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((short description|History and status of the Catholic Church in Sichuan))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2022))
((Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = Emblem of the Papacy SE.svg
| icon_width          = 25px
| icon_alt            =
| name                = Catholic Church in Sichuan
| image = ((multiple image |border=infobox |perrow=2 |total_width=270 |image_style=border:1;
| image1 = Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.svg |width1=2046|height1=3051
| image2 = Joek Sat Tong.jpg |width2=26065|height2=35000
| image3 = Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png |width3=2911|height3=1890
))
| caption = Clockwise from upper left: [[Ecclesiastical heraldry|coat of arms]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]; [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]; [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].
| main_classification = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| orientation = [[Latin Church|Latin]]
| scripture = [[Catholic Bible]]
| theology = [[Catholic theology]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance = [[Catholic Patriotic Association|CPC]] and ((ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|lt=BCCCC|zh|中國天主教主教團)) ([[China–Holy See relations|controversial]])
| leader_title = [[Pope]]
| leader_name = [[Pope Francis|Francis]]
| leader_title1 = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archbishop of Chongqing]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sede vacante]]
| area = [[Sichuan]], [[Chongqing]], as well as [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and part of northwestern [[Yunnan]] under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]((efn|name=Lim))
| language = [[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]], [[Standard Chinese|Chinese]], [[English language|English]], [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]
| headquarters = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]]
| founder = [[Lodovico Buglio]]<br />[[Gabriel de Magalhães]]<br />((ill|François Pottier|fr))
| founded_date = ((Start date and age|1640|paren=yes))
| founded_place = [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[Ming dynasty|Ming Empire]]
| primary_schools =
| secondary_schools =
| publications =
))
The presence of the [[Catholic Church]] in the southwestern Chinese province of [[Sichuan]]((efn|Formerly romanized as ''Szechwan'' or ''Szechuan'' in English; and ((lang|fr|Sutchuen)), ((lang|fr|Setchuen)), ((lang|fr|Setchoan)) or ((lang|fr|Sétchouan)) in French.)) and city of [[Chongqing]]((efn|Chongqing, formerly romanized as ''Chungking'' in English, and ((lang|fr|Tchongkin)) in French, had been part of Sichuan until 1997.)) dates back to 1640, when two missionaries, [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]], through [[Jesuit missions in China]], entered the province and spent much of the 1640s evangelizing in [[Chengdu]] and its surrounding areas.((sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=6))

The [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Yongzheng edict of 1724]] proscribed Christianity in the [[Qing dynasty|Qing empire]] and declared foreign missionaries ((lang|la|[[Persona non grata|personae non gratae]])). Catholics in Sichuan learned how to make do without ordained priests. When the Qing became ever more possessed by the idea that Catholics belonged to a "heretical" organization (as contrasted with the "orthodoxy" of [[Confucianism]]) which might threaten the empire's order and rule, district magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to discrimination as well as social and political pressure against Catholic families. As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" whom were mistaken for [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhists]] by European missionaries after the [[Treaty of Tientsin|lifting of missionary controls in 1858]].<ref name="Laamann">((cite web |url=https://sichuanreligions.com/catholic-communities-in-qing-and-republican-china/ |title=Catholic Communities in Qing and Republican China: The Teaching of Heaven in the Land of the Four Rivers |last=Laamann |first=Lars Peter |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=sichuanreligions.com |access-date=29 September 2022))</ref>

Nevertheless, by 1870, the Catholic Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. By 1911, the number increased to 118,724 members.((sfn|Lü|1976|p=266)) Throughout its ecclesiastical history, Sichuan was one of the hotbeds of [[anti-missionary riots in China]].((sfn|Lü|1976|p=282))

Following the fall of [[mainland China]] to communism in late 1949, and the subsequent establishment of the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), the Church in Sichuan, as well as in other provinces, has been subjected to the control of the CPC since 1957, which generated [[China–Holy See relations|controversy between the Holy See and the People's Republic of China]], and created a [[Schism in Christianity|schism]] between CPC Catholics and those who remain loyal to Rome. The latter are commonly referred to as loyal church or "[[underground church]]" Catholics.((sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431))

According to 2011 data, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.((sfn|Zhang|2011)) This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.((sfn|Liu|2013|p=50))

Despite the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]] being the oldest bishopric in Sichuan, the [[Primate (bishop)|primate]] of the province is the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Archbishop of Chongqing]], with his seat at [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing|St. Joseph's Cathedral]]. The post has been [[Sede vacante|vacant]] since the last Archbishop ((ill|Peter Luo Beizhan|no)) died in 2001.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/chun0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Salt + Light Television|gcatholic.org]] |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

While works on the Catholic missions in the capitals of the Chinese empires are abundant ([[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Xi'an|Chang'an]], [[Christianity among the Mongols#Influence of Catholic Christianity|Khanbaliq/Karakorum]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nanjing|Nanjing]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing|Beijing]]), few Catholic phenomena have been analysed in the Sichuan Province.<ref name="Laamann" />

== History ==
=== Early period ===
[[File:Ludovico Buglio.jpg|thumb|left|110px|[[Lodovico Buglio]], first Catholic missionary in Sichuan.]]
In 1640, [[Lodovico Buglio]], a [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicilian]] Jesuit, arrived in [[Chengdu]] (Chengtu), the provincial capital, at the invitation of ((ill|Liu Yuliang|zh|劉宇亮)), a [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese native]] from [[Mianzhu]] and [[Grand Secretariat|Grand Secretary]] of the [[Ming dynasty]]. Thirty people were baptized the following year, who were the first Sichuanese Catholics. There was a certain Peter (Petrus) among them, according to ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' (1918), he was a descendant of the ((ill|Zhu Chun|lt=Prince Xian of Shu|zh|朱椿 (明朝))),((sfn|CLRCC|1998|p=176)) and quite active in the congregation.((sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=4)) After the Portuguese Jesuit [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] joined the mission in August 1642, work began at once in Chengdu, [[Langzhong|Baoning]] and [[Chongqing]].((sfn|Gourdon|1981|p=5))

In 1644, following [[Zhang Xianzhong]]'s invasion of Sichuan and the subsequent establishment of the [[Xi dynasty|"Great West" regime]], the mission was cut short and the two priests were held captive in Zhang Xianzhong's court until early 1647. In 1651, Magalhães submitted to Rome a report of their ordeal in Portuguese titled ((lang|pt|Relação da perda e destituição da Provincia e Christiandade de Su Chuen e do que os pes. Luis Buglio e Gabriel de Magalhães passarão em seu cativ)). The report was kept in the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu and was never published.((sfn|Chan|2011|p=93))

After the [[Zhang Xianzhong#Devastation of Sichuan|devastation of Sichuan]] (1645–1646) wrought by Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, a search for surviving converts was carried out during the 1660s by ((ill|Basil Xu|no|Xu Zhanzeng)), then the [[Circuit (administrative division)|intendant]] of ((ill|Eastern Sichuan Circuit|zh|川東道)), and his mother [[Candida Xu]], both Catholics. They found a considerable number of converts in Baoning. Candida then invited the French Jesuit priest Claude Motel (a.k.a. Claude Métel or Claudius Motel, 1618–1671((sfn|Charbonnier|2007))<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.macaumemory.mo/entries_da2a2812933f4270bcc7b42ac1592974?token=6lx/SIFb88sqEwARUgzX2w==&lgType=zh-mo |title=法國耶穌會士前往中國內地傳教 |trans-title=French Jesuit missionaries in China |last=Dehergne |first=Joseph |date=15 January 2019 |website=macaumemory.mo |language=zh-hant |access-date=29 April 2023))</ref>) to serve the congregation. Several churches were built in Chengdu, Baoning and Chongqing under Motel's supervision, and he baptized 600 people in one year.((sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=63–65))

=== 18th century ===
==== First half of the 18th century ====
[[File:Artus de Lionne.jpg|thumb|120px|[[Artus de Lionne]], first Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan.]]
[[File:Logo Mep.png|thumb|120px|Seal of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] (MEP). The MEP became the leading mission society for evangelization of Sichuan since the 18th century.]]
The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu#History|Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan]] was established on 15 October 1696, with its headquarters in Chengdu. Its first [[Apostolic vicariate|apostolic vicar]] was [[Artus de Lionne]], a French missionary of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] (((lang|fr|Missions étrangères de Paris)), abbreviated MEP).((sfn|Guiot|1892|p=42)) De Lionne managed to recruit four priests for his vicariate. In 1700, he entrusted the city of Chengdu and the western part of Sichuan to the MEP priests [[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]] and [[Jean-François Martin de La Baluère]]. Two [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarists]] were also placed at his disposal, [[Luigi Antonio Appiani]], an Italian, and ((ill|Johannes Müllener|ru|Мюлленер, Йоханнес)), a German. De Lionne entrusted them with Chongqing and the eastern part of Sichuan. Two different missionary congregations thus found themselves assuming responsibilities in the same province. Though very few in number and facing considerable hardship, the priests of these two societies competed for territory.<ref name="JC">((Cite web |url=http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean |title=Partir en mission 'à la Chine' |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815012317/http://www.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/pays-de-mission/la-chine/ |archive-date=15 August 2011 |url-status=dead))</ref>

The [[Lyon]]ese priest Jean Basset wrote a long memoir in 1702 in Chengdu, under the title of ((lang|fr|Avis sur la Mission de Chine)), lamenting the sad state of the Church in Sichuan after so many past efforts. For Basset, there was only one remedy: translating the [[Catholic Bible|Bible]] and authorizing a [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]] in Chinese. "It was", he pointed out, "the practice of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]] and it is the only way to familiarize the Chinese people with the Christian message".<ref name="JC"/> Basset set to work on the translation with the assistance of a local convert, Johan Su. Together they produced a [[New Testament]] translation in six large volumes which is now known as the ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament''.((sfn|Song|2021|pp=79–94))<ref>((cite web |url=https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/248121 |title=A Minor Figure, A Large History: A Study of Johan Su, a Sichuan Catholic Convert in the Early Qing Dynasty |last=Song |first=Gang |date=2017 |website=hub.[[University of Hong Kong|hku.hk]] |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

In 1723, the arrival of the Lo family in [[Jiangjin, Chongqing|Jiangjin]] made the town an important Catholic center in eastern Sichuan. The family was of [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] ancestry, whose members converted to Catholicism in 1695, and migrated to Sichuan shortly after their conversion. The Los built a church and a [[clergy house]] with donations from the local faithful. During a period of ten years from 1736 to 1746, Giovanni Battista Kou (Joannes-Baptista Kou; 1701–1763) had resided in the clergy house while doing missionary work.((sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=74–76)) Kou was a [[History of Beijing#Qing dynasty|Beijingese]] priest trained at the [[University of Naples "L'Orientale"|Collegio dei Cinesi]] in [[Naples]].((sfn|Zheng|2017|p=37)) The faithful from surrounding cities used to gather at the Jiangjin church to sing the [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] and receive the [[Sacraments of the Catholic Church|sacraments]] administered by Father Kou. Musical instruments such as [[Sheng (instrument)|sheng]] and [[Xiao (flute)|xiao]] were used during major [[Calendar of saints|Catholic feasts]].((sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=75–76))

