Panels of a manual telephone exchange, with plugs, wires and sockets, receding into the distance
Telephone exchange, Central Government War Headquarters

The Central Government War Headquarters (CGWHQ) is a 35-acre (14 ha)[1] complex built 120 feet (37 m) underground[2] as the United Kingdom's emergency government war headquarters – the hub of the country's alternative seat of power outside London during a nuclear war or conflict with the Soviet Union. It is in Corsham, Wiltshire, in a former Bath stone quarry known as Spring Quarry, under the present-day MoD Corsham.[3] In 1940, during the Second World War, the site was acquired by the Minister of Aircraft Production and used as an underground engine factory.[1] The war headquarters was commissioned in 1955, after approval by Prime Minister Anthony Eden.[1] However, it became outdated shortly after it was built, due to intercontinental ballistic missiles being able to target it, and the formulation of other plans (such as PYTHON). Nevertheless, the complex continued to have a role in war plans and remained in operation for 30 years.[4]

The complex was known variously as "Stockwell", "Subterfuge", "Burlington", "Turnstile", "Chanticleer", "Peripheral", and "Site 3"[5] . It was also nicknamed "Hawthorn" by journalist Duncan Campbell, who first revealed its existence in his 1982 book War Plan UK.[6] It was also mentioned by Peter Laurie in his 1979 revised edition of Beneath the City Streets.[7]

Features

Over 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3,300 ft) in length, and with over 60 miles (97 km) of roads, the site was designed to accommodate the Prime Minister, the entire Cabinet Office, other civil servants, and domestic support staff.[8]

Blast-proof and self-sufficient, the complex could accommodate up to 4,000 people in complete isolation from the outside world for up to three months. The underground city was equipped with all the facilities needed to survive: from hospitals, canteens, kitchens and laundries to storerooms for supplies, accommodation areas and offices.[9] An underground lake and treatment plant could provide drinking water, and twelve tanks could store the fuel required to keep the four generators in the underground power station running for up to three months. The air within the complex could be kept at a constant humidity and heated to around 20 °C (68 °F). It was also equipped with the second-largest telephone exchange in Britain, a BBC studio from which the PM could address the nation, and an internal Lamson Tube system that could relay messages throughout the complex, using compressed air.[10]

To maintain the secrecy of the site, even during a countdown to war, it was envisaged that 4,000 essential workers would assemble at an outlying destination known as Check Point. Warminster fulfilled this function, and from there a fleet of army lorries would have transported staff to the CGWHQ site. About 210 senior Whitehall officials and their staff, similarly unaware of their destination, were to assemble at Kensington (Olympia) station on the West London Line, before setting off by special train for Warminster, then a short trip by bus to Warminster Infantry Training Centre. There they would be broken into small groups to conclude their journey with a 23-mile (37 km) lorry trip to Corsham.[11] The Prime Minister was to remain at Downing Street until the last moment, before being transported to Corsham by helicopter.[12]

The facility was divided into 22 areas. Some areas were repurposed over the years, but the allocation of space in 1981 was as follows:[13]

In addition, there were water and fuel storage areas adjacent to the water treatment and power generation areas respectively, not officially numbered but sometimes referred to as Areas 23 and 24.[13]

The "special accommodation" suites in Area 17 were larger than the others and were finished to a higher standard, each having private bathroom facilities rather than the communal facilities elsewhere. These suites are believed to have been intended for the Royal Family.[14]

Scheduled monuments

Canteen paintings circa 1943 by Olga Lehmann

In 2013, parts of CGWHQ were made scheduled monuments relating to Cold War history. Additionally a number of underground murals painted by Olga Lehmann are Grade II* listed. East to west, they are:

Post-Cold War

In 1989, part of the complex was sold to Octavian Wines for use to store wines at a consistent temperature and humidity level.[22] In 2012, the company provided cellarage for about 12 million bottles which were reported to be worth over £1bn.[23]

