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((Short description|Vertical axis rotating machine used to control or apply force to a cable))
((More citations needed|date=November 2023))
[[File:Visitors holding capstan bars turn the capstan.jpg|thumb|right|Tourists turn a capstan.<!-- Sailors would coordinate the rhythm of their movements by singing a particular type of [[sea shanty]] as they walked around the capstan.  <<  Might be useful for pulling a rope. Turning a capstan is a continuous motion which would not require such coordination. --> The tensioned portion of the rope would fasten the ship to the quay, hoist a [[foresail]], lift a spar into position on the mast or to transfer cargo to or from a dock or [[lighter (barge)|lighter]].]]

A '''capstan''' is a vertical-[[axle]]d rotating machine developed for use on sailing ships to multiply the pulling [[force]] of seamen when hauling ropes, [[Nautical cable|cables]], and [[hawser]]s. The principle is similar to that of the [[windlass]], which has a horizontal axle.

((multiple image|caption_align=left
| footer_align=left
 | align = right
 | total_width = 350
 | direction=vertical
 | image1 =Capstan-nautical.jpg | width1 =1536 | height1 = 1152
 | alt1 =
 | caption1 = Capstan
 | image2 = AnchorWindlass.jpg
 | width2 = 800 | height2 = 600
 | alt2 =
 | caption2 =Anchor windlass 
 | footer =The capstan and the [[anchor windlass]] on the deck below that it drives. On-board the museum sailing ship [[Balclutha (1886)|''Balclutha'']]
))
== History ==

The word, connected with the [[Old French]] ''capestan'' or ''cabestan(t)'', from Old Provençal ''cabestan'', from ''capestre'' "pulley cord," from Latin ''capistrum'', -a halter, from ''capere'', to take hold of, seems to have come into English (14th century) from Portuguese or Spanish shipmen at the time of the Crusades.<ref>Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain): ''Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volume 27''. C. Knight, 1843, page 444</ref> Both device and word are considered Spanish inventions.<ref>"The sailor's 'capstan'  is of Spanish invention and christening (''cabestran'', rope-winder)". [[Charles Fletcher Lummis|Lummis F. Charles]] (1909). ''Flowers of our Loast Romance''.
BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, page 202. ((ISBN|1115547461))</ref>

===Early form===

In its earliest form, the capstan consisted of a timber mounted vertically through a vessel's structure which was free to rotate. Levers, known as bars, were inserted through holes at the top of the timber and used to turn the capstan. A rope wrapped several turns around the drum was thus hauled upon. A rudimentary [[ratchet (device)|ratchet]] was provided to hold the tension. The ropes were always wound in a clockwise direction (seen from above).

=== Later form ===
Capstans evolved to consist of a wooden drum or barrel mounted on an iron axle. Two barrels on a common axle were used frequently to allow men on two decks to apply force to the bars. Later capstans were made entirely of iron, with gearing in the head providing a mechanical advantage when the bars were pushed counterclockwise. One form of capstan was connected by a shaft and gears to an anchor windlass on the deck below.  On riverine vessels, the capstan was sometimes cranked by steam power.<ref>((cite book 
| author1-last = Affleck 
| author1-first = Edward L. 
| title = A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon, and Alaska 
| isbn =0-920034-08-X 
| location = Vancouver, BC 
| publisher =  Alexander Nicholls Press 
| date = 2000 
| at = p.3
))
</ref>
[[File:RustonProctorSteamCapstan1883.jpg|thumb|Diagram of Ruston Proctor Steam Capstan 1883]]
[[File:Hydraulic_Capstan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4007504.jpg|thumb|left|Hydraulic capstan left after dockland redevelopment in London]] 
[[File:Capstan,_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2452448.jpg|thumb|left|Capstan in [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland]]
[[File:22-27-032-cairo.jpg|thumb|Capstan on the [[USS Cairo|USS ''Cairo'']]]]

Capstan winches were also important on sailing trawlers (e.g. [[Brixham trawler]]s) as a means for fetching in the nets after the trawl. When they became available, steam powered capstan winches offered a great saving in effort. These used a compact combined steam engine and boiler below decks that drove the winch from below via a shaft. [[Ruston, Proctor and Company]] at the UK 1883 Fisheries Exhibition marketed an engine, boiler, shafts and capstan designed specifically for this task.<ref>((cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=15 Jun 1883 |title=Fishing Smack Trawling Machinery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB5HAQAAMAAJ |journal=The Engineer |pages = 453 |doi= |access-date=))</ref>

===Messenger===
As ships and their anchors grew in size, the anchor cable or chain would be too big to go around the capstan.  Also, a wet cable or chain would be difficult to manage.  A messenger would then be used as an intermediate device.  This was a continuous loop of cable or chain which would go around the capstan.  The main anchor cable or chain would then be attached to the messenger for hauling using some temporary connection such as ropes called nippers.  These would be attached and detached as the anchor was pulled up onto the ship; ([[Weigh_anchor|weighed]]) thus allowing a continuous hoist of the anchor, without any need for stopping or surging.<ref>((citation |journal=The United Service Magazine |publisher=H. Colburn |year=1831 |title=Chain Messengers |pages=503–504))</ref>

===Modern form===
Modern capstans are powered electrically, [[hydraulic]]ally, [[pneumatic]]ally, or via an [[internal combustion]] engine.  Typically, a [[gearbox]] is used which trades reduced speed, relative to the [[Wiktionary:prime mover|prime mover]], for increased [[torque]].

==Similar machines==

* In [[yachting]] terminology, a [[winch]] functions on the same principle as a capstan. However, in industrial applications, the term "winch" generally implies a machine which stores the rope on a drum.
* Most [[Cassette deck|cassette players]] utilize a device called a [[Capstan (tape recorder)|capstan]] to draw the [[magnetic tape]] from the [[Cassette tape|cassette]] across the [[tape head]]. It functions similarly to, and was likely named for, the nautical device.

==Use on land==
((See also|Locomotive winch))
[[Hydraulic motor|Hydraulically powered]] capstans were sometimes used in [[Classification yard|railway goods yards]] for [[Shunt (railway operations)|shunting]], or shifting railcars short distances.  One example was [[Broad Street railway station (London)|Broad Street goods station]] in [[London]].  The yard was on a deck above some warehouses, and the deck was not strong enough to carry a locomotive, so ropes and capstans were used instead.

==See also==
*[[Capstan equation]]

==Notes==
((reflist))

== References ==
((Commons category|Capstans (nautical)))
*[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=capstan&searchmode=none EtymologyOnLine]

((Sailing ship elements))

[[Category:Watercraft components]]
[[Category:Spanish inventions]]

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