During this period, an emerging phenomenon of [[consecrated virgin]]s came into existence in Sichuan. One of the earliest such virgins was Agnes Yang, a woman from [[Mingshan, Ya'an|Mingshan County]] in western Sichuan. Her baptism was confirmed by an MEP priest, [[Joachim-Enjobert de Martiliat]], the fourth Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan and author of the first detailed ''Rules for Consecrated Virgins'' (1744).((sfn|Tiedemann|2018|p=56))((sfn|De Martiliat|1921|pp=1–4)) De Martiliat visited Agnes again in 1733 when she was over fifty years old and found that she had remained faithful and chaste.((sfn|Li|2021|pp=64–65)) These unmarried Catholic women served as baptizers and female [[Catholic catechesis|catechists]] for the evangelization among women. The role they played was important in the growth of the Church in Sichuan, because of the segregation of the sexes in China.((sfn|Mungello|2021|p=120)) The most committed promoter of this practice was [[Jean-Martin Moye]], [[wiktionary:provicar|provicar]] in [[Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]) and [[Guizhou|Kweichow]] (future [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Archdiocese of Guiyang]]) since 1773, who founded the [[Congregation of Divine Providence|Congregation of the Sisters of Providence]] in [[Lorraine]] before entering the mission field of Sichuan.<ref name="JC" />

==== Latter half of the 18th century ====
[[File:François Pottier.jpg|thumb|160px|After a portrait of François Pottier painted in 1787 at Chengdu]]
In 1753, the MEP took over responsibility for Catholic mission in Sichuan.<ref>((cite web |url=https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2018/11/08/sichuans-catholic-past/ |title=On the Trail of Sichuan's Catholic Past |last=Ma |first=Te |date=8 November 2018 |website=[[Ohio State University|u.osu.edu]] |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref> In 1756, ((ill|François Pottier|fr)), a young priest ordained in [[Tours]] just three years ago, arrived in Sichuan, taking charge as provicar of the five or six thousand Catholics dispersed in the province. After three years of pastoral visits, he was arrested and tortured, spent a few months in prison in Chongqing. In 1767 he was appointed Titular Bishop of [[Ahtopol|Agathopolis]] and Apostolic Vicar of Szechwan. His episcopal consecration on 10 September 1769 took place in [[Xi'an]], the capital of [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]], where he had to flee during a persecution. Having sold his house in Chengdu in 1764, Pottier retired with seven students to a cottage in Fenghuangshan (Phoenix Mountain), 7 kilometers west of Chengdu. His poor school reminded him of the [[Nativity of Jesus|stable in Bethlehem]], he called it the "Nativity Seminary". In 1770, his school was denounced to the authorities, and the cottage was destroyed. A few years later, Bishop Pottier resumed the work of training future priests by founding in 1780 a seminary at Long-ki in the Sichuan-[[Yunnan]] border region. From 1780 to 1814, forty priests left this seminary and moved to Lo-lang-keou in southern Sichuan shortly after its opening.<ref name="JC"/>

In 1783, Pottier chose [[Jean-Didier de Saint-Martin]] as [[Coadjutor bishop|coadjutor]] and ordained him bishop at Chengdu on 13 June 1784. Saint-Martin was imprisoned and then expelled from China the following year, but he managed to return to his post in 1792, the year of Pottier's death. He ensured his own succession by taking [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] as coadjutor, whom he ordained [[Tabarka#Ecclesiastical history|Bishop of Tabraca]] in 1800. This new bishop already had twenty years of experience in Sichuan, where he arrived in 1776. His ministry was interrupted by the persecution of 1784. Dufresse was imprisoned, brought to Beijing and then exiled to [[Portuguese Macau]] and the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Spanish Philippines]], he secretly returned to Chengdu in 1789 and was put in charge of the Eastern Szechwan and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou missions]]. On the death of Saint-Martin in 1801, he took charge of the entire province. Despite the insecurity and multiple setbacks, the Church in Sichuan was then relatively prosperous. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests in the province. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests. The pastoral experience accumulated during the 18th century made it possible to establish a general directory of the conditions of Christian life and the ministry of the sacraments.<ref name="JC"/>

==== Persecution ====
The Christians in the 18th century suffered from persecution on both the local and national levels. Since the beginning of the [[Chinese Rites controversy]] in the 17th century, i.e., a dispute among Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism, the position of foreign missionaries in China became very difficult. In 1724, the [[Yongzheng Emperor]] prohibited the propagation of Christianity through his [[Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor|Amplified Instructions on the Sacred Edict]], which was issued by [[Kangxi Emperor|his predecessor]] to instruct the average subjects in the empire in the basic principles of Confucian orthodoxy.((sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58))

In addition to imperial persecutions, Catholics in Sichuan had to face formidable local opposition. The ordinary inhabitants of Sichuan had little toleration for this new religion. Catholics were harassed by officials and common people alike, who regarded the Catholics as non-comformists going against long-established traditions such as the segregation of the sexes according to Confucian teachings, for Catholic men and women prayed together in churches. Local authorities actively sought opportunities to humiliate them in order to better their position in the eyes of common people. Catholics were also accused of being members of a secret political society that might threaten the imperial rule. District magistrates found it convenient to manipulate non-Catholic communities against the Catholics, leading to injustices against the latter in the courts. Catholics often lost their cases, their properties were consequently confiscated, their churches destroyed. Some well-to-do families were thus reduced to poverty and had to beg for food in the streets.((sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=57–58))<ref name="Laamann" />

As a consequence, significant numbers of Catholics withdrew into the remote mountains and hinterlands of western Sichuan, becoming "hidden Christians" in order to avoid official attention. This situation remained until the lifting of missionary controls in 1858 by the [[Treaty of Tientsin]].<ref name="Laamann" />

During the persecution in the first half of the 18th century, when all European missionaries were forced to leave Sichuan, André Ly was left as the senior Catholic priest in the province.((sfn|Entenmann|1997|p=6)) Ly was a native of [[Hanzhong]],<ref name="MEP-AL">((cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/eglises-asie/2001-09-16-la-catechese-du-pretre-chinois-andre-li-1692-1775/ |title=La catéchèse du prêtre chinois André Li (1692–1775) dans la province du Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 March 2010 |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=28 April 2024))</ref> a city located in [[Southern Shaanxi|southwestern Shaanxi]] but [[Ba–Shu culture|culturally Ba–Shu]] (i.e. Sichuanese).((sfn|Yan|Wang|2011|p=3009)) He studied at [[College General|St. Joseph's Seminary]] in [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)|Ayuthia]] and was well versed in [[Latin]]. He kept a diary in Latin every day from 1746 to 1763, in which he recorded persecutions and his pastoral activities.<ref name="MEP-AL" /> In 1906, his voluminous diary was published in Paris under the title of ((lang|fr|Journal d'André Ly)) (((lang|la|Diarium Andreæ Ly))).((sfn|Ly|1906))

=== 19th century ===
==== First half of the 19th century ====
((multiple image
 | total_width       = 250
 | image1            = Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse.jpg
 | image2            = Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis.png
 | footer            = Bishop Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse, future martyr saint, presented ((lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis)) to Rome, fruit of the First Synod of Sichuan, which was the first Catholic synod held in China.
))
On 2 September 1803, [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse|Bishop Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] convened the first synod in China near [[Chongzhou|Chongqingzhou]] (((lang|fr|Tchong-king-tcheou)), 'Chongqing Prefecture'), 40 kilometers west of Chengdu.<ref name="JC"/>((sfn|Wright|1908|p=322)) Thirteen Chinese priests and two French priests participated, namely Dufresse and ((ill|Jean-Louis Florens|no)).((sfn|Camps|2009|p=115)) The decisions published in ((lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis)) refer primarily to the pastoral care of the sacraments. Chapter 10 deals with the ministry of the priests, recommending fervor in the spiritual life and discretion in temporal things. The provisions of the [[First Synod of Sichuan]] were to guide the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until the [[Plenary Council of Shanghai]] in 1924.<ref name="MEP">((cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/eglises-asie/2000-09-16-canonisation-de-martyrs-de-leglise-en-chine/ |title=Canonisation de martyrs de l'église en Chine |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=18 March 2010 |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>((sfn|SVS|1822))

In 1805, the [[Jiaqing Emperor]] launched an even harsher persecution which lasted for many years. In Sichuan, the first victim was ((ill|Augustine Tchao|fr|Augustin Tchao)), a priest from [[Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County|Wuchuan]], [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]], who died after torture in a prison in Chengdu on 27 January 1815. Bishop Dufresse was also a victim during this persecution. He was betrayed to the imperial authorities by a scared new convert under torture, and was arrested on 18 May 1815. He was taken to [[Xinjin, Chengdu|Xinjin]], then to Chengdu, where he was beheaded on 14 September of the same year in the North Gate Square.<ref name="MEP" /> His head was tied to a post and his body was exposed for three days as a warning to others. He was canonized a saint by [[Pope John Paul II]] on 1 October 2000.<ref>((cite web |url=http://catholicsaints.info/saint-jean-gabriel-taurin-dufresse/ |title=Saint Jean-Gabriel-Taurin Dufresse |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 February 2022 |website=catholicsaints.info |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

[[File:Eglise de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|250px|Interior of Annunciation Church, Dengchigou, former Seminary of Muping.]]
In 1830, the MEP, as a [[society of apostolic life]] which had the objective of evangelizing non-Christian Asian countries, secretly opened a college at [[Muping Town|Muping]] (in French, ((lang|fr|Moupin))), on Sichuan-Tibetan border, known as Muping Seminary or ((lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation)) (presently the ((ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church at Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou))) to recruit local clergy. [[Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert]], founder of the seminary, became the first [[Superior (hierarchy)|superior]]. He lived there for twelve years before leaving for [[Catholic Church in Korea|Korea]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/1894/Saints-Laurent-Imbert--Pierre-Maubant-et-Jacques-Chastan.html |title=Saints Laurent Imbert, Pierre Maubant et Jacques Chastan, Martyrs en Corée (+ 1839) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=nominis.[[Bishops' Conference of France|cef.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://missionsetrangeres.com/martyrsdasie/saint-laurent-imbert/ |title=Saint Laurent Imbert |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=missionsetrangeres.com |language=fr |access-date=26 April 2024))</ref> In one of his letters, he wrote, "the Szechwan Mission is well enough furnished to be able to do without a missionary."<ref>((cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/ancienne_publication/annales-de-la-societe-des-missions-etrangeres-1933/annales-n-214/ |title=Annales de la Société des Missions Étrangères nº 214, 1933 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |page=3 |access-date=26 April 2024))</ref> In 1858, the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] effectively legalized Christian missions in China, a century ban on Catholicism came to an end. Newly arrived missionaries in western Sichuan mistook those "hidden Christians" for Buddhists.<ref name="Laamann" />

==== Latter half of the 19th century ====
After 1858, many of the missionaries stationed at the ((lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation de Moupin)) were well educated in the natural sciences (botany, zoology, geology) and sought to come into contact with scientific establishments of Paris.((sfn|Van Grasdorff|2007)) Today the Annunciation Church is well-remembered thanks to [[Armand David]], a [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] missionary as well as a zoologist and a botanist, who in 1869 arrived at Muping in a [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chair]]. There, he discovered the [[giant panda]], which was hitherto known only to the Chinese. About fifty local students studied at the Muping Seminary under the direction of Anatole Dugrité, superior of the ((lang|fr|Collège de l'Annonciation)). At that time, the college and mission station belonged to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan]] whose bishop was ((ill|Annet-Théophile Pinchon|fr)).<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/il-y-a-150-ans-le-pere-armand-david-arrivait-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin-l-actuel-comte-de-baoxing.html |title=Il y a 150 ans, le Père Armand David arrivait dans la principauté de Moupin, l'actuel comté de Baoxing |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=1 March 2019 |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

On 20 September 1880,((sfn|He|2020)) the Second Synod of Sichuan was convened by Bishop [[Jules Lepley]] and held in [[Yibin|Suifu]],<ref>((cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/0790-lepley-jules/ |title=Jules LEPLEY |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=12 March 2024))</ref> seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]]. Participants included the apostolic vicars and provicars of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Northwestern Szechwan]], Southern Szechwan, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Kweichow]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]].((sfn|He|2020))

