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((Short description|Claimant to the Portuguese throne in 1580))
((for|wife of Charles II of England|Catherine of Braganza))
((infobox royalty
| name = Catherine
| image = Catarina duquesa braganza.jpg
| house = [[House of Aviz|Aviz]]
| father = [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Duarte, Duke of Guimarães]]
| mother = [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]
| spouse = ((marriage|[[João I, Duke of Braganza]]|1563|1583|end=died))
| issue = [[Teodosio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio of Braganza]] 
| issue-link = #Offspring
| issue-pipe = among others...
| birth_date = ((birth_date|1540|1|18|df=yes))
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| death_date = ((death date and age|1614|11|15|1540|1|18|df=yes))
| death_place = [[Vila Viçosa]], Portugal
| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
))

'''Infanta Catherine of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza''' by marriage (((lang-pt|Catarina)); ((IPA-pt|kɐtɐˈɾinɐ)), 18 January 1540 &ndash; 15 November 1614)((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|page=947)) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ''[[infanta]]'' (princess) claimant to the throne during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]].

==Biography==
===Background===
Catherine was the second daughter of [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Duarte, Duke of Guimarães]] (sixth son of [[Manuel I of Portugal]]) and [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]. On 6 December 1563, she married [[João I, Duke of Braganza]],((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|page=948)) head of the most powerful [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] house in [[Portugal]]. The two were first cousins.((sfn|Newitt|2019|p=69))

===Succession crisis===
((main|Portuguese succession crisis of 1580))

Following the death of young [[Sebastian, King of Portugal|King of Sebastian of Portugal]] in the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]], his great-uncle [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry I of Portugal]] succeeded to the throne.((sfn|Disney|2009|pages=174-176)) Elderly and bound to ecclesiastical vows, Henry could not produce a direct heir, leading to much deliberation over his successor during his short reign.((sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=224)) Catherine was Henry's preferred successor, but because of her sex, the powerful influence of Philip II, and the unpopularity of her husband, she failed to garner popular support.((sfn|McMurdo|1889|p=226)) Her main rivals were [[António, Prior of Crato]], the male-line but illegitimate grandson of Manuel I, and [[Philip II of Spain]], the son of Manuel's [[Isabella of Portugal|eldest daughter.]]

In February 1579, King Henry summoned the candidates to submit their claims to a panel of jurists. António's swift dismissal as a result of illegitimacy left only Philip II and Catherine in formal contention.((sfn|Disney|2009|p=193)) Catherine’s descent through a male line, as the daughter of Manuel's youngest son, Duarte, offered her precedence over Philip.((sfn|Newitt|2019|p=34)) The heir by primogeniture was Catherine’s nephew [[Ranuccio I Farnese|Ranuccio Farnese]],((efn|Rannucio's claim was not pressed because his father, [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma]], was an ally of Philip II.((sfn|Disney|2009|page=192))((sfn|Marques|1976|p=312)))) being the son of her late older sister [[Maria of Portugal, Hereditary Princess of Parma|Maria]],((sfn|Marques|1976|p=312)) followed by his siblings; then the Duchess herself and her children; and only after them, King Philip.((sfn|Newitt|2019|p=35)) Although Philip lacked legal arguments, he wielded immense power and influence over the Portuguese aristocracy, securing their support through bribery and coercion.((sfn|Marques|1976|p=313)) 

Philip even tried to bribe Catherine's husband, the Duke of Braganza, to abandon his wife's pretensions, offering him the Vice-Kingdom of [[Brazil]], the post of Grand-Master of the [[Order of Christ (Brazil)|Order of Christ]], a license to send a personal ship to [[India]] every year, and the marriage of one of his daughters to [[Diego, Prince of Asturias]], Philip's heir at that time. The Duke of Braganza, influenced by Catherine, refused the proposal.((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|page=462))

Despite António being formally eliminated, his popularity overshadowed Catherine's.((sfn|McMurdo|1889|pages=226-246)) Portugal had not yet seen an undisputed queen regnant and there were doubts about a woman's ability to effectively rule.((sfn|Pissurno|2016|p=49)) In this regard, her prospects should have been bolstered by having a husband with direct royal lineage with whom she could share sovereignty and a son, [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio]], that would serve as heir and successor to the throne.((sfn|Pissurno|2016|p=52)) However, the Duke of Braganza's perceived weak leadership and widespread unpopularity compounded by Teodósio's absence((efn|Following his participation in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir alongside King Sebastian, young Teodósio's return home was intentionally delayed by Philip during the succession crisis.((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|pages=463-464)))) only weakened Catherine's candidacy further.((sfn|Pissurno|2016|p=53))

King Henry died in January 1580 without having appointed a successor, leaving a regency of five governors to assume power while the panel continued to deliberate.((sfn|Livermore|1969|p=161)) António promptly sought to claim the throne through popular acclamation in Lisbon, while Catherine and her husband adopted a more cautious stance, awaiting the findings of Henry's panel of jurists. In the interim, Philip, growing impatient, initiated military preparations, dispatching the Duke of Alba to assert Portugal by force. Eventually, the Braganzas succumbed to Philip's military pressure.((sfn|Disney|2009|p=195)) After defeating António in the brief [[War of the Portuguese Succession]],  Philip was recognized as King of Portugal by the Cortes of [[Tomar]] in 1581.((sfn|Marques|1976|p=314))  

