Caucasian wisent
An image of a killed Caucasian bison from E. Demidoff's book Hunting Trips in The Caucasus (1889)
Conservation status
Extinct (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Bovidae
Subfamily:	Bovinae
Genus:	Bison
Species:	B. bonasus
Subspecies:	B. b. caucasicus
Trinomial name
Bison bonasus caucasicus (Turkin & Satunin, 1904)

The Caucasian wisent (Bison bonasus caucasicus) or dombay (домбай)^[2] was a subspecies of European bison that inhabited the Caucasus Mountains of Eastern Europe.

Description

Little is known about morphological details of this subspecies including body size due to extinction before modern scientific approaches were made.^[2]

Comparared to the extant lowland wisent, the Caucasian bison was more adapted to mountainous habitat.^[2] Apparently, Caucasian bison was generally smaller (there had been arguments regarding the Caucasian bison to be smaller than the lowland bison, but most certainly less weighed), had shorter but higher hooves, had more developed shoulder girdles, had skulls similar in size to those found in Kuban region, had significantly thicker and larger horns, less shaggy coats, and curly hairs on head rear.^[2][3][4]

It was hunted by the Caspian tiger and the Asiatic lion in the Caucasus, as well as other predators such as wolves and bears.

Extinction and conservation

In the 17th century, the Caucasian bison still populated a large area of the Western Caucasus. After that human settlement in the mountains intensified and the range of the Caucasian wisent became reduced to about one tenth of its original range at the end of the 19th century. In the 1860s the population still numbered about 2,000, but was reduced to only 500–600 in 1917 and to only 50 in 1921.^[5] Local poaching continued; finally, in 1927, the last three Caucasian wisent were killed.^[6]

Only one Caucasian bison bull is known to have been kept in captivity. This bull, named Kaukasus, was born in the Caucasus Mountains in 1907 and brought to Germany in 1908 where he lived until 26 February 1925. While in captivity, he bred with cows from the lowland subspecies Bison bonasus bonasus.^[7] Thus, he became one of the twelve ancestors of the present lowland-Caucasian breeding line of the European wisent pedigree book.^[7]

In 1940, a group of wisent-American bison hybrids were released into the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve and later in 1959 in the Nalchik Forestry Game Management Unit (Kabardino-Balkariya). Later some pure-blood wisent of the lowland-Caucasian breeding line were released there to form a single mixed herd together with the hybrids.^[5] In 2000, these hybrids were described as a different (without scientific basis) subspecies, the highland bison - Bison bonasus montanus (Polish).^[8]