Pope Francis (r. 2013–present) has created cardinals at nine consistories held at roughly annual intervals beginning in 2014, most recently on 30 September 2023. The cardinals created by Francis include 142 cardinals from 70 countries, 24 of which had never been represented in the College of Cardinals.[a]
His appointments include the first Scandinavian since the Reformation, the first from Goa since an episcopal see was established there in 1533, the first from Latin America's indigenous peoples, the first from India's Dalit class, and the first active head of a religious congregation.
Following the 2023 consistory, 99 of the cardinal electors had been appointed by Francis, 29 by Pope Benedict XVI, and 9 by Pope John Paul II.[1] Each of Francis' consistories has increased the number of cardinal electors from less than the set limit of 120[b] to a number higher than 120, as high as 137 in 2023,[2] surpassing the record 135 set by Pope John Paul II in 2001 and 2003.[3] Since 2 June 2023, two-thirds of the cardinal electors have been cardinals created by Francis.[4] The September 2023 consistory increased that to about 73%.[1]
Francis has shifted membership in the College of Cardinals away from Europe, making it all but certain that the conclave to choose his successor will be the first where Europeans do not account for a majority of electors. As of the conclusion of the 2023 consistory, of the 99 cardinals appointed by Francis who would be eligible to participate as electors in a papal conclave, only 37 (38%) are European. Some 52% of the electors were Europeans at the 2013 conclave that elected Francis, but only 39% are Europeans as of 30 September 2023.[5]
Cardinal electors
Francis' consistories have all brought the number of cardinal electors above the maximum of 120 introduced by Pope Paul VI, reaching between 121 and 137 electors, and remaining higher than 120 for almost a year following the 2019 consistory. His predecessors exceeded the 120 limit on several occasions: Paul VI himself had increased the number of cardinal electors to 134 in 1969, before he introduced the 120 limit in 1975.[c]Pope John Paul II brought the number as high as 135 in 2001 and 2003, while Pope Benedict XVI's highest was 125 in 2012.
Francis' first four consistories increased the number of electors above 120 modestly for short periods: to 122 in 2014 for less than a month,[d] to 125 in 2015 for two months,[e] to 121 in 2016 for two weeks,[f] and to 121 in 2017 for ten weeks.[g]
In the June 2018 consistory, Francis again increased the number of cardinal electors to 125,[3] and the count only fell to 120 after ten months.[11]
The October 2019 consistory increased the number of electors to 128. The 80th birthdays of four electors reduced that number to 124 in two weeks,[12] but almost a year passed before the number of cardinal electors fell to 120 on 29 September 2020.[13]
The November 2020 consistory raised the number of electors to 128 again,[14] but their number returned to 120 a little more quickly than after the previous consistory, on 7 November 2021.[15][h]
The August 2022 consistory raised the number of cardinal electors to 132,[16] with the 80th birthdays of electors set reduce that figure to 120 in little more than a year,[i] shortened by the death of Richard Baawobr in November 2022 to 11 months.[17]
The September 2023 consistory raised the number of cardinal electors to 137, the highest ever;[18] their number will fall to 120 because of 80th birthdays by late 2024 (assuming no deaths of cardinal electors and no new consistory before then).[1]
22 February 2014
On 31 October 2013, Pope Francis announced plans to name new cardinals in a consistory on 22 February 2014.[19] In December 2013, he said that rumors that he might name a woman cardinal were not to be taken seriously.[20] He announced the names of 19 new cardinals on 12 January 2014.[21] Sixteen were under the age of 80, eligible to vote in papal conclaves.[22] Observers attempting to interpret Francis' approach to naming cardinals noted the absence of certain names, including the heads of the dioceses of Venice and Turin and the Vatican Librarian and Archivist.[23] Others noted a preference for clerics with pastoral experience and only a single theologian, Müller.[24]John L. Allen said the choices made the February meeting the "Consistory of the Periphery", noting the "broad global distribution" of the new cardinals.[25] Of the nomination of the archbishop of Perugia rather than those of more prestigious dioceses like Turin and Venice, La Stampa said: "Any career planners in the Church who had the path from the seminary to the cardinalship set out very clearly in their minds will have to think again."[26]
Pope Francis sent a letter to each cardinal-designate that said:[27]
The cardinalship does not imply promotion; it is neither an honour nor a decoration; it is simply a service that requires you to broaden your gaze and open your hearts.... Therefore I ask you, please, to receive this designation with a simple and humble heart. And, while you must do so with pleasure and joy, ensure that this sentiment is far from any expression of worldliness or from any form of celebration contrary to the evangelical spirit of austerity, sobriety and poverty.