===Legacy===
In 1640, Catherine's grandson and direct heir, the then 8th Duke of Braganza, was proclaimed [[King John IV of Portugal]] by the Portuguese nobility, marking the end of the 60-year-old [[Iberian Union]] and establishing the [[House of Braganza]] on the Portuguese throne.((sfn|Stephens|1891|pages=300-304, 312)) The 'laws of Lamego' were used to justify his accession and designate the Spanish Habsburg king, [[Philip III of Portugal]], a usurper.((sfn|Marques|1976|p=327))

These laws, purportedly enacted by the [[Portuguese Cortes|Cortes]] of [[Lamego]] in 1143 but now widely accepted to be fictitious,((sfn|Stephens|1891|page=45)) asserted that no woman that married a foreign prince could inherit the Portuguese crown or transfer succession rights.((sfn|Newitt|2019|p=45)) This excluded both Philip II and Ranuccio Farnese from the succession, rendering Catherine the legitimate heiress.((sfn|Marques|1976|p=327))
==Issue==
Catherine and her husband had the following children:((citation needed|date=March 2024))
* Maria of Braganza (1565–1592). 
* Seraphina of Braganza (1566–1604), married [[Juan Fernandez Pacheco, 5th Duke of Escalona]], and had issue.
* [[Teodosio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio of Braganza]] (1568–1630), succeeded his father as [[Duke of Braganza]]; father of King [[John IV of Portugal]].((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|pages=463-464))
* Edward of Braganza, 1st Marquis of Frechilla. 
* Alexander of Braganza, [[Archbishop of Évora]].((sfn|Pereira|Rodrigues|1904|page=948)) 
* Cherubina of Braganza (1572–1580). 
* Angelica of Braganza (1573–1576). 
* Isabella of Braganza (1578–1582). 
* Philip of Braganza (1581–1608).

==Ancestry==
((ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Catarina of Portugal'''
|2= 2. [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Duarte, Duke of Guimarães]]
|3= 3. [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]
|4= 4. [[Manuel I of Portugal]]
|5= 5. [[Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal|Maria of Aragon]]
|6= 6. [[Jaime, Duke of Braganza]]
|7= 7. [[Leonor de Guzmán, Duchess of Braganza|Leonor de Guzmán y Velasco]]
|8= 8. [[Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu]]
|9= 9. [[Beatriz of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu|Beatrice of Portugal]]
|10= 10. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|11= 11. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
|12= 12. [[Fernando II, Duke of Braganza]]
|13= 13. [[Isabel of Viseu]]
|14= 14. [[Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Afán de Ribera, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia|Juan, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia]]
|15= 15. Isabel de Velasco y Mendoza
))

==Notes==
((notelist))
== References ==
===Citations===
((reflist))
===Sources===
*((cite book |last=Disney |first=A.&nbsp;R. |year=2009 |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryofportugalandtheportugueseempirevol1|series=From Beginnings to 1807 |volume= I: Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60397-3 ))
*((cite book |last=Livermore |first=H.V. |year=1969 |title=A New History of Portugal |url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofport0000unse_y9g3/page/n9/mode/2up |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521095716))
*((cite book |last1=Marques |first1=Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira |title=History of Portugal |date=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga1976marq))
*((cite book |last1=McMurdo |first1=Edward |title=The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III |date=1889 |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington|location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/historyportugal05mcmugoog/page/n10/mode/2up? |access-date=25 October 2023))
*((Cite book |last=Newitt |first=Malyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ21DwAAQBAJ&dq=infanta+catarina+portugal+braganza&pg=PP1 |title=The Braganzas: The Rise and Fall of the Ruling Dynasties of Portugal and Brazil, 1640–1910 |date=2019-10-15 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-165-8 |language=en))
*((cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Esteves |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Guilherme |title=Portugal: diccionario historico, chorographico, heraldico, biographico, bibliographico, numismatico e artistico |date=1904 |publisher=J. Romano Torres |location=Lisboa |url=https://archive.org/details/portugaldicciona02pere|language=Portuguese))
*((cite journal |last1=Pissurno |first1=Fernanda Paixão |title=Gênero e Poder na Crise Sucessória Portuguesa de 1578-80: Breves Notas sobre a Candidatura de D. Catarina, Duquesa de Bragança |trans-title=Gender and Power in the Portuguese Succession Crisis of 1578-80: Brief Notes on the Candidacy of D. Catarina, Duchess of Braganza |language=Portuguese|journal=Ars Historica |date=2016 |issue=13 |pages=44-61 |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=7588376 |publisher=Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
|access-date=14 March 2024))
*((cite book |last1=Stephens |first1=H. Morse |title=The Story of Portugal |author-link=Henry Morse Stephens|date=1891 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofportugal00step |access-date=14 March 2024))

((S-start))
((S-hou|[[House of Aviz]]|18 January|1540|15 November|1614|[[Portuguese House of Burgundy|House of Burgundy]]))
((S-pre))
((S-bef|before=[[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry]]))
((S-tul|title=[[List of Portuguese monarchs|Queen of Portugal and the Algarves]]<br><small>Beja claimant</small>|years=1580–1614|reason=Habsburg conquest of Portugal))
((S-aft|after=[[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio]]))
((s-end))

((Portuguese infantas))

((authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Catarina of Portugal, Duchess Of Braganza))
[[Category:1540 births]]
[[Category:1614 deaths]]
[[Category:Duchesses of Braganza]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantas]]
[[Category:House of Aviz]]
[[Category:House of Braganza]]
[[Category:Nobility from Lisbon]]

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