Carcajou Point Site
Carcajou Point site is located in Wisconsin
Carcajou Point site
Location in Wisconsin
Carcajou Point site is located in the United States
Carcajou Point site
Location in United States
LocationOn the north shore of Lake Koshkonong in Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Coordinates42°54′00″N 88°59′00″W / 42.90000°N 88.98333°W / 42.90000; -88.98333
AreaUp to 240 acres

The Carcajou Point site (47JE2, aka the Carcajou site, Carcajou village or White Crow's village) is located in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, on Lake Koshkonong. It is a multi-component site with prehistoric Upper Mississippian Oneota and Historic components.[1]

The site was occupied by Native Americans as late as the 1820s and 1830s, when the Winnebago tribe resided there. At that time, it was called "White Crow's village" after the name of the chief.[1]

History of archaeological investigations

For many years Carcajou Point was known as a locality where Native American and early European antiquities were present.[1] The archaeologist W.C. McKern referred to the Carcajou Village site on a list of uninvestigated sites in 1945.[2] In 1957 the site was excavated under the auspices of the Wisconsin Archaeological Society, and in 1962 Robert Hall created a site report to discuss the findings and compare them to other Oneota sites in Wisconsin.[1]

Results of data analysis

Excavations at the site yielded prehistoric and Historic artifacts, house structures, pit features, burials, animal bone and plant remains.[1]

Structures

Three types of house structures were identified at the site.[1] The first is a mat-covered wigwam with pole frame-based foundation; this type was based on observation of circular placement of post-molds. The second type is a rectangular structure resembling a bark summer-house described from the early Historic period. The third is a square structure with wall-trench construction which resembles the house structures found in the Heally component of the Zimmerman site[3] and the Middle Mississippian Aztalan site about 13 miles north of Carcajou Point.[4] This type is associated with radiocarbon dates of A.D. 998 and A.D. 1028 at Carcajou Point.[1]

Features

79 pit features were excavated in the 1957 fieldwork. Hall's report did not provide a typology of feature types but it was implied that the main type was refuse pits. The refuse pits at Carcajou Point were thought to have started out as storage pits constructed to store food for later consumption; which were converted to refuse pits as their contents soured.[1]

Burials

Three burials were excavated representing both primary and secondary (ie "bundle") interments. The first was a fragmentary burial found in a basin-shaped pit with no grave goods. The second was a bundle burial with 6 individuals and grave goods consisting of pottery vessels and an arrow shaft straightener. The third was a primary interment of an infant in a refuse pit.[1]

Animal remains

A full listing of animal remains was not provided in the site report, but deer, elk, bison and turtle are mentioned specifically, with deer identified as the dietary staple.[1]

Plant remains

Very few plant remains were recovered during excavations, because flotation techniques were not yet in widespread use among archaeologists. One kernel of maize was recovered from feature contexts, along with charred seeds which were not identified.[1]

Artifacts

Pottery artifacts

Archaeologists often find pottery to be a very useful tool in analyzing a prehistoric culture. It is usually very plentiful at a site and the details of manufacture and decoration are very sensitive indicators of time, space and culture.[5]

3,685 sherds and one complete vessel were recovered in the 1957 excavations. Of these, 48 were Late Woodland in affiliation, 39 came from miniature children's vessels and the remaining 3,594 are from the Upper Mississippian Oneota component.[1]

Almost all of the Upper Mississippian Oneota sherds were shell-tempered with smooth surface. 14 sherds were cordmarked, 3 sherds were observed to have traces of red paint, and 3 sherds had black paint.[1]

During the artifact analysis, sherds were categorized into 27 different groups, but only 7 of these groups are actually recognized pottery types. The remainder are mostly body sherds which did not have enough information to be assigned to a definite type.[1]

The following types were identified or created to classify the pottery at Carcajou Point:[1]

Other artifacts

Non-pottery artifacts recovered from the site included:[1]

Components

Carcajou component (Oneota, Koshkonong focus)

The Carcajou Component is the prehistoric Upper Mississippian Oneota occupation present at Carcajou Point. The diagnostic artifact of this occupation is the Oneota shell-tempered pottery, which is decorated with curvilinear motifs suggestive of the pottery from the Middle Mississippian Aztalan and Cahokia sites. The timeframe of this occupation is radiocarbon-dated by 3 dates ranging from A.D. 998-A.D. 1528. Hall felt that this occupation was probably the ancestors of the Historic Winnebago tribe.[1]

White Crow component (Historic, Winnebago)

The White Crow component refers to the Historic Winnebago village that existed from approximately A.D. 1728-A.D. 1828. This component was separated from the prehistoric component by approximately 200 years. It consists of several features with historic European trade goods in association with shell-tempered pottery.[1]

Significance

The pottery at Carcajou Point helped to provide some detail to the Oneota cultural identity. The distinctive curvilinear decorations on the shell-tempered pottery indicated a clear influence to local Middle Mississippian sites and was used by Hall to define the Koshkonong Focus of the Oneota Aspect. The radiocarbon dates obtained from the site were the first in the region, and helped archaeologists provide a chronology for the Oneota culture.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hall, Robert L. (1962). The Archaeology of Carcajou Point. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.
  2. ^ McKern, Will C. (1945). "Preliminary Report on the Upper Mississippi Phase in Wisconsin". Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 16 (3): 109–285.
  3. ^ a b Brown, James A., ed. (1961). The Zimmerman Site: A Report on Excavations at the Grand Village of Kaskaskia, LaSalle County, Illinois. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Museum, Report of Investigations No. 9.
  4. ^ Barrett, S.A. (1933). "Ancient Aztalan". Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 13.
  5. ^ Shepard, Anna O. (1954). Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 609.
  6. ^ Griffin, James Bennett (1943). The Fort Ancient Aspect: Its Cultural and Chronological Position in Mississippi Valley Archaeology (1966 ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology.
  7. ^ Jeske, Robert J.; Sterner, Katherine M.; Edwards, Richard W. IV (2020). "New Perspectives from Lake Koshkonong" (PDF). Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers (4): 1–26.

Further reading

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