Caslon Type Foundry

Painting of William Caslon, founder of the Caslon type foundry, by Francis Kyte. He holds his specimen of his types.
Industry	Type foundry
Founded	c. 1720
Founder	William Caslon
Defunct	1937
Successor	Stephenson Blake
Headquarters	London , United Kingdom
Products	Metal type Caslon typeface

The Caslon type foundry was a type foundry in London which cast and sold metal type. It was founded by the punchcutter and typefounder William Caslon I, probably in 1720. For most of its history it was based at Chiswell Street, Islington, was the oldest type foundry in London, and the most prestigious.^[1]

In the nineteenth century, the company established a division selling printing equipment. This section of the company continues to operate as of 2021, and is now branded Caslon Ltd. and based in St. Albans. The type foundry section of the company was bought by Stephenson Blake in 1937.

From 1793 to 1819 a separate Caslon foundry was operated by William Caslon III and then his son William Caslon IV, who split off from the family business. This was also bought by a predecessor company of Stephenson Blake.

Background

Metal type was traditionally made by punchcutting, carefully cutting punches in steel used to stamp matrices, the moulds used to cast metal type.

Type foundries operated in London from the early days of printing. Some punchcutters worked in London in the seventeenth century, including Arthur Nicholls^[2] and Joseph Moxon, who wrote a manual of how type was made. However, London was seemingly not a hub of skill in typefounding and many of the types available in London were of poor quality.^[3][a] In the second half of the seventeenth century the Dutch Republic was one of the largest centres of printing expertise, and both Oxford University Press in 1670–2^[4] and the London typefounder John James in 1710 imported matrices from it.^[5]

William Caslon I and II

William Caslon (1692 – 23 January 1766) was an engraver who had come to London from Cradley, Worcestershire. He began a career in London with work like cutting the royal coat of arms into government firearms and tooling for bookbinders. The quality of his work came to the attention of printers, who engaged him to cut first Arabic and then roman type.^[9] Specimens of the Caslon foundry published under the management of William Caslon II but in William Caslon I's lifetime wrote that he established his type foundry in 1720.^[10][c] His first roman type appeared around 1725; Caslon is the name now given to designs based on his work.^[14][15]

Caslon's premises as a gun engraver were based in Vine Street, Minories.^[16] He later moved to Helmet Row, then Ironmonger Row from 1727 to 1736, and in 1737 had moved to Chiswell Street, where it would remain for the next two hundred years.^[17][6]

The foundry was successful by 1730^[18] and issued a first specimen around that time.^[19] Its first dated specimen appeared in 1734 and the inclusion of a specimen of its types in Chambers' Encyclopaedia made it well-known.^[6][20] By 1763 its stock had expanded to be shown in book form.^[21]

Caslon's type designs were based closely on the seventeenth-century Dutch types popular in London at the time, cut by punchcutters including Nicolaes Briot and the Voskens family.^[22][23][d] In James Mosley's view, they were intended as "unobtrusive substitutes" for specific types his clients already used, and closely resembled them.^[25] Besides this, some types he sold came from other founders. He jointly valued the Grover type foundry in 1728 with John James of the James Foundry,^[26] although ultimately he did not buy it, and he did buy part of the foundry of Robert Mitchell in 1739. Some older types were sold by the foundry, including a display typeface cut by Moxon.^[27]

By the end of Caslon's life his types were quite conservative in design, although very popular.^[28] They therefore did not follow the more delicate, stylised and experimental "transitional" styles gaining ground in Europe taking inspiration from calligraphy and copperplate engraving.^[e] Alfred F. Johnson notes that his 1764 specimen "might have been produced a hundred years earlier".^[29] Stanley Morison described Caslon's type as "a happy archaism".^[30] His other types were also close copies of earlier designs: his blackletter types on textura designs, originally French and long standard in British printing,^[31][f] his Greek types on the sixteenth century Grecs du roi model^[36][37] and his Armenian type on types cut in the Netherlands by Miklós Kis.^[38]

