Canjunxi
Traditional Chinese參軍戲
Simplified Chinese参军戏
Literal meaningAdjutant play
Nongcanjun
Traditional Chinese弄參軍
Simplified Chinese弄参军
Literal meaningPlay adjutant

Canjunxi (Chinese: 參軍戲) or nongcanjun was a popular form of Chinese performing art during the Tang (618–907), Five Dynasties (907–960), and Song (960–1279) periods. Initially a comedy duet, canjunxi became more complex and by the late Tang dynasty featured a combination of music, dance, and storytelling.[1]

Wang Guowei (1877–1927) believed it to be a primitive precursor of Chinese opera, while other scholars consider it to be more similar to certain forms of quyi, such as xiangsheng.

Origin

According to a passage from Zhao Shu (趙書; "Book of Zhao") quoted in the 983 book Taiping Yulan, canjunxi originated from the Later Zhao dynasty (319–351) during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The adjutant (Chinese: 參軍; pinyin: cānjūn) Zhou Yan (周延) once embezzled several hundred bolts of official silk as the magistrate of Guantao and ended up in prison. Later Zhao's emperor Shi Le pardoned him, but humiliated him whenever there was a gathering. At these banquets, Zhou had to wear yellow silk clothes and perform comedy duets with another entertainer. When asked what his title was, Zhou would flutter his clothes and reply "I was the magistrate of Guantao once, but have been reduced to your ranks after embezzling these!" as everyone laughed.[2]

Another theory was that canjunxi originated from the Eastern Han period (25–220).[2]

Style

Grave figures of ladies in waiting, dancers and musicians, from the Sui or Tang periods. Náprstek Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.

The comedic canjunxi involved two performers, known as canjun ("adjutant") and canghu (traditional Chinese: 蒼鶻; simplified Chinese: 苍鹘; pinyin: cānghú; lit. 'blue falcon').[3] By the late Tang dynasty, there was evidence that female performers had emerged, and that a new style might have been formed by incorporating features of gewuxi (歌舞戲, "a sort of narrative ballet in which the dancers sometimes spoke simple dialog"[4]) into canjunxi.[5] Research on the 966 Japanese gagaku text Shinsen Gakufu (新撰樂谱, shinjitai: 新撰楽譜, "New Selections of Sheet Music") also suggests that canjunxi was closely related to a musical style called canjun and featured dancing, at least in the late-Tang period.[6]

The late-Tang play Lu Canjun (Chinese: 陸參軍; lit. 'Adjutant Lu') was the first known canjunxi which clearly told a story, that of Lu Yu (733–804), a tea master who was also once an entertainer.[6] Canjunxi at some point evolved into early forms of Chinese opera, possibly in the 12th century, becoming yuanben in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and zaju in the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279).[4]

References

  1. ^ Jin, p. 15–17.
  2. ^ a b Jin, p. 14.
  3. ^ Jin, p. 14–15.
  4. ^ a b Idema, Wilt; Haft, Lloyd (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. University of Michigan Press. pp. 171–172. ISBN 0-89264-123-1.
  5. ^ Jin, p. 15.
  6. ^ a b Ge Xiaoyin (葛晓音) (May 2015). "从日本雅乐看唐参军和唐大曲的表演形式" [The Performance Form of Canjun and Grand Music in the Tang Dynasty： Viewed from the Perspective of Japanese Gagaku]. Journal of Peking University (Philosophy and Social Sciences) (in Chinese). 52 (3): 114–126.
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