[[File:领报修院07.jpg|thumb|250px|The abandoned Annunciation Seminary]]
At [[Bailu, Pengzhou]], construction of the [[Annunciation Seminary, Bailu|Annunciation Seminary]] was started in 1895 by Bishop [[Marie-Julien Dunand]], successor to Bishop Pinchon who died in 1891.((sfn|Liao|2014)) The seminary was designed by two French missionaries, Alexandre Perrodin and Léon Rousseau. The construction lasted 13 years, after its completion in 1908, it became an important institute for the training of priests in the province at that time.((sfn|Tan|Ruan|Chen|Ma|2013|pp=120–121))

That same year (1895) was marked by a serious outbreak of anti-foreign agitation began in the capital Chengdu, and thence spread throughout the province.((sfn|ABFMS|1920|p=20)) In the capital, the property of the Catholic mission and that of three [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant missions]] was destroyed;((sfn|Stewart|1934)) and all missionaries of all missions, Catholic and Protestant alike, were thankful to escape with their lives.((sfn|Various authors|1920|p=42))

((multiple image |perrow=2 |total_width=290
| image1 = Adolphe Roulland.png
| image2 = Thérèse of Lisieux holding La Mission du Su-tchuen.jpg
| image3 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland.jpg
| image4 = Saint Thérèse's picture for Father Roulland (detail).jpg
| footer = Above: Adolphe Roulland, a spiritual brother of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux; Thérèse of Lisieux holding in her right hand ((lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au ((smallcaps2|XVIII))((small|((sup|me)))) siècle)). Below: Saint Thérèse's Sacred Heart picture for Father Adolphe Roulland. Beneath the Divine Blood flowing on the earth, she inscribed ((lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental)), as can be discerned in the enlarged detail on the right.
))

On 29 July 1896, a newly ordained priest [[Adolphe Roulland]], was sent to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]] by Paris Foreign Missions Society. The next year, he was appointed vicar at [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] (Yeou-yang), in the city of Chongqing. Five years later (1902), he was appointed parish priest of Mapaochang (Ma-pao-tchang; now merged with ((ill|Shima Town|zh|石馬鎮 (重慶市)))) in the same city, where he stayed for seven years.<ref>((cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2226-roulland-adolphe/ |title=Adolphe ROULLAND |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=25 November 2022))</ref> Roulland was a spiritual brother of [[Thérèse of Lisieux|Saint Thérèse of Lisieux]]. He gifted the ((ill|Carmelite Convent of Lisieux|fr|Carmel de Lisieux)) the book by Léonide Guiot, ((lang|fr|La Mission du Su-Tchuen au ((smallcaps2|XVIII))((small|((sup|me)))) siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur)) ('The Su-Tchuen Mission in the 18th Century: Life and Apostolate of Bishop Pottier, Its Founder', 1892), which had a great influence on Thérèse.((sfn|Marin|2010))

Thérèse gave Roulland a [[Sacred Heart]] picture accompanied by a prayer: "O Divine Blood of Jesus! Water our mission, sprout the elect." Surrounded by floral marginalia, the heart with a small cross is depicted dripping a drop of blood on ((lang|fr|Su-Tchuen oriental)), denoting the spilled [[Blood of Christ|Divine Blood]] on the Mission of Chongqing.((sfn|Zuazua|2014|p=22))<ref>((cite web |url=https://archives.carmeldelisieux.fr/en/archive/decouverte-de-lt-193-bis/ |title=Rediscovery of an image of Thérèse after 80 years in a cupboard |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=archives.carmeldelisieux.fr |access-date=13 October 2023))</ref>

In her letter to Roulland dated 30 July 1896, Thérèse expressed her hope for a visit to Sichuan: "I have attached the [[:File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|map of Su-Tchuen]] on the wall where I work, [...] I will ask Jesus' permission to go to visit you at Su-Tchuen, and we shall continue our apostolate together."((sfn|Therese of Lisieux|2014)) Today, in addition to keeping one of Thérèse's letters to Fr. Roulland, the Church of Janua Coeli at Shima (((ill|Ma Pao Tchang Church|zh|馬跑教堂))) also preserves one of her [[Relic#Christianity|relics]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.fides.org/zh/news/4532-%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD_%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%96%84%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E5%A5%B3%E5%B0%8F%E5%BE%B7%E8%82%8B%E6%92%92%E4%B8%BB%E4%BF%9D_%E5%BC%80%E5%90%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%8E%A5%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99%E8%8A%82 |title=各地善度圣女小德肋撒主保、开启传教月迎接传教节 |trans-title=Celebration of the Feast Day of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux and the Missionary Month took place in various places in China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 October 2009 |website=[[Agenzia Fides|fides.org]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=25 November 2022))</ref>

=== 1900–1949 ===
((multiple image
 | image1 = Jean-André Soulié.jpg
 | width1 = 150
 | caption1 = Jean-André Soulié
 | image2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig.png
 | width2 = 140
 | caption2 = Jean-Théodore Monbeig
 | footer_background = #F7E7CE
 | footer_align = center
 | footer = Missionaries in the Sichuan-Tibetan borderland
))
In 1905, four French missionaries were killed in the [[Batang uprising|Bathang uprising]], including [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], who worked in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet]]. He was captured, tortured and shot by [[lama]]s close to [[Yarigong Township, Sichuan|Yaregong]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |title=Un Missionnaire Massacré au Thibet : M. Soulié |last=Launay |first=Adrien |date=1905 |website=archives.mepasie.org |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122174739/http://archives.mepasie.org/annales-des-missions-etrangeres/un-missionnaire-massacra-c-au-thibet |archive-date=22 November 2015))</ref> Nine years later (1914), [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]], another French missionary working in the [[Kham|Sichuan-Tibetan border region]], was killed by lamas near [[Litang County|Lithang]], not long after helping revive the Christian community at [[Batang, Sichuan|Bathang]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://irfa.paris/missionnaire/2423-monbeig-jean-theodore/ |title=Jean-Théodore MONBEIG |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=irfa.paris |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000329716 |title=Monbeig, Jean-Théodore (1875-1914) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=plants.jstor.org |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

In 1918, French missionary François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon edited and published in Chongqing ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', by the authority of ((ill|Célestin Chouvellon|fr)), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing#Episcopal ordinaries|Bishop of Eastern Szechwan]]. This work is allegedly based on [[Gabriel de Magalhães]]'s ((lang|pt|Relação das tyranias obradas por Canghien Chungo famoso ladrão da China em o anno de 1651)).((sfn|Chan|2011|p=68)) In addition, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'', detailing the history of the Church in [[Anyue County]] (((small|[[Sichuanese Pinyin|Sichuanese romanization]]:)) ''Anyo''), was published in 1924, with the approval of Urbain Claval, Provicar of Eastern Szechwan.((sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=111))

By the end of 1921, there were 143,747 Catholic Christians in Sichuan. These worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province which was divided into four bishoprics with episcopal residences at [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]]. Almost 8,000 adults were baptized into the Catholic Church during 1918. In addition to regular evangelistic activities, the Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students. There were three colleges in the province, two in Chongqing and one in Chengdu; ten seminaries, and five schools for girls. Catholic missions also reported five hospitals and seven dispensaries.((sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228))

[[File:BarrachinaLapiedra-1990-Fray.Pascual.Nadal.Oltra (cropped).jpg|thumb|190px|Pascual Nadal Oltra, a [[Pego, Alicante|Pego]]-born Franciscan missionary, beheaded in 1935 in [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan.]]
[[File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien.png|thumb|190px|St. Anne's Church, Moxi]]
In 1930, a Spanish [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friar and artist ((ill|Pascual Nadal Oltra|es)) arrived in [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] (Mosimien), a small town located in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê]], one of the three Tibetan regions of Western Sichuan. With the support of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding#Ordinaries|Bishop of Tatsienlu]] (((ill|Pierre-Philippe Giraudeau|fr))) and his coadjutor ((ill|Pierre Valentin|fr)), Oltra, the Father Guardian Plácido Albiero, a Canadian friar Bernabé Lafond and an Italian José Andreatta formed the founding community of a [[leper colony]] established near ((ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|lt=St. Anne's Church|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién))),((sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=59)) known as St. Joseph's Home.((sfn|LIC|1949|p=469)) There were dormitories for leper patients, a pharmacy and an infirmary. The installation of the first lepers was not easy, given their ignorance and the situation of marginalization and social aversion in which they lived. Nevertheless, by 1935, the missionaries already had a hundred patients.((sfn|Barrachina Lapiedra|1990|p=65))

In May 1935, a communist army column led by [[Mao Zedong]] (Mao Tse Tung) was fleeing [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s regular army to northwest China through the Moxi area, part of a military retreat later known as [[Long March]]. According to the [[Valencia]]n Franciscan friar José Miguel Barrachina Lapiedra, author of the book ((lang|es|Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China)), and a report published in ''[[CatholicNews|Malaya Catholic Leader]]'', the official newspaper of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Singapore|Archdiocese of Singapore]]: "The communist soldiers entered the leper colony, they looted the residence and arrested the friars and sisters. Many of the lepers tried to defend the missionaries, but they were shot by the soldiers. The Franciscans were then brought before Mao Tse Tung, who interrogated them, imprisoned two of them, Pascual Nadal Oltra and an Italian friar [[Epifanio Pegoraro]], and released the rest. There were more than 30,000 Reds in the band, including a large number of women. Before their departure, the soldiers ransacked the village, carrying away everything movable and edible, left the people of the district without means of subsistence. Days later, on 4 December 1935, the army reached ((ill|Lianghekou, Xiaojin|lt=Leang Ho Kow|zh|兩河口鎮 (小金縣))), [[Xiaojin County|Tsanlha]], where the two Franciscans were beheaded with a sword."<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.radiopego.com/investigacio-a-fons-de-la-mort-de-fra-pascual-nadal-oltra/ |title=Investigació a fons de la mort de Fra Pascual Nadal Oltra |last=Garcia |first=Sara |date=29 November 2006 |website=radiopego.com |language=ca-valencia |access-date=6 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.lasprovincias.es/valencia/prensa/20061129/ocio/investigan-muerte-1935-fraile_20061129.html |title=Investigan la muerte en 1935 de un fraile de Pego en China |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=29 November 2006 |website=[[Las Provincias|lasprovincias.es]] |language=es |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>((sfn|MCL|1935|p=7))((sfn|Borao Mateo|2017|p=183))

In her letter to the poet [[Raymond Cortat]], dated 17 January 1937, [[Marie-Rosine Sahler]], a member of the [[Franciscan Missionaries of Mary]], recounts in detail her journey, her arrival in China and her life in the Mosimien leper colony, a testimony about the political hardship: "In 1935, the leper colony was savagely attacked by communist army and the mission community had to flee to the mountains and stay there for eight days. Upon her return, she found the leper colony ransacked and all supplies looted. Nevertheless, the community managed to recover and welcome back the sick, who in 1937 were 148 people."<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.diocese15.fr/diocese/patrimoine/en-direct-des-archives/2020/une-missionnaire-aurillacoise-au-tibet |title=Une missionnaire aurillacoise au Tibet |last=Moulier |first=Pascale |date=2020 |website=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint-Flour|diocese15.fr]] |language=fr |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

