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((Short description|Campaign of the Second Sino-Japanese War))
((Refimprove|date=May 2020))
((expand Chinese|topic=mil|date=January 2018))
((Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Canton Operation
| partof      = the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
| image       = Japanese naval landing forces blasting Chinese pillbox and marching with the naval flag, Canton Operation.jpg
| image_size  = 250px
| caption     = Japanese naval landing forces blasting Chinese pillbox and marching with the naval flag
| date        = October–December 1938   
| place       = [[Guangdong]] Province  
| casus       = 
| territory   = 
| result      = Japanese victory
| combatant1  = ((flagcountry|Empire of Japan))
*((army|Empire of Japan))
*((navy|Empire of Japan))
| combatant2  = ((flagcountry|Republic of China (1912–1949)))
*((army|Republic of China (1912–1949)))
| commander1  = ((flagicon|Empire of Japan|army)) Lt. Gen. [[Motoo Furusho]], <br> ((flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval)) Adm. [[Koichi Shiozawa]]
| commander2  = ((flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) [[Yu Han-mou]]
| units1      = ((flagicon|Empire of Japan|army)) [[Twenty-First Army (Japan)|21st Army]]:<ref name="JM180_1">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|p=17))</ref>
* [[5th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|5th Division]]
* [[18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|18th Division]]
* [[104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|104th Division]]
* 4th Air Division
----
((flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval)) [[5th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|5th Fleet]]:<ref name="SenshiSosho79_1">((harvnb|NIDS SS79|1975|pp=56-57))</ref>
* 9th, 10th and 8th Cruiser Divisions
* 2nd and 5th Torpedo Squadrons
* [[First Carrier Division|1st]] and [[Second Carrier Division|2nd]] Carrier Divisions
* Seaplane tenders ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Chitose|Chitose]]'' and ''[[Kamikawa Maru]]''
* 3rd Destroyer Division
* 1st Gunboat Division
| units2      = ((flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)|army)) 12th Army Group:<ref name="WarStudy_16">((harvnb|War Study 16|2008))</ref>
* 62nd Army
* 63rd Army
* 64th Army
* 65th Army
* 93rd Division (under the 66th Army)
* 20th Independent Brigade
* 9th Independent Brigade
* 2nd Independent Regiment
* Humen Fortress Command
| strength1   = ((army|Empire of Japan)):<ref name="SenshiSosho89_1">((harvnb|NIDS SS89|1976|p=248))</ref>
((plainlist|
* 70,000 men
* 27,000 horses))
Army aircraft:<ref name="SenshiSosho79_2">((harvnb|NIDS SS79|1975|p=57))</ref>
((plainlist|
* 4 [[Army cooperation aircraft|direct support aircraft]]
* 24 fighters
* 27 light bombers))
Total aircraft: 55
----
((navy|Empire of Japan)):<ref name="SenshiSosho79_1"/>
((plainlist|
* 2 aircraft carriers
* 1 light aircraft carrier
* 1 heavy cruiser
* 8 light cruisers
* 23 destroyers
* 2 seaplane tenders
* 3 gunboats
* 6 minesweepers
))
Navy aircraft:<ref name="SenshiSosho79_2"/>
((plainlist|
* 39 carrier fighters
* 45 carrier bombers
* 43 carrier torpedo bombers
* 6 naval reconnaissance aircraft
* 9 medium bombers))
Total aircraft: 142
----
Transports:<ref name="SenshiSosho89_223">((harvnb|NIDS SS89|1976|p=223))</ref>
((plainlist|
* 80 [[Daihatsu-class landing craft|daihatsu]]
* 180 [[Shohatsu-class landing craft|shohatsu]]
* 300 motorized [[Sampan|sampans]]
* 250 barges
* 200-250 fishing ships
* 10 tugboats
* 20-25 sea trucks
* 10 launches))
| strength2   = 80,000 men((cn|date=June 2022))
| casualties1 = Official Japanese war records claim:<ref name="SenshiSosho89_1"/>
((plainlist|
* 173 killed
* 493 wounded
* 1,264 sick))
Total casualties: 1,930
----
1,069 horses killed, wounded or sick<ref name="SenshiSosho89_1"/>
5 aircraft<ref name="Macri_92">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=92))</ref>
| casualties2 = Chinese claim:((cn|date=June 2022))
((plainlist|
* 2,954 killed
* 5,645 wounded
* 2,643 missing))
Total casualties: 11,242
Official Japanese war records claim 1,340 captured.<ref name="SenshiSosho89_2">((harvnb|NIDS SS89|1976|p=250))</ref>
----
Official Japanese war records claim:<ref name="SenshiSosho89_2"/>
((plainlist|
* 2,371 rifles
* 214 heavy and light machineguns
* 134 artillery pieces
* 53 coastal artillery pieces
* 21 tanks and light armored vehicles
* 151 vehicles
))
| campaignbox = ((Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War))
((Japanese colonial campaigns))
))