Pope emeritus Benedict XVI attended the consistory. He doffed his zucchetto when Pope Francis came down the nave of St. Peter's Basilica to greet him,[28][29] and took a seat in a row with several cardinals using a chair the same as theirs.[30]Loris Francesco Capovilla was granted a dispensation and did not attend the consistory.[31]
Though a cardinal who is not an ordinary–typically an official of the Roman Curia–is normally assigned the rank of cardinal deacon, Parolin was made a cardinal priest, as is customary in the case of the Holy See's secretary of state.[citation needed]
Prior to this consistory, there were 106 cardinals under the age of 80 and eligible to participate in the election of a pope, and the addition of 16 new cardinals under age 80 brought the total to 122,[6] although another 10 were due to turn 80 in the remainder of 2014. Because the maximum number of cardinals allowed to participate in a papal conclave is set at 120, the number of cardinals below 80 is usually limited to 120, although that limit has occasionally been exceeded.[32] The appointments brought the total number of cardinals to 218.[j]
14 February 2015
On 11 December 2014, the Vatican announced that new cardinals would be created at a consistory on 14 February 2015.[33] On 4 January 2015, Pope Francis announced the names of 20 cardinals-designate, including 15 who were under the age of 80.[34] Vatican spokesman Rev. Federico Lombardi said the list "confirms that the pope doesn't feel tied to the traditional 'cardinal sees'", like Turin and Venice, "which reflected historic reasons in various countries. Instead we have various nominations of archbishops or bishops of sees in the past that wouldn't have had a cardinal."[35] The selections continued the pattern Pope Francis established the previous year, showing a "preference for diocesan bishops" and for the southern hemisphere.[7] Of those under the age of 80, only one is a member of the Curia (Mamberti); three are bishops rather than archbishops; four are the first cardinals from their countries (Cape Verde, Myanmar, Panama, Tonga) and others from a diocese that has not had one for decades (Agrigento, Italy, not since 1786; Ancona, Italy, not in more than a century; Montevideo, Uruguay, not since 1979; Valladolid, Spain, not since 1919) or never had one (Morelia, Mexico).[7][36] Nine have been elected by their peers as president of a national or regional episcopal conference.[37] These appointments brought the number of cardinal electors to 125, while two electors would turn 80 in April.[7] The total number of cardinals reached 227 after the consistory.[k]
On 23 January 2015, Pope Francis advised each nominee how to respond to his appointment: "Accept it with humility. Only do so in a way that in these celebrations there does not creep in a spirit of worldliness that intoxicates more than grappa on an empty stomach, disorienting and separating one from the cross of Christ."[38]
The cardinals were invited to a consistory on 12–13 February devoted to presenting a preliminary plan for the reform of the Roman Curia to the entire College of Cardinals. Nineteen of the twenty new cardinals attended along with 148 of the 207 cardinals.[39][40]
Pope emeritus Benedict XVI again attended the consistory and was greeted by Pope Francis before and after the ceremony. The only new cardinal unable to attend was Archbishop José de Jesús Pimiento Rodríguez, whose health prevented him from traveling to Rome.[41]
19 November 2016
On 9 October 2016, the Pope announced that he planned to create new cardinals at a consistory on 19 November 2016,[42] including 13 cardinals under the age of 80 and four over the age of 80. His selections continued to demonstrate his preference for the peripheries and places not previously represented in the College of Cardinals. Several are the first named cardinals from their countries. Of those who are under the age of 80, only Farrell is a member of the Roman Curia. In choosing Simoni, Francis named his first cardinal who was not a bishop;[43] Simoni, who was one of the appointments over age 80, received a papal dispensation from the requirement of episcopal consecration. The appointments brought the total number of cardinals to 228 and the number of cardinal electors to 121.[9] Zenari is the first active apostolic nuncio made a cardinal in the modern era.[44]
Asked a year later at a meeting with Jesuits in Bangladesh why he named a cardinal from "a nation where there is such a small Christian community" (about 600,000, of which about 400,000 are Catholic), Francis said:[45]
Naming the cardinals, I tried to look at small Churches, those that grow in the peripheries, at the edges. Not to give consolation to those Churches, but to launch a clear message: the small Churches that grow in the periphery and are without ancient Catholic traditions today must speak to the universal Church, to the whole Church. I clearly feel that they have something to teach us.