In 1947, [[Trappists|Trappist monks]] from ((ill|Our Lady of Joy Abbey, Zhengding|lt=Our Lady of Joy Abbey|zh|正定神樂院)) ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhengding|Diocese of Zhengding]]) transferred their monastery to [[Xindu, Chengdu]], due to the [[Chinese Civil War|ongoing civil war]]. Father Paulin Li and forty monks reached their destination via Shanghai. They remained in Sichuan for two years, until the end of 1949, when the communist invasion reached there, too. By which time, north and central China were already taken over by communists. It became evident that the monastic community had to move again.((sfn|Ferreux|2022))<ref name="CATW">((cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |title=聖母神樂院滄桑五十年簡史——乙、四川成都的【神樂院】(一九四七 ~ 一九五零) |trans-title=A brief history of the 50-year vicissitudes of Our Lady of Joy Abbey: The Chengdu Monastery, Sichuan (1947–1950) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference of Taiwan|catholic.org.tw]] |language=zh-hant |access-date=4 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051203083744/http://www.catholic.org.tw/trappist/htmls/his.htm |archive-date=3 December 2005))</ref> On Christmas Day, 1949, communists occupied the Chengdu Monastery and its surrounding land. A couple of the young monks were severely beaten, three were martyred after brutal torture, namely, Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, and Father You.((sfn|Hattaway|2007)) Father Paulin Li managed to transfer ten of the monks to Canada, including nine Chinese nationals and one [[Belgians|Belgian]]. Eventually, the abbey was re-established on [[Lantau Island]], [[British Hong Kong]]. A permanent location for [[Our Lady of Joy Abbey|Our Lady of Joy Abbey at Hong Kong]] was secured on 19 February 1956.<ref name="CATW" />

==== Spanish Redemptorist missions ====
((Main|Spanish Redemptorist missions in Sichuan))
[[File:Comunidad de los redentoristas españoles en Chengtu.png|thumb|Spanish Redemptorist community in Chengdu, with [[Jacques-Victor-Marius Rouchouse]], then the Apostolic Vicar of Chengtu.]]
The [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Redemptorists|Redemptorist]] missions in Sichuan lasted from 1934 until 1952, when the last Spanish Redemptorists were expelled from China by the newly-established communist regime.((sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15))

In February 1928, Segundo Miguel Rodríguez, José Morán Pan and Segundo Velasco Arina sailed for north China at the request of [[Celso Benigno Luigi Costantini]].((sfn|Boland|1987|p=75))((sfn|Tiedemann|2016|p=15)) Initially, they were put in charge of the seminary of the [[Congregatio Discipulorum Domini|Congregation of the Disciples of the Lord]] in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xuanhua|Apostolic Vicariate of Süanhwafu]], [[Hebei|Hebei Province]]. They then began their own missionary work in [[Xiping County|Siping]], [[Henan|Henan Province]], until they found a new home in the remote western province of Sichuan.((sfn|Boland|2002|p=605))

Their first permanent foundation was made in the provincial capital [[Chengdu]] on 24 April 1934,((sfn|Boland|1987|p=76)) which expanded to include a mission house and a chapel.((sfn|Donnithorne|2019)) In addition to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu]], the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyuanfu]] became their second mission base in 1938. This district covers the entire [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosu Country]] that is further to the west and bordered by [[Kham|eastern Tibet]]. The [[Galicians|Galician]] priest [[Juan Campos Rodríguez]] spent most of his China years in [[Xichang|Sichang]] (i.e. Ningyuanfu).((sfn|Boland|2002|p=606)) The two foundations in Sichuan subsequently became the Redemptorist Vice-Province of China with Father José Pedrero as superior.((sfn|Boland|2002|p=607))

== 1949–present ==
=== Background ===
After the communist takeover of China in 1949, a combination of assertive nationalism and socialist ideology led to the eradication of the Western presence in the country, including Western culture and products. "The denunciation of anything Western as 'capitalist', '[[bourgeois]]' and representative of the '[[imperialism|imperialist]] world' reached a peak during the ideological extremism of the [[Korean War]] (1950–1953) when the final vestiges of the Western economic and cultural presence were eradicated."((sfn|Hooper|2000|p=442)) Missionary and communist ambitions simply were irreconcilable and the wide ideological gap could not be bridged. The stage had been set for the communists' catastrophic assault on the missionary enterprise during the Civil War period (1946–1949) and the expulsion of virtually all foreigners in the early 1950s.((sfn|Tiedemann|2005|p=60)) Foreign missionaries who were suspected of being spies were arrested, some were sent to "[[Thought reform in China|thought reform]] centers" in which they underwent disturbing re-education process in a vindictive prison setting.((sfn|Lifton|1957|pp=626–644)) Missionary institutes funded by foreign money were closed down and all foreign missionaries expelled from the country.((sfn|Leung|1995)) [[Catholic Church in China|Catholicism in China]], like all religions in the country, has since been permitted to operate only under the supervision of the [[State Administration for Religious Affairs]]. All legal worship has to be conducted in government-approved churches belonging to the [[Catholic Patriotic Association]], which does not accept the [[Papal primacy|primacy of the Roman pontiff]].((sfn|Moody|2013|pp=403–431))

=== Church in Sichuan and Tibet ===
During the [[Land Reform Movement]] in the early 1950s, several [[Legion of Mary]] (LOM) organizations in [[Pengzhou]] were banned and persecuted, since the communist regime termed the LOM a "counter-revolutionary force".((sfn|Qin|Shen|2008|p=225))<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/winter-olympics-venue-tainted-by-chinas-massacre-of-catholics/95749 |title=Winter Olympics venue tainted by China's massacre of Catholics |last=Rozario |first=Rock Ronald |date=17 January 2022 |website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|ucanews.com]] |access-date=22 October 2022))</ref>

In 1989, while an [[Diocesan administrator|administrator]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Qinzhou|Diocese of Qinzhou]], ((ill|John Baptist Wang Ruohan|pl)) was consecrated "[[Underground church|underground bishop]]" [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|of Kangding]] by ((ill|Paul Li Zhenrong|no)), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Xianxian|Bishop of Xianxian]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bishops-in-china.com/default.asp?iId=KGMFJ |title=Bishops in China, W: Wang Ruohan, John Baptist |last=Brender |first=Andreas |date=2012 |website=bishops-in-china.com |access-date=10 October 2023))</ref> In 2011, John Baptist was arrested by Chinese security forces, along with his brothers, Bishop [[Casimir Wang Mi-lu]] and Father [[John Wang Ruowang]], as well as a group of lay faithful, who do not belong to the government-authorized Catholic Patriotic Association.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Tianshui:-police-arrest-dozens-of-underground-priests-and-lay-faithful-22441.html |title=Tianshui: police arrest dozens of underground priests and lay faithful |last=Wang |first=Zhicheng |date=24 August 2011 |website=asianews.it |access-date=10 October 2023))</ref>

In 2005, Chinese government officials planned to consecrate two bishops in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Dioceses of Chengdu]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Leshan (Jiading)]] without papal mandate, whose appointments were rejected by the approximately 140,000 faithful in both dioceses, due to their open political maneuvering.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.cecc.gov/publications/commission-analysis/catholic-world-news-prc-government-to-force-new-bishops-on |title=Catholic World News: PRC Government to Force New Bishops on Registered Catholic Church in Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 March 2005 |website=[[Congressional-Executive Commission on China|cecc.gov]] |access-date=27 August 2023))</ref>

Following the devastation of dozens of churches by the [[2008 Sichuan earthquake]],<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Dozens-of-churches-destroyed-or-devastated-by-Sichuan-earthquake-12314.html |title=Dozens of churches destroyed or devastated by Sichuan earthquake |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=21 May 2008 |website=asianews.it |access-date=14 September 2022))</ref> [[Audrey Donnithorne]] set up a fund for the reconstruction of churches, schools and nurseries in that province where she had been born in 1922. Audrey was the daughter of [[Vyvyan Donnithorne]], an English [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Anglican]] missionary stationed at the [[Gospel Church, Guanghan|Gospel Church of Hanchow]] in northern Sichuan during the 1930s. Dissatisfied with the [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant]] religious life on the campus of [[West China Union University]] in [[Chengdu]],((sfn|Donnithorne|2019)) she converted to Catholicism in 1943,<ref>((cite web |url=https://hkrbooks.com/2021/01/10/china-in-lifes-foreground/ |title=Book Review: ''China: In Life's Foreground'' |last=Zhang |first=Emma |date=10 January 2021 |website=hkrbooks.com |access-date=25 August 2023))</ref> and received baptism at [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]].((sfn|Wang|2020)) She was crucial in the reconciliation of a "[[Catholic Patriotic Association|patriotic]]" bishop in Sichuan with the [[Holy See]], leading to the establishment of unity between the "[[Underground church|underground]]" and "patriotic" churches in that province. She was expelled from [[mainland China]] in 1997 due to her activities for the Church.((sfn|Cairns|2020))

In 2011, after trying to reclaim two former church properties in the small [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Sichuanese Tibetan]] town of [[Moxi, Luding County|Moxi]] that were confiscated by authorities in the 1950s, Sister Xie Yuming and Father Huang Yusong were attacked by a group of unknown assailants on 3 September. The nun was severely beaten while the priest suffered minor injuries. The properties, a Latin school demolished by the authorities, and a boys' school occupied by Moxi government officials by the time, were formerly owned by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]. The attack sparked anger among many parishioners who gathered to protest in front of ((ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|lt=St. Anne's Church|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién))).<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/check-nun-priest-beaten-by-mob/29080 |title=Nun, priest beaten by mob |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 September 2011 |website=ucanews.com |access-date=10 September 2022))</ref>

In 2014, while helping with the development of the local Catholic Church of the [[Mekong]] and [[Salween River|Salween]] valleys in [[Yunnanese Tibet]], part of the Diocese of Kangding, the [[Scouting and Guiding in France|French]] [[Scout (Scouting)|scout]] Baptiste Langlois-Meurinne met a [[Vatican City|Vatican]] priest —that is, not affiliated to the state-sanctioned Chinese Patriotic Church but with the underground church— who organized a clandestine camp for Bareng children where he taught them [[Khams Tibetan|Tibetan]], English and [[Catechism of the Catholic Church|catechism]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.mairie-chevrieres.fr/wp-content/uploads/adn-57.pdf |title=Un chevriot sur le toit du monde |last=Langlois-Meurinne |first=Baptiste |date=October 2014 |website=mairie-chevrieres.fr |language=fr |page=5 |access-date=27 April 2024))</ref>

On 29 June 2022, a celebration of the anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party was held at the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan|Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]] in [[Leshan]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]), for political reasons. The Catholics were called to "listen to the word of the Party, feel the grace of the Party, and follow the Party". According to a Catholic source contacted by ''[[AsiaNews]]'', "in China it is no longer a question of listening to the Lord, of feeling his grace and following him. This is the root of the disease of the Chinese Church today, it is difficult to get away from the influence of ideology. Politics has entered the Church", and persecution of Church members who do not want to submit to religious bodies controlled by the Party continues.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Bishop-Lei-celebrates-the-birth-of-China%E2%80%99s-Communist-Party-in-Leshan-cathedral-56172.html |title=Bishop Lei celebrates the birth of China's Communist Party in Leshan cathedral |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2 July 2022 |website=asianews.it |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>

== Dioceses ==
((multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | image1 = 7 vicariats apostoliques du Se-Tchouan.jpg
 | width1 = 220
 | caption1 = The seven former apostolic vicariates of Szechwan (excluding [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Ta-tsien-lou]] which belonged to the [[Catholic Church in Tibet#19th century|Mission of Tibet]]): [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Tchen-tou]] (northwest), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Tchong-kin]] (southeast), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Chouen-king]] (central), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Si-tchang]] (southwest), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Su-fou]] (south), [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Ia-gan]] (west), and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Ouan-hien]] (east).
 | image2 = Généalogie des juridictions MEP au Sichuan avec ses rattachements.png
 | width2 = 220
 | caption2 = Genealogy of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|MEP]] ecclesiastical jurisdiction in [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Sichuan]], with its three attachments: [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tibet]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Yunnan]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Guizhou]].
))

All the dioceses of Sichuan follow the tradition of the [[Latin Church]], which had been in [[full communion]] with the [[Pope]] in [[Holy See|Rome]] until the establishment of the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (1957) after the fall of mainland China to communism (1949).

