.S. Department of Defense]]
[[Category:Defense Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in Virginia]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1942]]

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