All the new cardinals attended the consistory on 19 November except Lesotho Bishop Khoarai, who was 87 and unable to travel. For the first time since his retirement Pope emeritus Benedict XVI did not attend.[48][49] The new cardinals were given the rank of cardinal priest except for Zenari, Farrell, and Simoni, who were made cardinal deacons.[50] Cardinal Nzapalainga became the youngest member of the College of Cardinals and the first born after the Second Vatican Council.[51] Following the consistory, Pope Francis and the 16 new cardinals present visited the Pope emeritus as a group at his residence in Mater Ecclesiae Monastery and received his blessing.[52]
28 June 2017
On 21 May 2017, Pope Francis announced a consistory for the elevation of five new cardinals on 28 June. He adhered to his established pattern of appointing cardinals from the peripheries, including the first cardinals from El Salvador, Laos, Mali, and Sweden, the last of those also the first cardinal from Scandinavia. All five are under the age of 80.[53][10] According to the National Catholic Reporter, Gregorio Rosa Chávez is "believed to be the first auxiliary bishop to have been made a cardinal in at least the modern era."[54] It has also been claimed that Rosa is the first parish pastor to be named cardinal in decades.[55][better source needed] With these new cardinals, the number of cardinal electors reached 121[10] and the total number of cardinals amounted to 225.[m]
Following the consistory on 28 June, Pope Francis and the new cardinals visited Pope emeritus Benedict XVI, who did not attend the ceremony.[56][57]
28 June 2018
On 20 May 2018, Pope Francis announced a consistory for the elevation of fourteen new cardinals on 29 June, which was later changed to 28 June.[58] The list of new cardinals included 11 young enough to participate in a papal election.[59] Those named were an international group, as is typical of Francis, including prelates from Pakistan, Japan, and Madagascar, countries unrepresented in the College since 1994, 2007, and 2010, respectively.[60] He also named two members of the Roman Curia, an official of the papal household, and another of the Diocese of Rome. Ticona Porco, of Quechuan background, became the first Latin American cardinal of indigenous origin.[61] With this consistory Francis again raised the number of cardinal electors to 125.[62][63] The number of electors declined to 120 on 27 April 2019.[11] The total number of cardinals reached 226 after the consistory.[n]
At the consistory, Sako addressed Francis on behalf of the new cardinals, thanking him for the concern he has shown for the small, persecuted Catholic population of the Middle East. Francis warned the new cardinals against "palace intrigues that take place, even in curial offices".[65] Sako did not receive the same red biretta as the others, but a rounder red "shash" traditionally worn by cardinals of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[66] Francis and the new cardinals visited Pope emeritus Benedict following the consistory.[67]
5 October 2019
On 1 September 2019, Pope Francis announced that he would hold a consistory to create thirteen new cardinals on 5 October, including ten who are young enough to participate in a papal conclave.[68] This brought the number of cardinal electors to 128, eight more than the limit set by Pope Paul VI, but often ignored.[12] The number of cardinal electors returned to 120 on 29 September 2020.[13] The total number of cardinals reached 225 after the consistory.[p]
The individuals named represent the international character of the Church, including prelates from Guatemala and Indonesia, as well as those with expertise on the care of migrants and relations with Islam; those from Luxembourg and Morocco were the first cardinals from those countries. Three of those named are Curial officials, including the only new cardinal of this consistory not already a bishop, Czerny,[69][70] who was consecrated a bishop the day before the consistory.[71]
Following the consistory, Pope Francis and the new cardinals visited Pope emeritus Benedict, who spoke to them briefly and gave them his blessing.[74]
28 November 2020
