Monarchs of kingdoms within the boundaries of contemporary Italy from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD onwards.

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Pre-Roman period

Medieval
and
Early Modern
states

Barbarian kingdoms
(476–774)

Papal States
(754–1870)

Holy Roman Empire
and other
independent
states

Other Republics
(c. 1000–1797)

Byzantine	Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of Gaeta Catepanate of Italy Longobardia Theme of Lucania Duchy of Naples Theme of Sicily and Byzantine Sicily Duchy of Sorrento
Arab	Emirate of Bari Emirate of Sicily
Lombard	Principality of Benevento Principality of Salerno Principality of Capua
Norman	County of Apulia and Calabria County of Aversa County of Sicily Principality of Taranto

Sardinia
(from the 9th century)

Republics	Cisalpinia Cispadania Italy Liguria Lucca Parthenopea Piedmont Rome Subalpinia Transpadania
Monarchies	Benevento Etruria Guastalla Italy Lucca and Piombino Massa and Carrara Naples Pontecorvo Tuscany Elba Corsica

Post-Napoleonic
states

Duchy of Genoa (1815–1848)
Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1814–1829)
Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1814–1859)
Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1814–1859)
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1815–1859)
Italian United Provinces (1831)
Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
Roman Republic (1849–1850)
United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
Kingdom of Sardinia (1814–1860)
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1861)
Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
Papal States (1814–1870)

Post-unification	Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian Empire (1882–1960) Free State of Fiume (1920–1924) Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)