The first bishopric covering the whole province was erected as the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan]] on 15 October 1696, having its headquarters in [[Chengdu]] (Chengtu). Three major territorial reorganizations took place during the 19th century. On 27 March 1846, part of its western territory was split off to form the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa]], which marked the beginning of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]]'s [[Catholic Church in Tibet#19th century|Tibetan Mission]]. On 2 April 1856, [[Chongqing]] (Chungking) and its surrounding areas were organized into the nascent [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan]]. As a result of the division, the bishopric of Chengdu was renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan.<ref name="AOC">((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchun.html |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing [Chungking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org|catholic-hierarchy.org]] |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref name="UCA-CD">((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chengdu/255 |title=Diocese of Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=5 September 2022))</ref>((sfn|Planchet|1917|p=211)) On 24 January 1860, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]] was established for the Southern Szechwan Mission centered in [[Yibin|Suifu]].((sfn|Planchet|1917|p=215))

On 11 April 1946, [[Pope Pius XII]] [[Pope Pius XII and China|established the Catholic hierarchy in China]]. The Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking was elevated to the rank of [[Diocese#Archdiocese|archdiocese]]. The seven other [[apostolic vicariate]]s of Sichuan and [[Tibet]] were elevated to dioceses, namely, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanhsien]] of the Eastern Szechwan Mission; Chengtu and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunking]] of the Western Szechwan Mission; Suifu, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Kiating]] of the Southern Szechwan Mission; and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Tatsienlu]] of the Tibetan Mission.

=== Jurisdictional changes ===
Jurisdictional changes made by the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] and the ((ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|zh|中國天主教主教團)) took place in the 1980s and the 1990s. On 24 March 1984, the territory of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]] (Tatsienlu) was placed under the jurisdiction of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Bishop of Ningyuan]]. On 7 March 1993, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]] (Kiating) assumed authority over Kangding. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]] (Wanhsien) were split off from Sichuan after the separation of Chongqing from the province on 4 March 1997.((sfn|Liu|2013|p=50))

=== List of dioceses ===
==== Eastern Szechwan Mission ====
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Archdiocese of Chongqing]]
|((lang|fr|Tchong-kin-fou))
|Chungking
|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Chongqing]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1930.htm |title=Cathedral of St. Joseph, Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•2 April 1856: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•24 January 1860: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Chungking
|1856
|<ref name="AOC" /><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-chongqing/187 |title=Archdiocese of Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|- 
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Diocese of Wanxian]]<br />((small|(Diocese of Wanzhou)))
|((lang|fr|Ouan-hien))
|Wanhsien
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Wanzhou]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/3792.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wanzhou |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Wanhsien (today known as [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanzhou]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chungking
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Wanhsien
|1929
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dwanh.html |title=Diocese of Wanxian [Wanhsien] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-wanxian/188 |title=Diocese of Wanxian |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen oriental.jpg|center|250px]]
|- 
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Eastern Szechwan Mission
|}

==== Western Szechwan Mission ====
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Diocese of Chengdu]]
|((lang|fr|Tchen-tou-fou))
|Chengtu
|[[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1979.htm |title=Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Pinganqiao Church), Chengdu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•15 October 1696: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan
•1715: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guiyang|Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow]]((sfn|Launay|1907|p=13))<br />
•1781: Gained territory from the suppressed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kunming|Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan]]((sfn|De Moidrey|1914|p=153))<br />
•24 August 1840: Lost territory to re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Yunnan((sfn|De Moidrey|1914|p=153))<br />
•27 March 1846: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhasa and re-establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kweichow((sfn|De Moidrey|1914|p=110))<br />
•2 April 1856: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan, ((aka)) Apostolic Vicariate of Western Szechwan; lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southeastern Szechwan<br />
•24 January 1860: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu<br />
•2 August 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Chengtu
|1696
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dchnu.html |title=Diocese of Chengdu [Chengtu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref name="UCA-CD"/>
|- 
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Diocese of Shunqing]]<br />((small|(Diocese of Nanchong)))
|((lang|fr|Choen-kin-fou))
|Shunking
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Nanchong]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1608.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•2 August 1929: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Shunking (today known as [[Nanchong]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Chengtu
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Shunking
|1929
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dshun.html |title=Diocese of Nanchong [Shunking] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-nanchong/257 |title=Diocese of Nanchong |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen occidental.jpg|center|250px]]
|- 
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Western Szechwan Mission
|}

==== Southern Szechwan Mission ====
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Diocese of Suifu]]<br />((small|(Diocese of Yibin)))
|((lang|fr|Suifou))<br />((lang|fr|Souifou))<br />((lang|fr|Su-tcheou-fou))
|Suifu
|[[Blessed Sacrament Cathedral, Yibin]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/5284.htm |title=Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•24 January 1860: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Northwestern Szechwan
•12 August 1910: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu (today known as [[Yibin]])<br />
•10 July 1929: Lost territory to establish the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Suifu
|1860
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dsuif.html |title=Diocese of Yibin [Suifu] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-yibin/259 |title=Diocese of Yibin |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|- 
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Diocese of Ningyuan]]<br />((small|(Diocese of Xichang)))
|((lang|fr|Si-tchang))<br />((lang|fr|Kien-tchang))<br />((lang|fr|Lin-yuen-fou))
|Sichang<br />Kienchang<br />Ningyüanfu
|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6520.htm |title=Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•12 August 1910: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Kienchang (today known as [[Xichang]], capital of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Nosuland]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan((sfn|Planchet|1917|p=219))
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Ningyüanfu (today known as Xichang)<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Ningyüan
|1910
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dning.html |title=Diocese of Xichang [Ningyüan] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-xichang/258 |title=Diocese of Xichang |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|- 
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Diocese of Jiading]]<br />((small|(Diocese of Leshan)))
|((lang|fr|Kia-tin))
|Kiating
|[[Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral, Leshan]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/1978.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•10 July 1929: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Yachow (today known as [[Ya'an]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Suifu
•3 March 1933: Elevated as the Apostolic Vicariate of Yachow<br />
•9 February 1938: See transferred and title changed to the Apostolic Vicariate of Kiating (today known as [[Leshan]])<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kiating
|1929
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkiat.html |title=Diocese of Leshan [Kiating] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-leshan/256 |title=Diocese of Leshan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|[[File:Mission du Su-tchuen méridional.jpg|center|250px]]
|- 
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Southern Szechwan Mission
|}

==== Tibetan Mission ====
((Main|Catholic Church in Tibet))
{| class=wikitable
!scope="col" width="200"| Diocese
!scope="col" width="130"| French
!scope="col" width="50"| Former name/spelling
!scope="col" width="300"| Cathedral
!scope="col" width="500"| History
!scope="col" width="50"| Founded
!scope="col" width="50"| Ref.
|-
|[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
|((lang|fr|Ta-tsien-lou))
|Kangting<br />Tatsienlu
|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding]]<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/churches/asia/6407.htm |title=Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=gcatholic.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|•27 March 1846: Established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Lhassa ([[Lhasa]]) with territory from the Apostolic Vicariate of Szechwan and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Apostolic Vicariate of Tibet-Hindustan]]
•28 July 1868: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Thibet ([[Tibet]])<br />
•3 December 1924: Renamed as the Apostolic Vicariate of Tatsienlu (today known as [[Kangding]], in [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Sichuanese Tibet]])<br />
•15 December 1929: Lost territory to establish the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Darjeeling|Mission sui iuris of Sikkim]]<br />
•11 April 1946: Elevated as the Diocese of Kangting
|1846
|<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkang.html |title=Diocese of Kangding [Kangting] |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/dioceses/china-kangding/589 |title=Diocese of Kangding |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=ucanews.com |access-date=9 September 2022))</ref>
|-
|colspan=7|((multiple image |align=center |border=infobox |direction=horizontal |total_width=400 |image_style=border:1;
| image1 = Mission du Thibet 1.jpg
| image2 = Mission du Thibet 2.jpg))
|- 
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" |Map of the Tibetan Mission (Tibet – West China – North India)
|}

=== Gallery ===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170px" >
File:Ma Pao Tchang Church.jpg|Ma Pao Tchang Church (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:JiangbeiChurch.JPG|[[St. Thérèse of Lisieux Church, Chongqing]] (Archdiocese of Chongqing)
File:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes, Mianyang.jpg|[[Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Mianyang]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Our Lady of Lourdes Church, interior.jpg|Interior of Our Lady of Lourdes Church at Mianyang
File:Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang.png|[[Cathedral of the Angels, Xichang]] (Diocese of Ningyuan)
File:Mission catholique et église de Dengchigou (Baoxing, Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|((ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou)) (Diocese of Jiading)
File:Façade de l'Église du Saint-Rosaire de Souifou.png|Holy Rosary Church, Yibin (Diocese of Suifu)
File:Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tatsienlu.jpg|Exterior and interior of the former [[Sacred Heart Cathedral, Kangding|Sacred Heart Cathedral at Kangding]] (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Tsakalo1.jpg|[[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo]] (Diocese of Kangding)((efn|name=Lim|The Alulhaka chapel was part of a network of fourteen chapels located in the remote hills around [[Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County|Gongshan county]] town, where the main Catholic church of the county was located. This network of chapels and churches, together with those in the neighbouring counties in northern [[Yunnan]], are in turn part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali|Dali diocese]]. At least this is how the official [[Catholic Patriotic Association|China Catholic Patriotic Church]] currently draws the boundary of the diocese. From the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the churches in Gongshan, [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] and neighbouring counties in Yunnan, [[Our Lady of the Sacred Heart Church, Yerkalo|Yanjing]] in [[Kham|Tibet]], and [[Batang County|Bathang]], [[Litang County|Lithang]], and [[Kangding]] in Sichuan, still belong to the Diocese of Kangding that was established in 1946.((sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112))))
File:Catholic Church Cizhong Yunnan China.jpg|((ill|Sacred Heart Church, Cizhong|fr|Église du Sacré-Cœur de Tsedjrong)) (Diocese of Kangding)((efn|The Cizhong Catholic Church at [[Dêqên County|Deqin]] falls under the administration of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dali]], although it was formerly part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding]]; and from the [[Holy See|Vatican]]'s perspective, the church still belongs to the Diocese of Kangding.((sfn|Lim|2013|pp=111–112))))
File:St. Anne's Church, Mosimien (interior) 2.jpg|Altar of ((ill|St. Anne's Church, Moxi|es|Iglesia de Santa Ana (Mosimién))) (Diocese of Kangding)
File:Altar of Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Chengdu.jpg|Altar of the [[Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Chengdu|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception at Chengdu]] (Diocese of Chengdu)
File:Diocesan curia of Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu.jpg|Diocesan curia of Bishop of Chengdu
</gallery>

== Demographics ==
=== Before 1949 ===
The number of Catholics grew rapidly in the latter half of the 18th century. In 1756 there were 4,000 Catholics and two local priests. In 1802, the number increased tenfold with 40,000 Catholics and 16 local priests.<ref name="JC"/> By 1870, the Church in Sichuan had 80,000 baptized members, which was the largest number of Catholics in the entire country. The number increased to 118,724 members in 1911 during the fall of the last imperial dynasty.((sfn|Lü|1976|p=266)) Almost 8,000 adults received baptism during the year of 1918. By the end of 1921, the number of Catholics had reached 143,747. They worshipped in 826 chapels and churches scattered throughout the province. The Church maintained nearly 400 parish schools of primary grade with over 7,500 students.((sfn|Stauffer|1922|p=228))

=== After 1949 ===
According to the statistics published on ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]'' before 20 November 2005, there were 134,000 Catholics in Sichuan (Ecclesiastical Province of Chongqing), 0.25 per cent of the population (53,145,000).<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/spccn1.html |title=China: Statistics by Province |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=catholic-hierarchy.org |access-date=19 April 2024))</ref>