On 25 October 2020, Pope Francis announced he would create thirteen new cardinals, nine of them young enough to be cardinal electors, at a consistory scheduled for 28 November.[75] The list included the first cardinals from Brunei and Rwanda;[76][77] the first Conventual Franciscan to become a cardinal in almost 160 years (Gambetti);[78][s] the first African American cardinal (Gregory);[80] the first Archbishop of Capiz to be made a cardinal;[81] and the first Archbishop of Siena to be made a cardinal since 1801.[82][t] Feroci, a parish priest, was consecrated a bishop on 15 November.[83] Gambetti's service as custos ended on 12 November.[84] Cantalamessa was granted a dispensation from the requirement that he be consecrated a bishop.[85]
Because of COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions, two of the new cardinals, Jose Advincula and Cornelius Sim, did not journey to Rome and instead viewed the ceremony via a digital link along with other cardinals unable to travel.[87][88] The other eleven cardinals-designate self-quarantined at the Vatican's Casa Santa Marta in the days preceding the ceremony. A hundred other guests were allowed in the basilica. Everyone but Pope Francis and the servers wore masks. The kiss of peace normally exchanged between the new cardinals and the other cardinals in attendance was omitted, as were the customary receptions following the ceremony. Francis and the eleven new cardinals in attendance visited Pope emeritus Benedict after the ceremony.[14][87] This consistory brought the number of cardinal electors to 128 and the total number of cardinals to 229. Of the 128 electors, 73 had been appointed by Francis, 39 by Pope Benedict XVI, and 16 by Pope John Paul II.[14][89] The number of electors fell to 120 on 7 November 2021 when Angelo Scola turned 80.[90]
27 August 2022
On 29 May 2022, Pope Francis announced he would create twenty-one new cardinals, sixteen of them young enough to be cardinal electors, at a consistory scheduled for 27 August.[91][92][93] Among the new electors there are three Curial officials, natives of Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom; only three other Europeans, one of them a missionary in Mongolia; two each from India and Brazil; and others from East Timor, Ghana, Nigeria, Paraguay, Singapore, and the United States. The appointments include the first cardinals from East Timor,[94] Mongolia,[95] Paraguay,[96] and Singapore,[97] the first ordinary of Goa since its erection in the 16th century,[98] the first from India's Dalit caste.[99] and the first from the Amazon region.[100]
Two are suffragan bishops, Cantoni and McElroy, whose metropolitan archbishops are not cardinals.[101] Of two not yet bishops, Frezza received his episcopal consecration on 23 July[102] and Ghirlanda received a dispensation from the requirement that all cardinals be bishops.[citation needed]
In June, Pope Francis granted the request of one of those he had named, Lucas Van Looy, Bishop emeritus of Ghent, that he not be made a cardinal. Van Looy cited renewed criticism of his handling of charges of sexual abuse by priests when he was Bishop of Ghent.[103]
The consistory coincides with a meeting of the entire College of Cardinals previously scheduled for 29–30 August to consider the new apostolic constitution, Praedicate evangelium, which took effect on 5 June.[104]
On 27 August, Pope Francis created twenty cardinals, fifteen assigned to the rank of cardinal priests and five cardinal deacons.[105] All of them attended the consistory except Baawobr who had traveled to Rome but was taken ill and hospitalized the day before the consistory.[106] Among the cardinals in attendance was Angelo Becciu, invited by Pope Francis to attend this consistory despite having resigned the privileges of a cardinal.[107] After the ceremony, the pope and the nineteen new cardinals in attendance visited Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI at his residence.[108] The nineteen then held the customary receptions, which had been suspended in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[109] Three of the new cardinals were the three youngest cardinals: Costa at 55, do Carmo da Silva at 54, and Marengo at 48.