Caslon trained his son William Caslon II (1720–1778) to also be a punchcutter. He was cutting his own types at the latest by 1738^[g] and by 1746 the firm was styled as "W. Caslon & Son".^[39] William Caslon I retired from the business in 1758 and moved out of the city to Bethnal Green.^[40]

The firm's labour history was not always harmonious. The firm had two apprentices, Thomas Cottrell and Joseph Jackson. According to Jackson's later client and friend John Nichols, when Jackson showed a punch he had made to William Caslon II, Caslon II hit him and threatened him with gaol.^[41] Jackson had in fact secretly drilled a hole through a wall to observe Caslon I teaching his son how to cut punches.^[41] Nichols wrote that after a dispute over the price of labour, Caslon II dismissed Cottrell and Jackson on suspicion of organising a deputation of workmen appealing to his retired father.^[41] They later set up as type founders themselves, first jointly before Jackson established his own foundry.^[41] According to Edward Rowe Mores, Caslon's brother Samuel worked at the foundry for a time as a mould maker before quitting following a dispute and moving back to Birmingham to work for another type founder, Anderton.^[42]

William Caslon II continued the business with success until his death in 1778.^[43] In c. 1774 – 1778, he introduced some very large poster-size types, likely intended for stagecoach services.^[44][45]

Competitors

The firm's competitors evolved over its existence. At the start of its existence, its main competitors were in London, especially the James foundry, which through purchasing the Grover and other foundries took over almost all the other London foundries which preceded Caslon, but gradually declined; on John James' death in 1772 it was purchased by the antiquarian and insurance pioneer Edward Rowe Mores for historical value.^[46] Alexander Wilson set up a Scottish type foundry in the 1740s and the low cost of labour in Scotland allowed it to undercut London prices.^[47]

By the time of William Caslon I's death, and certainly by the death of William Caslon II, aesthetic tastes were on the verge of changing.^[48] John Baskerville's 1757 edition of Virgil, printed in new types taking inspiration from calligraphy, attracted considerable attention. Baskerville's types were proprietary to him and only used by him and some printers he was connected with in Birmingham, but other founders rapidly began to create types in the same style.^[49]

Despite this, the Caslon style continued to be popular with printers. The Fry foundry of Bristol first entered the market in 1764 with copies of Baskerville's types, but finding them not commercially successful, proceeded to then produce copies of Caslon's, to the outrage of the Caslon family.^[h]

The anonymous introduction to a 1787 Fry foundry specimen frankly admitted "The plan on which they first sat out, was an improvement of the Types of the late Mr Baskerville of Birmingham...but the shape of Mr. Caslon's Type has since been copied by them with such accuracy as not to be distinguished from those of that celebrated Founder."^[50][i] Decades later, Dr. Edmund Fry, the foundry's last owner, commented that the foundry began operations

"about the year 1764, commencing with improved imitations of Baskerville's fonts...but they did not meet the encouraging approbation of the Printers, whose offices generally, throughout the kingdom, were stored from the London and Glasgow Founderies with types of the form introduced by the celebrated William Caslon...By the recommendation, therefore, of several of the most respectable printers of the Metropolis, Doctor Fry, the proprietor, commenced his imitation of the Chiswell Street Foundery...at vast expense, and with very satisfactory encouragement, during the completion of it."^[j][49]

James Mosley describes the Fry Foundry imitation of the Caslon types as "a very close copy that is not easy to tell from the original."^[51][52]

1778 to 1809

Since William Caslon II died intestate in 1778, ownership of the foundry was divided between his widow, Elizabeth (née Cartlitch), (1730–1795) and their two sons: William Caslon III (1754–1833), and his younger brother Henry until his death in 1788.^[43][13] Henry Caslon's widow was Elizabeth, née Rowe.^[43] An obituary of William Caslon II's widow Elizabeth Caslon in the Freemason's Magazine of March 1796 felt that:

