Capture of Fez
Part of Ottoman Expeditions to Morocco

Ottoman miniature depicting the capture of Morocco under the command of the Algerian governor Ramazan Pasha
DateMarch 1576
Location
Fez, Saadi Sultanate
34°18′N 4°54′W / 34.3°N 4.9°W / 34.3; -4.9
Result

Ottoman Algerian victory

Belligerents
Saadi Sultanate Regency of Algiers
 Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Mulay Muhammed Abd al-Malek
Ramazan Pasha
Strength
Turkish sources: 60,000[8][9] Turkish sources: 14,700[8]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown
Capture of Fez is located in Morocco
Capture of Fez
Capture of Fez
Location of capture of Fez in Morocco.

The Capture of Fez occurred in 1576 at the Moroccan city of Fez, when an Ottoman force from Algiers supported the prince Abd al-Malik in gaining the throne of the Saadi Sultanate against his nephew and rival claimant Mulay Muhammed al-Mutawakkil in exchange for making the Sultanate an Ottoman vassal.[10][3]

Background

The Saadi sovereign Abdallah al-Ghalib had been paying an annual tribute of vassalage to the Ottomans, his successor al-Mutawakkil had to accept the conditions of Murad III by the end of 1574 and pay annual taxes, however this did not prevent the Ottomans from supporting Abd al-Malik against him.[11]

During his exile Abd al-Malik had learned Turkish, adopted the Ottoman dress, joined the Janissary corps and became a trusted member of the Ottoman establishment.[2] Abd al-Malik petitioned Murad III for military assistance in seizing the Saadi throne from Al-Mutawakkil, he made a proposition of making Morocco an Ottoman vassal with little effort on the part of Istanbul.[2]

Battle

In 1576 an Ottoman force commanded by Ramazan Pasha and Abd al-Malik left Algiers to install Abd al-Malik as the ruler of Morocco and vassal to the Ottoman sultan.[3][12] Among its divisions was a contingent of Janissaries, 1,000 Zwawas from the kingdom of Kuku[13] and two thousand troops led by Abd al-Malik himself.[14] A decisive battle took place at ar-Rukn, near Fez,[15][10][12] which Al-Mutawakkil lost, in part due to the desertion of his Andalusian contingents right before the battle.[12][2] Abd al-Malik then occupied Fez on 11 March 1576.[15] Al-Mutawakkil fled to Marrakesh but was defeated again and forced to take refuge in the Sous.[15][2] Abd al-Malik assumed rule over Morocco as a vassal of the Ottomans.[4][5][6][7][12] Murad III’s name was recited in the Friday prayer and stamped on coinage, two traditional signs of sovereignty in the Islamic world.[16]

Aftermath

Abd al-Malik recognized the Ottoman Sultan Murad III as Caliph, and reorganized his army along Ottoman lines and adopted Ottoman customs, but negotiated for the Ottoman troops to leave his country in exchange for a large payment in gold, suggesting that he had a looser concept of vassalage than what the Ottoman sultan may have supposed.[2][3] At his request, 300 Janissaries and 1,000 Zwawas remained in Fes to form his honour guard.[13]The two year reign of Abd al-Malik was understood by all to be a period of de facto Moroccan vassalage to Istanbul.[4]

Abd al-Malik hastened to send his annual tax to Istanbul, the first annual tax he sent was 200,000 gold coins.[17][18] In a letter that Abd al-Malik had written to the qaid of Tetouan dated 18 March 1576 he referred to himself as the servant of the Ottoman sultan and ruler of the Moors, Morocco, Marrakesh, Sous and Taroudant.[19]: 302  He conducted large scale reform movements in Morocco, hundreds of Turkish officers, technicians and craftsmen came to Morocco and entered his service.[18] His brief reign opened a period of the “Turkification” of Morocco which continued under his successor Ahmad al-Mansur, Abd al-Malik spoke Turkish, dressed in Ottoman fashion, reorganised his administration and his army in imitation of Ottoman practices and used Ottoman Turkish titles for his officials.[20][21]

Meanwhile, Al-Mutawakkil fled to Spain and then Portugal, when Sebastian of Portugal promised to help him regain his throne. This led to an expedition and the Battle of Ksar El Kebir in 1578, also known as the Battle of Three Kings which was a considerable defeat for the Portuguese and having lost their childless monarch Portugal passed into the hands of Spanish throne. Prior to the battle, Abd al-Malik had recognised himself as a vassal of the Sublime Porte.[22]