On 9 July 2023, Pope Francis announced that he would create twenty-one new cardinals, eighteen of them young enough to be cardinal electors, at a consistory scheduled for 30 September. Among the new electors, including the first cardinal from South Sudan, there are three Curial officials, two papal nuncios, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, both a coadjutor archbishop and an auxiliary bishop, and the superior of the Salesians.[110] Fernández is the first active head of a religious congregation named a cardinal.[111] As he had once before in 2016, Francis looked to the diplomatic corps of the Holy See, naming two active apostolic nuncios.[112] Francis also named three men over the age of eighty who are unable to vote in a future conclave.[110] Aguiar's appointment while an auxiliary of Lisbon was called "a genuine novelty"[113] and some speculated Francis would move him to the Roman Curia shortly.[114][115] In the event, Pope Francis named him bishop of Setúbal on 21 September 2023.[116]
Dri and Fernández Artime were granted dispensations from the requirement that they receive episcopal consecration before becoming cardinals.[citation needed] Artime is the first cardinal elector to receive such a dispensation since Roberto Tucci spent two months as a potential cardinal elector in 2001.
The consistory followed Pope Francis' visit to Marseille on 23 September by a week and preceded the opening of the Synod of Bishops on the subject of synodality by four days.[110]
The ceremony was held outdoors on the parvis of St. Peter's Basilica. Of the new cardinals, Dri did not attend the consistory because of his health and age.[118][119] He received his cardinal's regalia on 11 October 2023 from Archbishop Mirosław Adamczyk, Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina, at a ceremony in the cathedral of Buenos Aires.[120]
2016: Albania, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Central African Republic, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, United States of America, Venezuela (11);
2017: El Salvador, Laos, Mali, Sweden (4);
2018: Bolivia, Iraq, Japan, Malta, Madagascar, Pakistan, Peru, Poland (8);
2019: Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guatemala, Indonesia, Luxembourg, Morocco (6);
2020: Brunei, Rwanda (2)
2022: East Timor, France, Ghana, India, Mongolia, Nigeria, Paraguay, Singapore (8)
2023: South Africa, South Sudan, Switzerland, Tanzania
^The number of electors has been lower than 120 before each of Francis' consistories:
2014 106
2015 110
2016 108
2017 116
2018 114
2019 118
2020 119
2022 116
2023 119
^In 1971, when Paul VI instituted an age limit of 80 for cardinals to participate in electing a pope, the number of cardinal electors fell below 120 again.
^The February 2014 consistory brought the number of cardinal electors to 122,[6] but the 80th birthday of Cardinal Jean-Baptiste Phạm Minh Mẫn and the death of Cardinal José da Cruz Policarpo reduced the number to 120 in less than a month.
^The February 2015 consistory increased the number to 125,[7] but the 80th birthdays of Cardinals Antonios Naguib and Justin Francis Rigali, the announcement on 20 March that Cardinal Keith O'Brien would no longer participate in a conclave,[8] and the deaths of Cardinals Jean-Claude Turcotte and Francis George reduced the number of cardinal electors to 120 on 19 April, just two months after the consistory.
^The November 2016 consistory resulted in 121 electors,[9] which fell to 120 with the 80th birthday of Cardinal Théodore-Adrien Sarr at the end of the month.
^The June 2017 consistory brought the number of cardinal electors to 121,[10] and it declined to 120 when Cardinal Carlo Caffarra died ten weeks later on 6 September.
^After the 2020 consistory, the number of electors exceeded 120 for 11 months and 9 days, from 28 November 2020 to 7 November 2021.[15]
^Tobin was appointed Archbishop of Newark on 7 November 2016, but was not installed there until 6 January 2017. He was nevertheless identified as Archbishop of Newark in the consistory service booklet[46] and on the day following the consistory by L'Osservatore Romano.[47]
^228 cardinals at previous consistory minus 8 cardinals who died before the 2017 consistory (Arns, Agustoni, Connell, Vlk, Keeler, Nicora, Husar, Dias) plus 5 newly-appointed cardinals.
^ abWhen compiling statistics, the Holy See associates Curial officials with their citizenship, but for an ordinary it uses the country in which his see in located.[72]
^Michael Czerny was consecrated a bishop on 4 October 2019.[73]