An arduous task now devolved on Mrs. Elizabeth Caslon...the entire management of a very large concern did not, however, come with that weight which it would have borne upon one unaccustomed to the habits of business. Mrs Caslon...had for many years habituated herself to the arrangements of the foundry; so that when the entire care devolved upon her, she manifested powers of mind beyond expectation from a female not then in very early life. In a few years her son, the present Mr. William Caslon, became an active co-partner with his mother, but a misunderstanding between them caused a secession, and they separated their concerns...the urbanity of her manners, and her diligence and activity in the conduct of so extensive a concern, attached to her interest all who had dealings with her, and the steadiness of her friendship rendered her death highly lamented by all who had the happiness of being in the extensive circle of her acquaintance.^[53]

The London printer Thomas Curson Hansard saw the fifteen years of the foundry's history after William Caslon II died in 1778 (the period of Hansard's childhood) as a period of stagnation, with "little augmentation" to its stock of punches.^[54] Hansard wrote in Typographia, his 1825 textbook on printing:

It will not appear extraordinary that a property so divided and under the management of two ladies, though both superior and indeed extraordinary women, should be unable to maintain its ground triumphantly against the active competition which had for some time existed against it. In fact, the fame of the first William Caslon was peculiarly disadvantageous to Mrs. Caslon, as she never could be persuaded that any attempt to rival him could possibly be successful.^[54]

The foundry issued a new specimen book in 1785 and separate specimen of its large capitals,^[55] showcasing a range of complex printers' flowers and interlocking designs. James Mosley felt that the specimen of 1785 contained "little that is really new", with only two new typefaces compared to 1766, a script and an extra size of Syriac, although new flowers had been added.^[28][k] It attacked imitators of the Caslon foundry's types, writing that "the acknowledged excellence of this foundry...has excited the jealousy of the envious".^[56]

William Caslon III decided to leave the family business in 1792, buying up the foundry of Joseph Jackson (see below). In 1793, the major type founders in London formed a society or association, with the goal of functioning as a cartel for price fixing.^[57] Both Elizabeth Caslons attended for the Caslon foundry. William Caslon, now running his own foundry, also joined for his company.^[58][l] Elizabeth Caslon, the wife of William Caslon II, died in 1795. According to Hansard "the foundry was put up for auction in March 1799 and was bought by Mrs. Henry Caslon for £520. Such was the depreciation of the Caslon letter foundry, of which a third share, in 1792, sold for £3000."^[60][m] A. E. Musson felt that although the foundry had depreciated, this value exaggerated the situation and the price "was doubtless because she [Elizabeth Caslon, née Rowe] and her young son already had a large share in the firm."^[61]

Elizabeth Caslon decided to renew the foundry's materials, moving on from the types of William Caslon I which were going out of fashion. According to Hansard:

The management of the foundry devolved on Mrs. Henry Caslon, who, possessing an excellent understanding, and being seconded by servants of zeal and ability, was enabled, though suffering severely under ill health, in a great measure to retrieve its credit. Finding the renown of William Caslon no longer efficacious in securing the sale of his types, she resolved to have new fonts cut. She commenced the work of renovation with a new canon, double pica, and pica, having the good fortune to secure the services of John Isaac Drury, a very able engraver, since deceased. The Pica, an improvement on the style of Bodoni, was particularly admired, and had a most extensive sale. Finding herself, however, from the impaired state of her health...unable to sustain the exertions required in conducting so extensive a concern, she resolved, after the purchase of the foundry, to take as an active partner Mr. Nathaniel Catherwood, who by his energy and knowledge of business fully equalled her expectations.^[o]

Much of Drury's work survives intact in the collection of St Bride Library.^[67][62]

From 1807 the foundry was paid to cast a new "Porson typeface" for Greek for Cambridge University Press based on the handwriting of classicist Richard Porson, which had been cut by punchcutter Richard Austin.^[68][p] The design became successful and was widely imitated.^{[70][71][72][73]} The foundry seemingly had no input into the design of the punches (it did strike the matrices)^[68] and the Porson types were apparently exclusive to Cambridge, but the Caslon foundry later issued types from its own punchcutters in similar design (see below).^[74] Less successfully, around 1802–4, the foundry was commissioned to make Rusher's Patent Type, an attempt to create a new paper-saving typeface with no descenders. The type did not become popular.^[75][76][q]