The '''Canton Operation''' (((zh|t=廣州戰役)); pinyin: Guǎngzhōu Zhànyì) was part of a campaign by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to blockade [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]] to prevent it from communicating with the outside world and importing needed arms and materials. Control of [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) and the [[Pearl River Delta]] would provide a base to make the blockade of [[Guangdong]] province more effective by seizing southern China's major port and isolate the British port of [[British Hong Kong]].

== Background ==
By the end of 1937, south China was crucial to the [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|Republic of China]] as a means of maintaining contact with the outside world. [[Guangzhou]] and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] served as vital centers of transportation and international aid to [[Chiang Kai-Shek]]. Approximately 80 percent of supplies from abroad to the Chinese forces in the interior passed through Guangzhou. [[Imperial General Headquarters]] believed that a blockade of [[Guangdong]] province would deprive China of essential war material and the ability to prolong the war.<ref name="JM180_2">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|p=7))</ref>

In 1936 the [[Guangzhou–Hankou railway|Hankow-Canton (Hankou-Guangzhou) railway]] was completed.<ref name="Macri_2015_1">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=18))</ref> With the [[Kowloon–Canton Railway|Kowloon-Canton (Hong Kong-Guangzhou) railway]], this formed a rapid all-rail link from south China to central and northern China.<ref name="Macri_2015_1"/> For the first sixteen months of the war about 60,000 tons of goods transited per month through the port of Hong Kong.<ref name="Macri_2015_2">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=45))</ref> The central government also reported the import of 1.5 million gallons of gasoline (4,100 tons) through Hong Kong in 1938.<ref name="Macri_2015_2"/> More than 700,000 tons of goods would eventually reach [[Hankou]] using the new railway.<ref name="Macri_2015_2"/>

For comparison, the [[Soviet Union]] was more willing to provide direct military support to prolong the war.<ref name="Macri_2015_3">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=46))</ref> In addition to the [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]] signed in August 1937, a barter agreement was negotiated to trade munitions for strategic materials such as [[tungsten]] and [[antimony]].<ref name="Macri_2015_3"/> Starting in 1937 Soviet war material was transported through [[Xinjiang]] (Sinkiang) to [[Lanzhou]] (Lanchow) using 20,000 camels.<ref name="Macri_2015_4">((harvnb|Macri|2015|pp=46-47))</ref> Chinese raw materials would travel back the same way or via Hong Kong to [[Vladivostok]].<ref name="Macri_2015_4"/> By 1940, 50,000 camels and hundreds of trucks were transporting 2,000-3,000 tons of Soviet war material per month into China.<ref name="Macri_2015_4"/>

Japanese planning for operations began in early November 1937. The objectives of the blockade could be achieved by seizing a portion of [[Daya Bay]] and conducting air operations from there. In December 1937, the 5th Army with the 11th Division, the Formosa Mixed Brigade and the 4th Air Brigade were activated in [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Formosa]] under the command Lt. Gen. [[Motoo Furusho]] to accomplish this objective. Due to the proximity of Daya Bay to Hongkong, the Japanese Government feared that trouble might break out between [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and Japan. The operation was subsequently suspended and the 5th Army was deactivated. By June 1938, the [[Battle of Wuhan]] caused the Imperial General Headquarters to realize that it could not localize the fighting. Imperial General Headquarters reversed policy and began preparations to capture Guangzhou and expedite the settlement of the war.<ref name="JM180_3">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|pp=7-8))</ref>

