Radiocarbon dating has shown the site was occupied as early as 1040 CE with the large earthen monuments and villages being constructed at the site after 1200 CE, and significant occupation spanning 1420 to 1660 CE.[7]
Protohistory
Archaeologists suggest that Carson is important because it was either near or part of one of the indigenous polities encountered by the expedition of Hernando de Soto, the earliest European explorers of the southeastern United States in the early 1540s.[8] There is no physical evidence that Carson was visited by de Soto or his men during the westward trek across the southeastern United States. However, they did pass at the very least within 50 kilometres (31 mi) – 75 kilometres (47 mi) of Carson when they traveled down the Mississippi River in July 1543. Some archaeologists and historians have located the polity of Quizquiz encountered by de Soto in the general location of the Carson site and its neighbors and the polity of Quigualtam being centered further downstream at the Emerald Phase (1500–1680) of the protohistoric Natchez chiefdom in the Natchez Bluffs region. Others have suggested a more northerly location for Quizquiz at the Walls phase sites near Memphis, Tennessee. Along with the introduction of Eurasian diseases, the social disruptions caused by de Soto and his men caused native polities to fragment and fall apart. No further European contact with the area happened until the late 1600s when French missionaries and explorers entered the region both downriver from Canada and upriver from the Gulf of Mexico, by which time the paramount chiefdoms recorded by de Soto had vanished.[9][10]
Historic period
Carson was first visited by early scientific explorers and archaeologists in the late nineteenth century, including surveyors for Smithsonian's Bureau of American Ethnology, Col. Philetus W. Norris and William Henry Holmes.[11][12] The site was located on the Oasis Plantation owned by the Carson family and a map of the landscape and mounds was published in 1894 in the 12th Annual Report to the Bureau of American Ethnology by Cyrus Thomas. Subsequent researchers to visit the site include the Harvard LMS survey, Ian Brown, Jay K. Johnson, John Connaway, and Jayur Madhusudan Mehta.[5][3][2]
This map, in addition to research by archaeologists, established the significant scale of settlement at the site. The mounds stretch across an expanse of land over 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) in length. In the greater pantheon of Mississippian culture sites, Carson is quite large, and it was incredibly important in local and regional political dynamics.[13]
Carson is located in the northern Yazoo Basin, approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) north from the Gulf of Mexico and 120 kilometres (75 mi) south from Memphis, Tennessee. The Yazoo Basin is a floodplain of the Mississippi River and features a variety of geomorphic features created by meandering channels of the Mississippi River over the last several thousand years.[16] Carson and the mounds were constructed over a crevasse splay which was deposited by the Mississippi River around 2800 years ago.[7]
Site layout
LiDAR Hillshade of Carson
The Mississippian culture component of Carson extends east to west approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) and north to south 0.5 miles (0.80 km) and covers approximately 150 acres (0.61 km2). When it was first documented in 1894 there were over eighty small earthen mounds scattered across the site; a number only exceeded by the Cahokia site in western Illinois. Due to extensive Euroamerican farming techniques since this time most of these small mounds have been leveled and are no longer visible. The site is presently dominated by five large platform mounds, some of which form arrangements around central plazas.[17][18]
These remaining mounds, named Mounds A-F, range in size from 3 metres (9.8 ft) and 12 metres (39 ft) in height. Adjacent to Mound A, there was a large enclosed village where archaeologists have currently recovered well over 30 residential buildings.[7] This 5 acres (0.020 km2) area, located in the northwestern corner of the site, was enclosed on three sides by an earthen embankment and ditch, and on its fourth side by a river.[17]
Culture
Excavations have produced evidence of flint-knapping, the production of stone tools, some of which are consistent with blades and drills found at other major Mississippian mound centers including Cahokia and Bottle Creek Indian Mounds.[5] Other evidence of interaction with Cahokia comes in the form of the characteristically Cahokian Ramey Incised vessels which have been found at Carson. Examples of these vessels can be seen at the Carnegie Public Library in Clarksdale, Mississippi.[19]
Examination of human remains found in burials at Carson has also shown that the inhabitants practiced artificial cranial deformation or head flattening. The specific type of deformation is defined as fronto-occipital or fronto-vertico-occipital, the flattening of the forehead and the back of the head. This particular type of body modification is more complex than cranial modification as a byproduct of simply "cradle boarding" infants, and is thought to have been purposely done to show the hereditary elite status of the individuals; since the modifications are made in very early childhood before an elite status could have been gained in other ways.[20]
^ abPhillips, Philip; Ford, James A.; Griffin, James B. (2003), Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947, University of Alabama Press, originally printed as Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. 25
^ abcBrown, Ian W. (1978), An Archaeological Survey of Mississippi Period Sites in Coahoma County, Mississippi: Final Report, Cottonlandia Museum, Greenwood, Mississippi, and Lower Mississippi Survey, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge
^Brown, Calvin (1992), Archaeology of Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, Originally published [1926] by the Mississippi Geological Survey, Mississippi
^ abcJohnson, Jay K. (1987). "Cahokia Core Technology in Mississippi: The View from the South". In Johnson, Jay K.; Morrow, Carol A. (eds.). The Organization of Core Technology. Westview Press. pp. 187–206.
^Brain, Jeffrey P.; Toth, Alan; A. Rodriguez-Buckingham (1974). Ethnohistoric Archaeology and the De Soto Entrada into the Lower Mississippi Valley. Conference on Historic Site Papers 1772. Vol. 7. pp. 223–298.
^Thomas, Cyrus (1891), Catalog of Prehistoric Works East of the Rocky Mountains., vol. 12, Washington D.C.: Annual Bulletin to the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution
^Thomas, Cyrus (1894), Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology for the Years 1890-1891, Annual Report to the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
^Dye, David H.; Cheryl A. Cox, eds. (1990). Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi. University of Alabama.
^Saucier, Roger T. (1994), Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology of the Lower Mississippi Valley, 2 vols, Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
^Thomas, Cyrus (1894), Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology for the Years 1890-1891, Annual Report to the Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution
Mehta, Jayur M.; Evans, Rachel S.; Shen, Zhixiong (2017). "Mississippian monumentality in the Yazoo Basin: Recent investigations at the Carson site (22CO505), northwestern Mississippi". Southeastern Archaeology. 36 (1): 14–33. doi:10.1080/0734578X.2016.1233486. S2CID131972687.
Mehta, Jayur M.; McCall, Grant; Marks, Theodore; Enloe, James (February 2017), "Geochemical source evaluation of archaeological chert from the Carson mounds site in northwestern Mississippi using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF)", Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 11: 381–389, doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.12.014
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