Abd al-Malik was succeeded by his brother Ahmad al-Mansur who continued to formally recognize the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan at the beginning of his reign, though this status changed in the following years as Ahmad sought to break with Ottoman dependence.[23][24]

Notes

  1. ^ ‎هيسبريس تمودا Volume 29, Issue 1 Editions techniques nord-africaines, 1991
  2. ^ a b c d e f Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Professor Henry Louis Jr. (2012-02-02). Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Levtzion, Nehemia (1977). "The Western Maghrib and Sudan". In Oliver, Roland (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 3: From c.1050 to c.1600. Cambridge University Press. p. 408. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521209816.007. ISBN 9780521209816.
  4. ^ a b c Barletta, Vincent (2010-05-15). Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient: Pages 82 and 104. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-226-03739-4.
  5. ^ a b Langues et littératures, Volume 1Faculté des lettres et des sciences humaines
  6. ^ a b La Kalaa des Béni Abbès au XVIe siècle. p.276. Youssef Benoudjit Dahlab, 1997
  7. ^ a b Islam et Occident méditerranéen: de la conquête aux Ottomans p.289 - Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques
  8. ^ a b Önalp, Ertuğrul. Osmanlının güney seferleri: XVI. yüzyılda Hint okyanusu'nda Türk-Portekiz mücadelesi. Berikan Yayınevi, 2010.
  9. ^ Büyüktuğrul, Afif. Osmanli deniz harp tarihi. T.C. Deniz Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı, 1970.
  10. ^ a b The Stukeley plays: The Battle of Alcazar by George Peele Charles Edelman p.13 [1]
  11. ^ Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1996. Page 380: “‬Murad'ın ( 1574 sonu ) yıllık vergi verme konusunda , şartlarını kabul zorunda kalmışur . Buna rağmen verilen ta'viz yine de Osmanlı Sultanı'nın el - Mütevekkil'e karşı amcası Abdülmelik'i desteklemesini engelleyememiş“
  12. ^ a b c d Hess, Andrew C. (2010). The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780226330310.
  13. ^ a b Hugh Roberts (2014). Berber Government The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-85773-689-5.
  14. ^ Hess, Andrew (1978). The Forgotten Frontier : A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier. University of Chicago Press. p. 96. ISBN 9780226330310.
  15. ^ a b c Véronne, Chantal de la (2012). "Saʿdids". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill.
  16. ^ Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman empire and Islamic tradition. University of Chicago Press, 2008.
  17. ^ Öztuna, Yılmaz. Osmanli devleti tarihi. No. 1. Faisal Finans Kurumu, 1986. Page 272: “İlk yillik vergi olmak üzere Istanbul'a 200.000 altın gönderdi ve Sultan Murad'ın sådık bir bendesi olduğunu bildirdi . Osmanlı teşkilâtını örnek alarak Fas ordu ve yönetiminde reforma başladı“
  18. ^ a b Öztuna, Yılmaz. Türk tarihinden yapraklar. Vol. 11. Ötüken Neşriyat AŞ, 1969.
  19. ^ Ceran, İsmail. Vâdilmehâzin Savaşı (4 Ağustos 1578). Belleten. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1996. “Abdülmelik, 18 Mart 1576 (983) tarihinde Tetuan kaidi Ahmed Mulay el-Fedhol'a yazdığı mektubunda şu ifadeler ile; "Osmanlı Sultanı'nın hâdimi,”
  20. ^ García-Arenal, Mercedes. 2006. Messianism and puritanical reform: Mahdīs of the Muslim west. Leiden: Brill.
  21. ^ Reviving the Islamic Caliphate in Early Modern Morocco. Stephen Cory. Routledge. 8 Apr 2016.
  22. ^ Berthier, Pierre. La bataille de l'Oued el-Makhâzen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 aout 1578). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, 1985.
  23. ^ Rivet, Daniel (2012). Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI. Fayard
  24. ^ A Struggle for the Sahara:Idrīs ibn ‘Alī’s Embassy toAḥmad al-Manṣūr in the Context ofBorno-Morocco-Ottoman Relations, 1577-1583  Rémi Dewière Université de Paris Panthéon Sorbonne
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