== Prelude ==
===Pre-emptive strikes===
While the full-scale [[World War II|War of Resistance-World War II]] raged at the [[Battle of Shanghai]] and [[Battle of Nanking]],<ref>((Cite web|last=Sun, Vlasova|first=Lianggang, Evgenia|date=|title=Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began|url=http://www.shanghai1937.tv/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022035335/http://www.shanghai1937.tv:80/ |archive-date=2018-10-22 |access-date=2021-01-07|website=SHANGHAI 1937: WHERE WORLD WAR II BEGAN|language=en-US|quote=When did World War II begin? Shanghai 1937: Where World War II Began answers that question in a way most audiences will find surprising. Americans might say December 7, 1941… The day the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For Europeans, it was September 1, 1939… When Nazi Germany invaded Poland. But in China, people will tell you a different date. August 13, 1937.))</ref> pressing demands for aerial support at the [[Battle of Taiyuan]] in the northern front and Canton in the southern front, forced the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|Nationalist Air Force of China]] to split the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937%E2%80%931945)#Units of the Chinese Airforce 1937%E2%80%931945|28th PS, 5th PG]] based at [[Jurong airfield|Jurong Airbase]] in the Nanking defense sector into two smaller squadrons, dispatching them with Lt. [[Arthur Chin]] leading half of the squadron towards Canton, and Capt. Chan Kee-Wong leading the other half to [[Taiyuan]]. On 27 September 1937, 28th PS commander Lt. [[Arthur Chin]] led four [[Curtiss F11C|Hawk II]]s out of [[cmn:韶关桂头机场|Shaoguan Airbase]] while 29th PS commander Lt. Chen Shun-Nan led three [[Curtiss BF2C|Hawk III]]s out from [[cmn:广州天河机场|Tianhe Airbase]] on an intercept of [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|IJNAF]] [[Mitsubishi G3M|G3M]] bombers sent to attack the Canton-Hankow railway infrastructure; the two flights of Hawks attacked the Japanese bombers over Canton, claiming at least two kills, with one G3M streaming fuel, where it ditched off the coast of [[Shantou|Swatow]], and the crew rescued by a British freighter, with one of the gunners dying of his battle wounds. In October of 1937, the Chinese government ordered 36 [[Gloster Gladiator]] Mk.I fighters whose performance and firepower well-exceeds that of the Hawk IIs and IIIs; most of these became the frontline fighter aircraft of the Chinese Air Force in the Canton defense sector as the war raged into 1938.<ref>((Cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakans|date=|title=Chinese biplane fighter aces - 'Arthur' 'Art' Chin Shui-Tin|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/china_chin.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050110160432/http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se:80/china_chin.htm |archive-date=2005-01-10 |access-date=2021-01-07|website=Biplane Fighter Aces - China|quote=On 27 September 1937, three JNAF G3Ms from the Kanoya Ku attacked the Hankou-Canton Railway in the Kwangtung Province. Lt. Chen Shun-Nan led three Hawk IIIs of the 29th PS from Tien-ho Airfield in Canton and Art Chin led four Hawk IIs of the 28th PS from Shao-kuan Airfield to intercept. Both groups attacked the G3M's over Lok Cheung (Le Chang in Pin-yin) and the 29th PS claimed to have downed one G3M and damaged another. Chin only claimed to have shot up a JNAF plane and "drove it away". JNAF records indicate that none of the G3M's went down immediately but the No.2 aircraft commanded by a Lieutenant Yoshida was badly shot up... managed to fly out to sea before running out of fuel and ditching off the coast of Swatow. A British freighter rescued the Japanese crew but one of the gunners died of his wounds.))</ref>