The second Caslon type foundry

William Caslon III decided to move out of the family business. William Caslon I's apprentice Joseph Jackson had established a successful foundry at Dorset Street, Salisbury Square, near Fleet Street.^[78][r] When he died childless in 1792, William Caslon III bought up the Jackson foundry and sold his shares in the family business. He moved the foundry to Finsbury Square.^[81] Caslon apparently became bankrupt on January 5, 1793,^[82][83] but later rebuilt the business, moving it back to Salisbury Square. (Jackson's apprentice Vincent Figgins, who had hoped to take the foundry over, received support to set his own foundry up from his old client John Nichols.) He apparently was able to take matrices for non-Latin and textura types from his family foundry on leaving the business, and these appear in his specimens.^[79]

In 1807 William Caslon III's son, William Caslon IV took over the business. In 1810 he introduced a new kind of matrix, which he called Sans-pareil. These were made by cutting out the letter form in sheet metal and riveting it to a backing plate. This allowed very large letters to be cast more easily.^[84][s]

Some time before 1816, Caslon IV introduced a new sans-serif typeface, the first ever, which was branded as "Egyptian".^[85][86][87] In 1819, Caslon sold the foundry and it was bought by Blake, Garnett & Co., which became Stephenson Blake of Sheffield.^[78][t]

1809 onwards

Both Elizabeth Caslon (now Elizabeth Strong, since her remarriage) and Nathaniel Catherwood died in 1809, and the business was taken over by her son Henry Caslon and Catherwood's brother, John Hames Catherwood.^[90] In the view of James Mosley, they renewed the foundry's material "completely, making the firm a credible competitor in the sale of modern-face text types and the big new commercial letters which had been developed during the first two decades of the century."^[91][92]

During the early nineteenth century, the foundry employed as punchcutter Anthony Bessemer, the father of the industrialist Sir Henry Bessemer.^[93] Henry Caslon was Henry Bessemer's godfather and namesake.^[94][95] Bessemer later set up his own foundry.^[96]

In 1821, a Caslon & Catherwood specimen introduced a reverse-contrast typeface design, the first known, which it named 'Italian'.^{[97][89][98][99][100][101][u][103]} It had also issued new Greek typefaces by 1821 influenced by the Porson style; in Bowman's view they are "largely Porsonic, but never entirely so".^[104][105] Catherwood left the firm in 1821 and later joined the Bessemer foundry,^{[106][107][108]} and the company foreman Martin William Livermore became a partner.^[109]

In 1841, the Caslon foundry issued a specimen book showing its large range of typefaces, including fat face, slab-serif and sans-serif display typefaces, besides its range of text faces.^[110] Example pages are shown below:

In the mid-1840s, the Chiswick Press began using the original Caslon types again for book printing, and they gradually returned to popularity with fine book printers for high-class printing in a traditional style.^[111][112]

However, in 1846 the foundry was put up for auction because of Henry Caslon's declining health.^[113] The sale catalogue offered "to capitalists...a most valuable property for investment...containing the original works of its founder, William Caslon, which have been recently much in request for reprints, also a most extensive modern foundry".^[114] The sale did not reach the reserve price and the foundry continued under the ownership of the Caslon family.^[114] The sale catalogue which survives is however historically notable, as it lists the punchcutters of each of the foundry's more modern types from about 1795.^[114][115]

On Henry Caslon's death in 1850, the foundry was taken over by his son, Henry William Caslon.^[v] In the same year, the Caslon foundry bought up the London branch of the Wilson foundry.^[91] Yet again, changing tastes and probably the acquisitions of types from Wilson led to expansion in the foundry's stock; Johnson notes that "very few types are the same" in the 1857 specimen as in 1841.^[118][119]

Henry William Caslon was not successful as an owner of the company; its manager Thomas White Smith later wrote that Caslon was a man "of generous impulse, but of little wisdom in business matters" and losses led to an attempt to cut the wages of workers, leading to a strike.^[91] A later article wrote that "during one of these disagreements...Caslon was so apprehensive of personal violence that, to avoid a bombardment of rotten eggs and other objectionable missiles, he took the prudent course of leaving the foundry by a window which opened on to the parade ground at the rear of the premises."^[91][120]