By the end of 2011, Catholics in the dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Chengdu|Chengdu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Shunqing|Shunqing]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jiading|Jiading]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Suifu]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ningyuan|Ningyuan]] numbered 110,000, 80,000, 60,000, 30,000 and 30,000 people, respectively, making a total of 310,000 faithful.((sfn|Zhang|2011)) This data did not include Catholics in Chongqing (dioceses of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Chongqing]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Wanxian|Wanxian]]) and [[Tibet]] ([[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]), due to the separation of Chongqing from Sichuan in 1997 and the diocesan jurisdiction changes took place in the 1980s and the 1990s.((sfn|Liu|2013|p=50)) A 1989 data suggests that there were approximately 10,000 Tibetan Catholics in the Diocese of Kangding, which at the time was under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Ningyuan.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.cath.ch/newsf/chine-toujours-des-catholiques-au-tibet-080989/ |title=Chine : toujours des catholiques au Tibet |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=8 September 1989 |website=cath.ch |language=fr |access-date=27 April 2024))</ref>

According to Asia Harvest, estimates from 2020 suggest that of the entire population (78,486,760) about 1.32 per cent was Catholic (1,036,538), among whom 455,090 belonged to the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association|Catholic Patriotic Church]] (CPC), and 581,449 were [[underground church]] Catholics.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/sichuan |title=Christians in China Stats: Sichuan |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024))</ref> In the case of Chongqing, Catholics accounted for about 1.76 per cent (478,191) of the entire population (27,179,577). This number was composed of 183,920 CPC Catholics and 294,271 underground church Catholics.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.asiaharvest.org/christians-in-china-stats/chongqing |title=Christians in China Stats: Chongqing |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020 |website=asiaharvest.org |access-date=19 April 2024))</ref>

== Impact ==
The Jesuit fathers [[Lodovico Buglio]] and [[Gabriel de Magalhães]] were ordered to construct a celestial globe, a terrestrial globe and a sundial during the reign of [[Zhang Xianzhong]]. These large devices are given a detailed description in ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'' as being "really unique at that time, and they amazed those who saw them".((sfn|Gourdon|1981|pp=23–24)) Yuan Tingdong wrote in his 1998 book ''Cultural History of Ba–Shu'', that "from the information currently available, this is the first time that modern Western scientific achievements have appeared in the [[Ba–Shu culture|Ba–Shu]] region".((sfn|Yuan|1998|pp=270–271)) During Zhang Xianzhong's massacre, some [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] Catholics fled south to [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], which marked the beginning of the spread of Catholicism to Yunnan.<ref name="crntt">((cite web |url=http://hk.crntt.com/crn-webapp/cbspub/secDetail.jsp?bookid=36485&secid=36506 |title=明清時代的珠江文化——第四節　明清珠江流域的宗教文化（2） |trans-title=Culture along the Pearl River during the Ming and Qing era: Its Religious Culture (part 2) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=hk.crntt.com |language=zh-hant |access-date=11 March 2024))</ref>

[[File:Basset-Su Chinese New Testament.jpg|thumb|170px|''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', 18th century.]]
[[Jean Basset (died 1707)|Jean Basset]], a French missionary of [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]], undertook the translation of the [[New Testament]] from [[Latin]] [[Vulgate]] in Sichuan, with the assistance of a local convert Johan Su. The translation had only reached [[Hebrews 1|the first chapter]] of the [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] due to Basset's death in 1707. One manuscript of this translation, now known as ''Basset–Su Chinese New Testament'', was acquired by the [[British Museum]] in 1739. In 1805, [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], the first Protestant missionary to China, transcribed this manuscript and subsequently based his own Bible translation on it, which laid the foundation of the entire Protestant missionary enterprise in China.<ref>((cite web |url=https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-ADD-10067/1 |title=Chinese Harmony of the Gospels (MS Add.10067) |last=Aylmer |first=C. |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=[[Cambridge Digital Library|cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk]] |access-date=14 March 2024))</ref>

In the 18th century, the distinctiveness of the Catholics of Sichuan became especially evident in the local society. Their way of life, their adherence to Gospel values, their spiritual dynamism and their strong sense of community set them apart from the rest of society. A [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarin]] of the court of [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] observed this about them: "They are neither licentious nor gamblers or robbers. They are satisfied with one woman and never touch another man's wife."((sfn|Jeanne|1983|p=59)) During this time, the Church in Sichuan produced a number of itinerant catechists (i.e. local missionaries) thanks to a well-organized training system.((sfn|Jeanne|1983|pp=60–61)) Since 1774, evangelization of [[Guizhou|Guizhou Province]] was carried out by [[Jean-Martin Moye]], provicar of Eastern Szechwan, and a Sichuanese missionary, Benoît Sen.<ref name="crntt" /> In 1798, Lawrence Hu Shï-lu, also a missionary from Sichuan, built a small church in [[Guiyang]] for the Catholic community of about 100 people, which later became [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Guiyang|the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Guiyang]].((sfn|GLRCC|2005|p=1215)) Female missionaries to Guizhou such as Monique Sen, aunt of Benoît Sen, and ((ill|Paule Song|zh|羅宋氏)), evangelized among women.((sfn|Wei|2009|p=160)) The 19th-century missionary [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] was [[Christian martyr|martyred]] in Guizhou. She was [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]].

The First Synod of Sichuan convened by Bishop [[Louis Gabriel Taurin Dufresse]] on 2 September 1803 was the first Catholic synod held in China. In 1822, the results were published in Rome as ((lang|la|Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis)), which had guided the [[apostolate]] in this province and in many other regions of China until replaced by the decisions of the Council of Shanghai in 1924.<ref name="MEP" />

[[File:Statue d'Armand David dans la ville de Baoxing (Sichuan, Chine) - www.panda.fr.jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Father [[Armand David]] in [[Baoxing County]].]]
French missionary botanists, such as [[André Soulié|Jean-André Soulié]], [[Théodore Monbeig|Jean-Théodore Monbeig]] and [[Paul Guillaume Farges]], collected large numbers of plant, fungal and animal specimens in Sichuan and [[Kham|eastern Tibet]]. Among them, the [[Congregation of the Mission|Lazarist]] father [[Armand David]] is the most well-known missionary. He discovered the [[giant panda]] in 1869 while doing the work of [[evangelism]] and scientific research at the ((ill|Annunciation Church, Dengchigou|lt=Annunciation Church of Dengchigou|fr|Église de l'Annonciation de Dengchigou)), [[Baoxing County]]. The records of Father David's experiences, research and the history of the discovery of the pandas are kept in the Annunciation Church. A small town named David was built near Dengchigou in his honour.<ref>((cite web |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%8F%B0%E7%94%9F%E8%B5%B4%E9%84%A7%E6%B1%A0%E6%BA%9D-%E8%A6%AA%E8%A6%8B%E7%86%8A%E8%B2%93%E7%9B%B4%E5%91%BC%E7%99%82%E7%99%92-215010361--finance.html |title=台生赴鄧池溝 親見熊貓直呼療癒 |trans-title=Taiwanese students' visit to Dengchigou |last=Li |first=Yu-shan |date=9 July 2019 |website=tw.news.yahoo.com |language=zh-hant |accessdate=11 March 2024))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.panda.fr/sur-les-traces-du-pere-armand-david-dans-la-principaute-de-moupin.html |title=Sur les traces du Père Armand David dans la principauté de Moupin |last=Pouille |first=Jérôme |date=<!--Not stated--> |website=panda.fr |language=fr |access-date=11 March 2024))</ref>

The vicarial press of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Eastern Szechwan]]—Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille—was founded in 1899 in [[Chongqing]] by [[François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon]]. By 1949, the Imprimerie had produced approximately 400,000 publications, which made it the Catholic press with second highest number of publications in the entire country.((sfn|He|2020)) Well-known ones include the weekly newspaper ''((ill|La Vérité (Chongqing)|lt=La Vérité|zh|崇實報))'', established in 1904, ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan'' (1918), and ''An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Anyo'' (1924). The Imprimerie also became the main promoter of ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' (((lang|zh-hant|聖教禮規))) by producing several of the book's reprint editions, which was originally published in 1900 by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Suifu|Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Szechwan]], with the approval of Bishop [[Marc Chatagnon]]. ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' is the fruit of a century of accumulation of experience of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in Sichuan. The popularity of the book extended beyond the provincial boundary. In 1904, it was published in [[British Hong Kong]] by the [[University Hall, University of Hong Kong#Douglas Castle under the French Mission (1894-1954)|Imprimerie de Nazareth]]; and in 1932 in [[History of Shanghai#Republic of China|Shanghai]] by the ((ill|Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè|zh|土山灣印書館)).((sfn|He|2020))

[[File:Catholic Church overlooking White Deer Town.jpg|thumb|170px|A Catholic church overlooking Bailu Town]]
[[Bailu, Pengzhou|Bailu]], under the administration of [[Chengdu]], has been developed into a "French town" due to its [[Catholic Church in France|French Catholic]] heritage. According to Liao Xianghui, however, the real reason for this designation is to serve tourism and economic development: "This led to the commercialization of once authentic religious sites for tourism and economic development as part of the secularization process. [...] Catholicism's public influence on tourism and economic development has been increasing, while its activities and church attendance have not followed synchronously."((sfn|Liao|2021|p=661))

=== In popular culture ===
The 1936 novel ''((ill|Ripple on Stagnant Water|zh|死水微瀾))'' by [[Li Jieren|Li Chie-ren]] gives a detailed account of the conflicts among the three parties in the [[Chengdu]] area during the 1890s, namely, the [[Christianity in Sichuan|local Christian communities]], [[Gelaohui|Elder Brothers Society]] and the [[bureaucracy]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.merwinasia.com/ripple-on-stagnant-water |title=Ripple on Stagnant Water: A Novel of Sichuan in the Age of Treaty Ports |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2014 |website=merwinasia.com |access-date=20 April 2024))</ref>((sfn|Zhu|2011|p=158)) The novel was adapted into a 12-episode television series in 1988 titled ''((ill|A Woman to Three Men|zh|死水微瀾 (1988年電視劇)))'', a feature film in 1992 titled ''((ill|Ripples Across Stagnant Water (film)|lt=Ripples Across Stagnant Water|zh|狂 (電影)))'', and a namesake series in 2008.