On 23 February 1938 (some sources date 24 February), Capt. John Huang Xinrui (like Arthur Chin, a Chinese-American volunteer pilot for the Chinese Air Force) commanded the renewed 29th PS now equipped with the new [[Gloster Gladiator]] fighters, led nine of his squadron's British-made Gladiators out of [[cmn:广东省机场列表|Nanxiong Airbase]] to its first-ever aerial-combat baptism of fire over Canton, along with three 28th PS Gladiators, they intercepted thirteen [[Nakajima E8N]] fighter-attack seaplanes from the [[seaplane tender]]s [[Notoro-class oiler|''Notoro Maru'']] and [[Kong%C5%8D Maru-class armed merchantmen#Background|''Kinugasa Maru'']]; unfortunately the Chinese pilots efforts were severely thwarted in the ensuing battle, as most of the machine guns on the Gladiators jammed, yet despite the greatly reduced firepower from the Gladiators, five of the E8N were still shot-up enough to go down as confirmed kills by Capt. Huang and the other pilots hitting the Japanese planes with only one, two or three working guns (out of four) per Gladiator. Arthur Chin revealed later that the cause of the jamming of the Gladiator's machine guns were the result of defective Belgian-made ammunition rounds.<ref>((Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Major 'Buffalo' Wong Sun-Shui|url=http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com/Aviation%20history/WW2/aces/Wong%20Sun-Shui.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905180041/http://www.century-of-flight.freeola.com/Aviation%20history/WW2/aces/Wong%20Sun-Shui.htm |archive-date=2008-09-05 |access-date=2021-01-07|website=www.century-of-flight.freeola.com|quote=... twelve Gladiators from the 29th and 28th Squadrons (9 and 3 respectively) were scrambled from Nan-hsiung Airfield led by 29th PS's Squadron Leader Buffalo Wong to meet the intruders... Flying at 6000 feet, they sighted the E8Ns at the 9 o'clock position... During this combat the Gladiators where hampered by jamming guns, few had all four functioning while two had all four jamming. (Art Chin recalled that the problem was attributed to a bad load of ammunition from Belgium)... Buffalo Wong signaled the group to follow him to dive into the enemy formations. He single-handed shot up two... shot up another with the help of his wingmen... the Japanese plane streamed fuel but also did not go down immediately...))</ref> Tragically, the bad ammunition led to fatal consequences, as the Gladiator pilots Lt. Xie Chuanhe (Hsieh Chuan-ho) and his wingman Lt. Yang Rutong both tailed and targeted the E8Ns, only to be stymied with their Gladiator's inoperable weapons, with Lt. Yang killed in a burst of machine gun fire from the counter-attacking E8N;<ref>徐 (Xú), 2016, pp. 372. 杨烈士如桐</ref> Lt. Chen Qiwei (Chen Chi-wei) was lost under similar circumstances.<ref>Cheung, 2015, p. 63. All four of Lt. Hsieh's guns jammed... It's possible Lt. Yang's weapons in Gladiator #2902 may have also jammed before he was hit and killed... Lt. Chen in Gladiator #2807 was also lost under similar circumstances... Had the Gladiators' guns being fully operable, the CAF pilots would have undoubtedly inflicted greater losses on the IJNAF... </ref><ref>徐 (Xú), 2016, pp. 371. 陈烈士其伟</ref>

=== 4th War Area Army ===
The 4th War Area Army under the command of [[He Yingqin]] in 1938 was assigned to the defense of south China.<ref name="WarStudy_16"/> General [[Yu Hanmou]] was in command of the 12th Army Group defending Guangdong province.<ref>((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=58))</ref> Eight divisions and two brigades of regular army troops were deployed in the vicinity of Guangzhou.<ref name="JM180_4">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|p=11))</ref> Another five divisions of regular army troops were deployed in [[Fujian]] province.<ref name="JM180_4"/> The 4th War Area Army totalled about 110,000 regular army troops.<ref name="JM180_4"/> Most regular army units in Guangxi province and four divisions from Guangdong had been transferred north to participate in the Battle of Wuhan.<ref name="JM180_4"/><ref>((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=58))</ref>

In addition to regular army troops, two militia divisions were deployed in the vicinity of Guangzhou and the Guanxi militia consisted of five militia divisions in [[Guangxi]] province. The militia divisions would generally be recruited from the local civilian population and disbanded as the army moved through new areas. These divisions were generally employed for security, supply transportation and reconnaissance.<ref name="JM180_4"/>