On 14 July 1874, Henry William Caslon died at home in Medmenham; he was the last lineal male descendant of William Caslon.^[121] Despite the reports of labour unrest, his employees donated a memorial window to the local church commemorating him.^[122] The foundry was taken over by its manager, Thomas White Smith. He proved to be extremely successful as a promoter of the company, establishing a company magazine, Caslon's Circular, developing a French branch of the company based in Paris, and licensing display types from abroad.^{[123][124][125]} He wrote in a privately printed autobiography:

Feeling, naturally, regret that the honoured and historical name of "Caslon" should die out...my sons, at my request and recommendation, took the necessary legal steps to add the prefix Caslon to their own, and are now known as Caslon-Smiths. For myself I retain my own name and still subscribe myself Thos. W. Smith.^[126][127]

The Caslon-Smith family (now named Caslon) continued to own the Caslon type foundry for the rest of its existence, and as of 2021 continue to own Caslon Ltd.^[128][129]

In the late nineteenth century, the foundry's historic materials and building remained largely intact, retaining an eighteenth-century sales ledger^[8] and a letter from the eccentric Philip Thicknesse, a Caslon family friend.^[130] However, the foundry switched from casting some of Caslon's original types, now branded as Caslon Old Face, with facsimiles that could be cast by machine.^[111]

Twentieth century

By the late nineteenth century it was clear that for large-run printing of body text the future was hot metal typesetting, which cast fresh new type for each printing job, and in the case of the Linotype machine cast each line in rigid blocks. In 1897 James Figgins of the Figgins foundry commented "the Lino is ruining us entirely".^[131]

The Caslon foundry continued to be prosperous for some more decades, licensing the Cheltenham typeface from American Type Founders^[132] and issuing a specimen designed by the leading printer George W. Jones.^[111][133] The old house that had been the foundry's base for over 170 years was demolished in 1910 and replaced by modern premises.^{[134][135][136][137]} During the 1920s and 1930s it manufactured several types designed by Eric Gill for fine presses.^[138][139]

Legacy

The Caslon foundry ceased trading at the end of 1936 and was liquidated the following year.^[140][141]

The company name and many punches and matrices were bought up by Stephenson Blake, especially those of its best-selling types including the Caslon Old Face materials.^[142][143] The Monotype Corporation, meanwhile, bought up many of the other punches, including many nineteenth-century types and sets of decorated wood alphabets it had bought from the Pouchée foundry.^{[140][144][145]} These were later taken over by the St Bride Library, while Stephenson Blake's materials passed to the Type Archive collection when it ceased to cast metal type.^[142]

The printing equipment division and the French branch of the company became separate companies after the takeover. Materials of the Paris branch of the company, the Fonderie Caslon, are now held by the Musée de l'imprimerie, Nantes,^[142] while as of 2022 the printing equipment division, Caslon Ltd., continues in business, now based in St. Albans.^[128]

Digital fonts

Besides the many digitisations of William Caslon I's original types, several digital fonts based on the Caslon Foundry's later types have been published.^[146]

Designer Paul Barnes in particular has published a large series of digitisations of types from Caslon and other early nineteenth century British foundries through his company Commercial Type, under the imprint Commercial Classics.^[147] This includes Brunel, a large family based on the work of John Isaac Drury and revivals of many other Caslon typefaces.^{[148][149][150][151][152]} Jonathan Hoefler published a blackletter typeface, Parliament, based on the ultra-bold Caslon Foundry blackletter types of the early nineteenth century;^[153][154] another blackletter font family based on the Caslon Foundry's blackletter types is Avebury by Jim Parkinson.^[155]

List of names and proprietors of the foundry

• 1809–1821: Henry Caslon II and F. F. Catherwood
• 1821–1840: Henry Caslon II, H. W. Caslon and M. W. Livermore (trading as Caslon, Son and Livermore)
• 1840–1850: Caslon & Son
• 1850–1873: H. W. Caslon and Co.