== Timeline of Eastern Szechwan Mission ==
The following table is based on ''[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]]'', published in 1918 by the Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chongqing|Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Szechwan]]. Except for [[Chengdu]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]] and [[Yibin]], all the cities and counties are located in eastern Sichuan.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Location !! Society !! Date
|-
| [[Chengdu]], [[Chongqing]], [[Langzhong]] || [[Jesuits|Society of Jesus]] || before 1644
|-
| [[Anyue County|Anyue]], [[Emeishan City|Emeishan]], [[Jintang County|Jintang]], [[Leshan]], [[Pengshan, Meishan|Pengshan]], [[Qiong Prefecture (Sichuan)|Qiongzhou]], [[Yibin]] || Society of Jesus, [[Congregation of the Mission]] || 1662–1722
|-
| [[Liangping, Chongqing|Liangping]], [[Pengshui Miao and Tujia Autonomous County|Pengshui]] || [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] || 1704
|-
| [[Tongliang, Chongqing|Tongliang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1720
|-
| [[Hechuan, Chongqing|Hechuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1723–1735
|-
| [[Wanzhou, Chongqing|Wanxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1730
|-
| [[Guang'an]], [[Yuechi County|Yuechi]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1746
|-
| [[Dazhu County|Dazhu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1753
|-
| [[Changshou, Chongqing|Changshou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1756
|-
| [[Wusheng County|Wusheng]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1760
|-
| [[Rongchang, Chongqing|Rongchang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1769
|-
| [[Chengkou County|Chengkou]], [[Qijiang, Chongqing|Qijiang]], [[Yongchuan, Chongqing|Yongchuan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1770
|-
| [[Dianjiang County|Dianjiang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1779
|-
| [[Fengjie County|Fengjie]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1781
|-
| [[Fengdu County|Fengdu]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1782
|-
| [[Dachuan, Dazhou|Dachuan]], [[Wushan County, Chongqing|Wushan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1784
|-
| [[Qu County|Quxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1790
|-
| [[Bishan, Chongqing|Bishan]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1796
|-
| [[Wuxi County|Wuxi]], [[Yunyang County|Yunyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1798
|-
| [[Kaizhou, Chongqing|Kaizhou]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1810
|-
| [[Kaijiang County|Kaijiang]], [[Zhong County|Zhongxian]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1861
|-
| [[Qianjiang, Chongqing|Qianjiang]], [[Shizhu Tujia Autonomous County|Shizhu]], [[Xiushan Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Xiushan]], [[Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County|Youyang]] || Paris Foreign Missions Society || 1863
|}

== See also ==
((div col))
* [[Christianity in Sichuan]]
** [[Protestantism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglicanism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Methodism in Sichuan|Methodism in Sichuan]]
*** [[Quakerism in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Baptist Christianity in Sichuan|Baptist Christianity in Sichuan]]
*** [[History of Adventism in Sichuan|Seventh-day Adventist Church in Sichuan]]
* [[Catholic Church in Mianyang]]
* [[Catholic Church in Tibet]]
* [[Catholic missions]]
* [[Diocese of Western China|Anglican Diocese of Szechwan]]
* [[Anti-Christian Movement (China)]]
* [[Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[Youyang anti-missionary riot]]
* [[Paul Liu Hanzuo]] – 19th-century martyr saint from [[Lezhi County]]
* [[Lucy Yi Zhenmei|Saint Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] – 19th-century virgin martyr from [[Mianyang]], [[Canonization|canonized]] on 1 October 2000 by [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Maurice Tornay]] – Swiss missionary ministering in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Kangding|Diocese of Kangding]]
* [[Francis Xavier Ford]] – American Catholic missionary in China, tortured by Chinese communists and died in prison
* [[Catholic Church in Shaanxi]] – neighbouring province
* [[:Category:Sichuanese Roman Catholics]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Chongqing]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic churches in Tibet]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Sichuan]]
* [[:Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet]]
((div col end))

== Notes ==
((Notelist))

== References ==
=== Citations ===
((Reflist))

=== Books ===
((refbegin|2))
* ((cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1822 |title=Synodus Vicariatus Sutchuensis habita in districtu civitatis Tcong King Tcheou; Anno 1803, Diebus secunda, quinta, et nona Septembris |trans-title=The Synod of the Vicariate of Szechwan held in the District of the City of Chung King Chow, in the Year 1803, on the Second, Fifth, and Ninth Days of September |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924023069010 |language=la |location=Rome |publisher=Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide |hdl=2027/coo.31924023069010 |ref=((harvid|SVS|1822))))
* ((cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1920 |title=Missionary Cameralogs: West China |url=https://archive.org/details/westchina00amer |location=New York |publisher=American Baptist Foreign Mission Society |ref=((harvid|ABFMS|1920))))
* ((cite book |last=Barrachina Lapiedra |first=José M. |date=1990 |title=Fray Pascual Nadal y Oltra: Apóstol de los leprosos, mártir de China |language=es |location=Valencia |publisher=Unión Misional Franciscana |isbn=84-404-8209-4))
* ((cite book |last=Boland |first=S. J. |date=1987 |title=A Dictionary of the Redemptorists |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Libri/BolandDizio/Boland00Dictionary.pdf |location=Rome |publisher=Collegium S. Alfonsi de Urbe |oclc=35115469))
* ((cite book |last=Borao Mateo |first=José Eugenio |date=2017 |title=Las miradas entre España y China: Un siglo de relaciones entre los dos países (1864–1973) |url=https://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~borao/2Profesores/Miradas.pdf |language=es |location=Madrid |publisher=Miraguano S. A. Ediciones |isbn=978-84-7813-463-2))
* ((cite book |last=Camps |first=Arnulf |editor-last=Tiedemann |editor-first=R. G. |editor-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2009 |chapter=Catholic Missionaries (1800–1860) |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004190184/Bej.9789004114302.i-1050_003.xml |title=Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume Two: 1800–present |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-19018-4))
* ((cite book |last=Charbonnier |first=Jean-Pierre |date=2007 |chapter=10. Candida Xu: A Mother of the Church — Apostolic Journeys |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIRHDwAAQBAJ&dq=Claude+Motel+1618-1671&pg=PT156 |title=Christians in China: A.D. 600 to 2000 |location=San Francisco |publisher=Ignatius Press |isbn=978-0-89870-916-2))
* ((cite book |editor=Chengdu Local Records Compilation Committee |date=1998 |chapter=天主教——第一节：传入 |trans-chapter=Chapter I: The Entry of Catholicism |chapter-url=https://www.hsscol.org.hk/FangZhi/SiChuan/Sichuan20101340a.htm |language=zh-hans |title=成都市志‧宗教志 |trans-title=Annals of Chengdu City: Religion |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan Lexicographical Press |isbn=9787805437316 |ref=((harvid|CLRCC|1998))))
* ((cite book |last=De Martiliat |first=Joachim-Enjobert |date=1921 |chapter=守貞修規明述 |trans-chapter=An Introduction to the Rules |title=童貞修規 |trans-title=Rules for Consecrated Virgins |language=zh-hant |location=Chungking |publisher=Imprimerie de la Sainte-Famille))
* ((cite book |last=De Moidrey |first=Joseph |date=1914 |title=La Hiérarchie catholique en Chine, en Corée et au Japon (1307-1914) |url=https://archive.org/details/lahierarchiecath00moid |language=fr |location=Shanghai |publisher=Imprimerie de l'Orphelinat de T'ou-sè-wè))
* ((cite book |last=Donnithorne |first=Audrey G. |author-link=Audrey Donnithorne |date=29 March 2019 |title=China: In Life's Foreground |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDePDwAAQBAJ&dq=spanish+redemptorists+chengdu&pg=PT130 |location=North Melbourne |publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing |isbn=9781925801576))
* ((cite book |last=Ferreux |first=Octave |date=20 December 2022 |chapter=The Monastery of Our Lady of Joy (Zhengding) Evacuated |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nn6iEAAAQBAJ&dq=Our+Lady+of+Joy+Abbey+Sichuan&pg=PT473 |title=History of the Congregation of the Mission in China |location=Hyde Park, NY |publisher=New City Press |isbn=9781565485464))
* ((cite book |editor-last=Gourdon |editor-first=François-Marie-Joseph |date=1981 |orig-date=1918 |title=圣教入川记 |trans-title=[[An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan]] |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan People's Publishing House))
* ((cite book |last=Guiot |first=Léonide |date=1892 |title=La Mission du Su-Tchuen au XVIIIᵐᵉ siècle : Vie et Apostolat de Mgr Pottier, son fondateur |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_Mission_du_Su-tchuen_au_XVIIIme_si%C3%A8cle_-_Vie_et_Apostolat_de_Mgr_Pottier,_son_fondateur.pdf |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Téqui Libraire-Éditeur))
* ((cite book |editor=Guiyang Local Records Compilation Committee |date=2005 |title=贵阳市云岩区志 |trans-title=Annals of Yunyan District of Guiyang |language=zh-hans |location=Guiyang |publisher=Guizhou People's Press |isbn=9787221071521 |ref=((harvid|GLRCC|2005))))
* ((cite book |last=Hattaway |first=Paul |date=2007 |chapter=Christian Martyrs in Sichuan: Vincent Shi, Albert Wei, & Father You |chapter-url=https://articles.asiaharvest.org/china-resources/sichuan/1952-vincent-shi-albert-wei-father-you |title=China's Book of Martyrs (Fire & Blood) |location=Manchester |publisher=Piquant Editions |isbn=9781903689400))
* ((cite book |last=Launay |first=Adrien |date=1907 |title=Mission du Kouy-tcheou, tome premier |url=https://archive.org/details/pts_histoiredesmissi_3720-1133_v1 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Société des Missions-Étrangères))
* ((cite book |editor-last=Li |editor-first=Ji |date=18 November 2021 |title=Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP) and China from the Seventeenth Century to the Present |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004498693/BP000004.xml |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-47210-5))
* ((cite book |last=Liao |first=Yiwu |author-link=Liao Yiwu |date=2014 |chapter=De nieuwe bekeerde |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zi9EDwAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PT187 |title=God is rood: Het geheime verhaal over het voortbestaan en de bloei van het christendom in communistisch China |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Uitgeverij Atlas Contact |isbn=9789045023441))
* ((cite book |editor-last=Lim |editor-first=Francis Khek Gee |date=7 May 2013 |title=Christianity in Contemporary China: Socio-cultural Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jr_Wj9KDWN0C&dq=Catholic+Church+of+Yerkalo+Diocese+of+Kangding&pg=PA111 |series="Routledge Studies in Asian Religion and Philosophy" series |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136204999))
* ((cite book |last=Ly |first=André |date=1906 |title=Diarium Andreæ Ly, presbyteri sinensis, missionarii et notarii apostolici |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Journal_d%27Andr%C3%A9_Ly.pdf |language=la |location=Paris |publisher=Alphonse Picard et fils, éditeurs))
* ((cite book |last=Marin |first=Catherine |date=2 November 2010 |chapter=L'union apostolique de Thérèse de l'Enfant-Jésus et d'Adolphe Roulland, missionnaire en Chine (1896-1897) |chapter-url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-monde-et-cultures-religieuses1-2010-3-page-63.htm#pa29 |title=Thérèse de Lisieux et les missions |series="Histoire et missions chrétiennes (Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses)" series (((numero|15))) |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Karthala |isbn=9782811104238))
* ((cite book |last=Mungello |first=D. E. |author-link=David Emil Mungello |date=29 March 2021 |chapter=Christian Virgins (Chaste Women) in Sichuan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkMjEAAAQBAJ&dq=consecrated+virgin+sichuan+catholic&pg=PA120 |title=This Suffering Is My Joy: The Underground Church in Eighteenth-Century China |location=Lanham, MD |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538150306))
* ((cite book |last=Planchet |first=J.-M. |date=1917 |title=Les Missions de Chine et du Japon |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Les_Missions_de_Chine_et_du_Japon.pdf |language=fr |location=Peking |publisher=Imprimerie des Lazaristes))
* ((cite book |editor-last1=Qin |editor-first1=Heping |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Xiaohu |date=2008 |title=四川基督教资料辑要 |trans-title=A Collection of Historical Documents on Christianity in Sichuan |language=zh-hans |location=Chengdu |publisher=Bashu Publishing House |isbn=978-7-80752-226-3))
* ((cite book |last=Song |first=Gang |editor-last=Yeo |editor-first=K. K. |date=10 March 2021 |chapter=The Basset-Su Chinese new Testament |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34269/chapter-abstract/290545889 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190909796))
* ((cite book |editor-last=Stauffer |editor-first=Milton T. |date=1922 |chapter=The Province of Szechwan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/thechristianoccupationofchina00shan/page/n247 |title=[[The Christian Occupation of China]] |location=Shanghai |publisher=China Continuation Committee))
* ((cite book |last=Stewart |first=Emily Lily |date=1934 |title=Forward in Western China |chapter=Chapter II. The Way Reviewed |chapter-url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/china/stewart1934/02.html |location=London |publisher=Church Missionary Society))
* ((cite book |editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Tieniu |editor-last2=Ruan |editor-first2=Qiuqi |editor-last3=Chen |editor-first3=Xilin |editor-last4=Ma |editor-first4=Huimin |editor-last5=Wang |editor-first5=Liang |date=2013 |title=Advances in Image and Graphics Technologies: Chinese Conference, IGTA 2013, Beijing, China, April 2-3, 2013, Proceedings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93W7BQAAQBAJ&dq=Seminarium+annuntiationis&pg=PA120 |location=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783642371493))
* ((cite book |author=Therese of Lisieux |translator-last=Clarke |translator-first=John |date=29 September 2014 |title=Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II: General Correspondence 1890-1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb2lBAAAQBAJ&dq=therese+of+lisieux+sutchuen+oriental&pg=PT195 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=ICS Publications |isbn=9781939272287))
* ((cite book |last1=Tiedemann |first1=Gerhard |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor1-last=van der Heyden |editor2-first=Holger |editor2-last=Stoecker |year=2005 |chapter=Adaptation and Resistance in North China |title=Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800 und 1945 |trans-title=Mission and Power amidst Shifting Political Orientations: European Missions in Areas of Conflict in Africa and Asia, 1800–1945 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |language=de |isbn=978-3-515-08423-9))
* ((cite book |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=1 July 2016 |title=Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Segundo+Miguel+Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Mor%C3%A1n+Pan%2C+Segundo+Velasco+Arina&pg=PA15 |location=Milton Park |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315497310))
* ((cite book |last=Van Grasdorff |first=Gilles |date=2007 |title=La belle histoire des Missions étrangères 1658–2008 |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Perrin |isbn=9782262025663))
* ((cite book |author=Various authors |author-link=Various authors |date=1920 |title=Our West China Mission: Being a Somewhat Extensive Summary by the Missionaries on the Field of Work during the First Twenty-five Years of the Canadian Methodist Mission in the Province of Szechwan, Western China |url=https://archive.org/details/ourwestchina00stepuoft |location=Toronto |publisher=Missionary Society of the Methodist Church))
* ((cite book |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Arnold |editor-link=Arnold Wright |date=1908 |title=Twentieth Century Impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports of China: Their History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources |chapter=Chapter: The Roman Catholic Church |chapter-url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Impressions_of_Hongkong,_Shanghai,_and_other_Treaty_Ports_of_China/The_Roman_Catholic_Church |location=London |publisher=Lloyd's Greater Britain publishing Company))
* ((cite book |last=Yuan |first=Tingdong |date=1998 |chapter=基督教入蜀三百年 |trans-chapter=Three Hundred Years of Christianity in Sichuan |title=巴蜀文化志 |trans-title=Cultural History of Ba–Shu |language=zh-hans |location=Shanghai |publisher=Shanghai People's Press |isbn=7-208-02269-0))
* ((cite book |last=Zheng |first=Yangwen |date=2017 |title=Sinicizing Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Joannes-Baptista+Kou&pg=PA37 |series="Studies in Christian Mission" series (((vol.|49))) |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004330382))
((refend))