The main strength of the Chinese forces in Guangdong were concentrated in Guangzhou and to the immediate east of the city. Other elements defended [[Chaozhou]] and western Guangdong. Chinese defensive installations included the [[Humen]] fortress overlooking the mouth of the [[Pearl River (China)|Pearl River]] and three defensive lines near Daya Bay.<ref name="JM180_5">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|pp=11-12))</ref> Three batteries of four three-inch guns, a battery of three 120mm guns and [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|Soviet 37mm guns]] were stationed in Guangzhou for anti-air defense.<ref name="Macri_66">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=66))</ref>

=== Japanese Blockade ===

Prior to the Canton Operation, the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] conducted an aerial and naval interdiction campaign against China's communication lines to neighbouring regions.<ref name="Macri_38">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=38))</ref> Japan believed that the blockade would hasten the end of the war.<ref name="Macri_38"/> Disruption of the Chinese logistics network was the primary Japanese objective in Guangdong province from August 1937 until October 1938.<ref name="Macri_61">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=61))</ref>

The 5th Fleet's 10th Division blockaded and patrolled the coast from Haimenchen, [[Zhejiang]] to [[Shantou]] and the 5th Destroyer Squadron patrolled the coast south of Shantou.<ref name="JM180_6">((harvnb|OCMH JM180|1956|p=12))</ref> Occasionally Japanese units from the Marianas were deployed in support of coastal blockade operations in south China.<ref name="Macri_68-69">((harvnb|Macri|2015|pp=68-69))</ref> These usually consisted of cruisers accompanied by a flotilla of destroyers.<ref name="Macri_68-69"/> One or two aircraft carriers and fleet auxiliaries would also be on station.<ref name="Macri_68-69"/> Naval interdictions focused on stopping [[Junk (ship)|junks]] ferrying military supplies from Hong Kong to coastal China.<ref name="Macri_68">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=68))</ref> The first recorded attack occurred in September 1937 when eleven junks were sunk by a Japanese submarine.<ref name="Macri_68"/> Although the Japanese were able to blockade Chinese shipping and ports, foreign shipping could still enter and depart from Hong Kong.<ref name="Macri_38">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=38))</ref> The central government had set up Hong Kong as a warehouse for munitions and supplies to pass through.<ref name="Macri_38"/>

Aerial interdictions directed bombers against Chinese railway bridges and trains in Guangdong.<ref name="Macri_61"/> Starting from October 1937, the Japanese launched air raids against the [[Sun Ning Railway Company|Sunning railway]].<ref name="Macri_63">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=63))</ref> The attacks targeted government facilities and bridges in [[Jiangmen]] (Kongmoon) and towns along the railway.<ref name="Macri_63"/> By 1938, airstrikes against the Kowloon-Canton railway became a common occurrence with damaged trains found periodically along the railway.<ref name="Macri_46">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=46))</ref> An air defense early warning system was established to shunt trains during air raids into forested areas that provided overhead concealment.<ref name="Macri_46"/> In May 1938 the [[Colonial Office]] and the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|Foreign Office]] approved a Chinese request to construct and operate a locomotive repair yard within the [[New Territories]] to keep the railway operational.<ref name="Macri_46"/> Airstrikes conducted against rail facilities in Guangzhou were designed to interrupt rail supplies from Hong Kong so that Japan would not be required to commit to land operations in south China.<ref name="Macri_65-66">((harvnb|Macri|2015|pp=65-66))</ref> However, the air raids had failed to severely impede railway operations or stop supplies moving through [[Hunan]] or Guangxi.<ref name="Macri_65-66"/>

The blockade in south China also included attacks against aircraft flying out of Hong Kong.<ref name="Macri_67">((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=67))</ref> In November 1937, a Royal Navy aircraft from [[HMS Eagle (1918)|HMS Eagle]] encountered Japanese naval anti-aircraft fire off the coast of Hong Kong.<ref name="Macri_67"/> In December 1937, fifteen Japanese bombers overflew [[Lantau Island]] and the [[Taikoo Dockyard|Taikoo docks]].<ref name="Macri_67"/> In August 1938 Japanese naval aircraft shot down a [[China National Aviation Corporation]] passenger plane and another two passenger planes from the [[Eurasia Aviation Corporation]] were shot down the following month.<ref name="Macri_67"/>