At the end of the Cold War, in 1991, the rest of the still-unused complex was taken over by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and kept on standby in case of future nuclear threats to the UK.[24]

In December 2004, with the underground reservoir drained, emptied of fuel and supplies, and with a skeleton staff of four, the site was decommissioned. In October 2005,[2] it became public that the MoD was putting the site up for sale in a package deal that included the CGWHQ with the military base above it.[2] Proposed uses include a "massive data store for City [financial] firms or the biggest wine cellar in Europe".[2]

In October 2015, certain areas of the complex including the telephone exchange were put on the Historic England "At Risk" register due to their immediate threat of being lost or damaged beyond recognition.[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Colson, Thomas (8 May 2017). "Inside Britain's secret underground city built during the Cold War to protect the government from nuclear attack". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d Chittenden, Maurice (30 October 2005). "For sale: Britain's underground city". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.(subscription required)
  3. ^ a b Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Prime Minister's Rooms and Operations Rooms (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409131)". National Heritage List for England.
  4. ^ Hennessy, Peter (2010). The Secret State: Preparing for the Worst, 1945–2010 (2 ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-104469-9.
  5. ^ "Look inside the eerie Cold War nuclear bunker deep below the Wiltshire countryside". Wiltshire Times. 28 January 2023.
  6. ^ Campbell, Duncan (24 November 1983). War Plan UK: The Truth about Civil Defence in Britain (Rev ed.). Paladin / Granada. ISBN 0-586-08479-7.
  7. ^ Laurie, Peter (1 November 1979). Beneath the City Streets (Rev ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0586050558.
  8. ^ "Wiltshire's Secret Underground City". BBC Wiltshire. 24 April 2008. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  9. ^ "Burlington: Interactive Map: Wiltshire's Underground City". BBC Wiltshire. 14 December 2005. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  10. ^ Catford, Nick (2012). Burlington - The central Government War Headquarters at Corsham (1 ed.). Folly Books. ISBN 978-0-9564405-6-3.
  11. ^ Hennessy, Peter (2010). "London might be silenced". The Secret State: Preparing for the Worst, 1945–2010 (2 ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 264–267, 275. ISBN 978-0-14-104469-9.
  12. ^ Fox, Steve (April 2010). "Top Secret Acid The Story of the Central Government War Headquarters 1936 – 2008". Subterranea (22): 43, 44, 45. ISSN 1741-8917.
  13. ^ a b Jane Phimester (November 2008), Joint Support Unit (JSU), Corsham - A Characterisation Study Of The Quarries, Their 20th-Century Defence Uses And Related Above-Ground Infrastructure, English Heritage, Oxford Archaeology
  14. ^ McCamley, Nick (2013). Cold War Secret Nuclear Bunkers: The Passive Defence of the Western World During the Cold War. Pen and Sword. p. 271. ISBN 978-1844155088.
  15. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Tunnel Quarry (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409857)". National Heritage List for England.
  16. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Slope Shaft (Emergency Exit) A (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409125)". National Heritage List for England.
  17. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Kitchen, Canteen, Laundry, Dining and Washroom Areas (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409120)". National Heritage List for England.
  18. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Radio Studio (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409123)". National Heritage List for England.
  19. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: GPO Telephone Exchange (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409129)". National Heritage List for England.
  20. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Lamson Terminus Room and associated Fan Room (Grade Scheduled Monument) (1409121)". National Heritage List for England.
  21. ^ Historic England. "MoD CORSHAM: Quarry Operations Centre (QOC) Murals (Grade II*) (1409132)". National Heritage List for England.
  22. ^ "The secret underground city built near Bath in case of nuclear war". Somerset Live. 13 March 2021. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  23. ^ "£1bn worth of fine wine is buried under the Wiltshire countryside". BBC. 19 December 2012. Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  24. ^ Corsham tunnels - A brief history (PDF) (Report). Defence Equipment and Support. 2005. BTH 0002777. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
  25. ^ Corsham Bunker Added to At Risk Register Archived 22 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Britains Cold War

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