=== Journals and magazines ===
((refbegin|2))
* ((cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1949 |title=Leprosy Institutions in China |url=http://ila.ilsl.br/pdfs/v17n4a17.pdf |journal=International Journal of Leprosy |volume=17 |ref=((harvid|LIC|1949))))
* ((cite journal |last=Boland |first=Samuel J. |date=2002 |title=The Redemptorists and the China Mission |url=https://www.santalfonsoedintorni.it/Spicilegium/50/SH-50-2002(II)601-627.pdf |journal=Spicilegium Historicum Congregationis SSmi Redemptoris |issue=50))
* ((cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hok-lam |date=2011 |title=傳教士對張獻忠據蜀稱王的記載：《聖教入川記》的宗教與文化觀點 |trans-title=Jesuits' Impressions on Zhang Xianzhong in Sichuan (1644–1647) from Buglio, Magalhães, and Gourdon: Contrasting Religious and Cultural Perspectives of ''Shengjiao Ru Chuan Ji'' |url=https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v52p065.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Chinese Studies |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Institute of Chinese Studies |issue=52 |issn=1016-4464))
* ((cite journal |last=Entenmann |first=Robert |date=1997 |title=Andreas Ly on the First Jinchuan War in Western Sichuan (1747–1749) |url=https://www.battle-of-qurman.com.cn/literature/Entenmann-SinoWestern-1989.pdf |journal=Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal |volume=19))
* ((cite magazine |last=He |first=Yi |date=2020 |title=巴黎外方传教会在四川实行中国化的见证——以《圣教礼规》为例 |trans-title=The localization effort of Paris Foreign Missions Society in Sichuan: Taking ''Ecclesiastical Rituals and Practices'' as an example |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=208 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association))
* ((cite journal |last=Hooper |first=Beverly |date=December 2000 |title=Globalization and Resistance in Post-Mao China: The Case of Foreign Consumer Products |journal=Asian Studies Review |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=442 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |issn=1035-7823 |url=http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |doi=10.1080/10357820008713286 |s2cid=143106032 |archive-date=6 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102328/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Journal_Samples/ASRE1035-7823~24~4~086/086.pdf |url-status=dead))
* ((cite magazine |last=Jeanne |first=Pierre |translator-last1=Le Blanc |translator-first1=T. |translator-last2=Barry |translator-first2=P. |date=1983 |title=The Early Church of Sichuan Province: A Study of Conditions Leading to the Synod of 1803 |url=https://hsstudyc.org.hk/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/T015_11.pdf |magazine=Tripod |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Holy Spirit Study Centre |volume=3 |issue=15))
* ((cite journal |last=Leung |first=Beatrice |year=1995 |title=Religious Freedom and the Constitution in the People's Republic of China: Interpretation and Implementation |journal=DISKUS: The On-disk Journal of International Religious Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Philipps-Universität Marburg |issn=0967-8948 |url=http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623095304/http://web.uni-marburg.de/religionswissenschaft/journal/diskus/leung.html |archive-date=June 23, 2008))
* ((cite journal |last=Liao |first=Xianghui |date=2021 |title=Bailu's Catholicism in China: Religious Inculturation, Tourist Attraction, or Secularization |journal=Religions |location=Basel |publisher=MDPI |volume=12 |issue=8 |doi=10.3390/rel12080661 |doi-access=free))
* ((cite journal |last=Lifton |first=Robert J. |author-link=Robert Jay Lifton |date=1957 |title=Chinese Communist 'Thought Reform': Confession and Re-Education of Western Civilians |journal=[[Journal of Urban Health|Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine]] |volume=33 |issue=9 |pmid=19312633 |pmc=1806208))
* ((cite magazine |last=Liu |first=Zhiqing |date=2013 |title=天主教在重庆和四川传播史略 |trans-title=A brief history of the spread of Catholicism in Chongqing and Sichuan |url=http://194.246.119.58/pdfs/cnkiImport/CJFD/ZGTA201302028.pdf |language=zh-hans |magazine=Catholic Church in China |issue=2 |location=Beijing |publisher=Catholic Patriotic Association))
* ((cite journal |last=Lü |first=Shih-chiang |date=1976 |title=晚淸時期基督敎在四川省的傳敎活動及川人的反應（1860–1911） |trans-title=The Evangelization of Sichuan Province in the Late Qing Period and the Responses of the Sichuanese People (1860–1911) |url=http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:8080/server/api/core/bitstreams/e47341c7-5f8e-4467-8a14-8e1035537d96/content |language=zh-hant |journal=History Journal of the National Taiwan Normal University |location=Taipei |publisher=National Taiwan Normal University Department of History))
* ((cite journal |last=Moody |first=Peter R. |date=2013 |title=The Catholic Church in China Today: The Limitations of Autonomy and Enculturation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23922765 |journal=[[Journal of Church and State]] |volume=55 |issue=3 |doi=10.1093/jcs/css049 |jstor=23922765))
* ((cite journal |last=Tiedemann |first=R. G. |author-link=R. G. Tiedemann |date=2018 |title=Chinese Female Propagators of the Faith in Modern China: The Tortuous Transition from the 'Institute of Virgins' to Diocesan Religious Congregations |url=https://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/PDF-Dateien/E-Journal_RCTC/RCTC_2018-2.52-72_Tiedemann__Chinese_Female_Propagators_of_the_Faith_in_Modern_China_-_The_Tortuous_Transition_from_the_Institute_of_Virgins_to_Diocesan_Religious_Congregations.pdf |journal=Religions & Christianity in Today's China |volume=VIII |issue=2 |issn=2192-9289))
* ((cite journal |last=Wei |first=Yü |date=2009 |title=清中前期貴州天主教傳教活動鉤沉 |trans-title=Catholic missions in Guizhou in the Early and Mid-Qing Dynasty |url=https://www.icm.gov.mo/rc/viewer/pdfViewerParts/10070/3062 |language=zh-hant |journal=Review of Culture |location=Macau |publisher=Instituto Cultural do Governo da Região Administrativa Especial de Macau |issue=70))
* ((cite journal |last1=Yan |first1=Jie |last2=Wang |first2=Jun |date=2011 |title=Character and social interpretation of local architecture in the south of Shaanxi |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=f4ac8fbae7e2bdd54138be89acbb6b455acc4db2 |journal=Advanced Materials Research |volume=368–373 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.368-373.3006))
* ((cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Shoutong |date=2011 |title=試論中國新文化運動的'第三個中心' |trans-title=On the "Third Center" of the New Culture Movement |url=https://journal.ipm.edu.mo/images/journal_c/2011_4/p156_163.pdf |language=zh-hant |journal=Journal of Macao Polytechnic University |issue=4 |issn=0874-1824))
* ((cite magazine |last=Zuazua |first=Dámaso |date=May 2014 |title=Santa Teresita del Niño Jesús de actualidad en China |url=https://www.laobramaxima.es/www/revista.act.php?action=download&regid=115 |language=es |magazine=La Obra Máxima |location=San Sebastián |publisher=La Obra Máxima Revista Carmelitana y ONGD para el Desarrollo))
((refend))

=== Newspapers ===
((refbegin))
* ((cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=31 August 1935 |title=Abducted Franciscans Still Missing: Leper Asylum Near Tibetan Border Invaded by Reds |url=https://issuu.com/catholicnews/docs/1935_cn35/7 |work=Malaya Catholic Leader |volume=1 |issue=35 |location=Singapore |ref=((harvid|MCL|1935))))
* ((cite news |last=Cairns |first=Madoc |date=26 June 2020 |title=Obituary: Audrey Donnithorne |url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/texts-speeches-homilies/4/1504/obituary-audrey-donnithorne |work=[[The Tablet]] |location=London))
* ((cite news |last=Wang |first=Teresa |date=10 June 2020 |title=四川：天主教南充教区为董育德教授举行隆重追思弥撒 |trans-title=Sichuan: Solemn Memorial Mass for Professor Audrey Donnithorne Held in the Diocese of Nanchong |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/48811 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang))
* ((cite news |last=Zhang |first=Thomas |date=8 December 2011 |title=为什么四川天主教有近四百年历史？ |trans-title=Why does the Catholic Church in Sichuan have a history of nearly 400 years? |url=https://www.xinde.org/show/19184 |language=zh-hans |work=Faith Weekly |location=Shijiazhuang))
((refend))

== External links ==
* ((YouTube|hxZ-wECUzHg|"Catholic Smalltown Life in Qing Sichuan", Sichuan Religions Online Lecture Series ((Numero|6)) — Prof. Lars Peter Laamann 19 March 2022))
* ((YouTube|31s82sJGO2Q|((lang|fr|Longue piste dans l'Himalaya)) ((small|(documentary about four scouts helping with the development of the local Catholic Church in Yunnanese Tibet, part of the Diocese of Kangding))))) ((in lang|fr))

((Christianity in Sichuan))
((Christianity in Tibet))
((Catholic Church footer|state=collapsed))
((History of the Catholic Church))

[[Category:Catholic Church in Sichuan| ]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Chongqing]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in Tibet]]
[[Category:History of the Catholic Church in Sichuan|*]]
[[Category:Persecution of Catholics]]
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