In addition to airstrikes against military targets, the Japanese conducted politically motivated terror bombing in Guangzhou.<ref name="Macri_61"/> Bombing of Guangzhou intensified starting from May to June 1938 with the employment of [[Incendiary device|incendiary munitions]] and low-level strafing attacks against ships.<ref>((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=64))</ref> The [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]], operating from bases in [[Formosa]] and the [[aircraft carrier]] ((ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2)) conducted about 400 airstrikes during this period and continued into July.<ref>((harvnb|Macri|2015|pp=64-65))</ref> By the end of summer only 600,000 of the original 1.3 million residents remained in the city of Guangzhou.<ref>((harvnb|Macri|2015|p=65))</ref> From August 1937 to October 1938 casualties in Guangzhou were estimated at 6,000 killed and 8,000 injured.((cn|date=June 2022))

== Japanese Preparations and Assembly ==

== See also ==
* [[Order of battle for Guangdong Operation]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
((Reflist))

=== Bibliography ===
((refbegin))
* Cheung, Raymond. ''OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force''. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015. ((ISBN|978 14728 05614)).
* 徐 (Xú), 露梅 (Lùméi). ''隕落 (Fallen): 682位空军英烈的生死档案 - 抗战空军英烈档案大解密 (A Decryption of 682 Air Force Heroes of The War of Resistance-WWII and Their Martyrdom)''. 东城区, 北京， 中国: 团结出版社, 2016. ((ISBN|978-7-5126-4433-5)).
==== Web Sources ====
* ((cite web
 |ref=((harvid|War Study 16|2008))
 |author=cdhyy
 |others=Sourced from 日军侵华战争 [Japanese Invasion of China] 1990 by 王辅 [Wang Fu]
 |title=十六 进行空中与沿海封锁和进攻广州
 |url=http://warstudy.com/history/world_war/jp_china/316.xml
 |trans-title=16 Blockade and Invasion of Guangzhou
 |language=Chinese
 |publisher=战争研究 (War Study)
 |date=2008
 |access-date=11 June 2020
 ))

==== Book Sources ====
* ((cite book
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 |author=National Institute for Defense Studies
 |date=1975
 |title=戦史叢書第079巻 中国方面海軍作戦＜2＞昭和十三年四月以降
 |trans-title=Senshi Sōsho Volume 79
 |url=http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/military_history_search/SoshoView?kanno=079
 |language=Japanese
 |publisher=The National Institute for Defense Studies
 ))
* ((cite book
 |ref=((harvid|NIDS SS89|1976))
 |author=National Institute for Defense Studies
 |date=1976
 |title=戦史叢書第089巻 支那事変陸軍作戦＜2＞昭和十四年九月まで
 |trans-title=Senshi Sōsho Volume 89
 |url=http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/military_history_search/SoshoView?kanno=089
 |language=Japanese
 |publisher=The National Institute for Defense Studies
 |access-date=2020-05-25
 |archive-date=2020-06-08
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608112736/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/military_history_search/SoshoView?kanno=089
 |url-status=dead
 ))
* ((cite book
 |ref=((harvid|OCMH JM180|1956))
 |author=Military History Section, Headquarters, Army Forces Far East
 |date=1956
 |title=Japanese Monograph No. 180, South China Area Operations Record
 |url=http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Monos/pdfs/JM-180/JM-180.pdf
 |publisher=Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army
 ))
* ((cite book
 |last=Macri
 |first=Franco David
 |date=2015
 |title=Clash of Empires in South China: The Allied Nations' Proxy War with Japan, 1935-1941 (Modern War Studies)
 |publisher=University Press of Kansas))
((refend))

<!--Approximate location, difficult to be more specific-->
((coord|23.09|113.30|display=title))

[[Category:Japanese blockade of China]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Sino-Japanese War]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1938]]
[[Category:1938 in China]]
[[Category:1938 in Japan]]
[[Category:Military history of Guangzhou]]
[[Category:October 1938 events]]
[[Category:November 1938 events]]
[[Category:December 1938 events]]

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Canton Operation (edit)
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