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((Short description|Fused coating on ceramic objects))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2020))
[[File:Bottle Iran 16.JPG|thumb|upright|Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle. [[Iran]], 16th century ([[Metropolitan Museum of Art]])]]
[[File:Eiraku Wazen - Flared Vase with Dripping Glaze - Walters 491582 - Mark A.jpg|thumb|Detail of dripping rice-straw [[ash glaze]] (top), Japan, 1852]]
 
'''Ceramic glaze''', or simply '''glaze''', is a [[glass|glassy]] coating on ceramics. It is used for decoration, to ensure the item is impermeable to liquids and to minimise the adherence of pollutants.<ref name="Division">((cite web|title = Statistics of U.S. Businesses Main Page|url = https://www.census.gov/econ/susb/index.html|website = www.census.gov|access-date = 27 November 2015|first = Company Statistics|last = Division|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151126030511/http://www.census.gov/econ/susb/index.html|archive-date = 26 November 2015|url-status = dead))</ref>

Glazing renders [[earthenware]] impermeable to water, sealing the inherent [[porosity]] of [[biscuit (pottery)|biscuit]] earthenware. It also gives a tougher surface. Glaze is also used on [[stoneware]] and [[porcelain]]. In addition to their functionality, glazes can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of glossy or matte finish and color. Glazes may also enhance the underlying design or texture either unmodified or inscribed, carved or painted.

Most [[pottery]] produced in recent centuries has been glazed, other than pieces in [[biscuit porcelain]], [[terracotta]], or some other types. [[Tile]]s are often glazed on the surface face, and modern [[architectural terracotta]] is often [[glazed architectural terra-cotta|glazed]].  Glazed brick is also common. Sanitaryware is invariably glazed, as are many ceramics used in industry, for example ceramic insulators for [[overhead power line]]s.

The most important groups of traditional glazes, each named after its main [[ceramic flux]]ing agent, are:

*[[Ash glaze]], traditionally important in East Asia, simply made from wood or plant ash, which contains [[potash]] and [[Lime (material)|lime]]. 
*[[Feldspath]]ic glazes of porcelain.
*[[Lead-glazed earthenware|Lead glazes]], plain or coloured, are glossy and transparent after firing, which need only about ((convert|800|C)).  They have been used for about 2,000 years in China ''e.g. [[sancai]]'', around the Mediterranean, and in Europe e.g. [[Victorian majolica]].
*[[Salt glaze pottery|Salt-glaze]], mostly European stoneware. It uses ordinary salt.
*[[Tin-glazed pottery|Tin-glaze]], which coats the ware with lead glaze made opaque white by the addition of tin.<ref>C D Fortnum, 1875, Maiolica, Chapter II on Enamelled or Stanniferous Glazed Wares "It was found that by the addition of a certain portion of the oxide of tin to the composition of glass and oxide of lead the character of the glaze entirely alters. Instead of being translucent it becomes, on fusion, an opaque and beautifully white enamel…"</ref> Known in the [[Ancient Near East]] and then important in [[Islamic pottery]], from which it passed to Europe. Includes [[Hispano-Moresque ware]], Italian Renaissance [[maiolica]] (also called [[majolica]]), [[faience]] and [[Delftware]].

Glaze may be applied by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on an aqueous suspension of the unfired glaze. The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be significantly different from before firing. To prevent glazed wares sticking to [[kiln furniture]] during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory "''spurs''" are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing.

Modern [[materials technology]] has invented new glazes that do not necessarily conform to these traditional categories.

==History==
Historically, glazing of ceramics developed rather slowly, as appropriate materials needed to be discovered, and also firing technology able to reliably reach the necessary temperatures was needed.  Glazes first appeared on stone materials in the 4th millennium BC, and [[Ancient Egyptian faience]] ([[fritware]] rather than a clay-based material) was self-glazing, as the material naturally formed a glaze-like layer during firing.  Glazing of pottery followed the invention of glass around 1500 BC, in the Middle East and Egypt with alkali glazes including [[ash glaze]], and in China, using ground [[feldspar]]. By around 100 BC lead-glazing was widespread in the [[Old World]].<ref>((cite book |author=Paul T. Craddock |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgbVCpI8NfgC&pg=PA207 |title=Scientific Investigation of Copies, Fakes and Forgeries |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7506-4205-7 |page=207 |quote=Pottery only began to be glazed from the mid second millennium BC, coincident with the first production of glass. |ref=none))</ref>

Glazed brick goes back to the [[Elam]]ite Temple at [[Chogha Zanbil]], dated to the 13th century BC.  The [[Iron Pagoda]], built in 1049 in [[Kaifeng]], [[China]], of glazed bricks is a well-known later example.<ref name="gao">((cite book |last=Daiheng |first=Gao |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/166 |title=Chinese Architecture – The Lia, Song, Xi Xia and Jin Dynasties |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-09559-3 |edition=English |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/166 166, 183]))</ref>

Lead glazed earthenware was probably made in China during the Warring States period (475 – 221 BC), and its production increased during the Han dynasty. High temperature proto-celadon glazed stoneware was made earlier than glazed earthenware, since the Shang dynasty (1600 – 1046 BCE).<ref name="Zhiyan">((cite book |last=Zhiyan |first=Li |title=Chinese Ceramics -- From the Paleolithic Period through the Qing Dynasty |publisher=Yale University Press, Foreign Languages Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-300-11278-8 |edition=English |location=New York & London, Beijing |pages=144, 145, 152))</ref>

During the [[Kofun period]] of Japan, [[Sue ware]] was decorated with greenish natural [[ash glaze]]s. From 552 to 794 AD, differently colored glazes were introduced. The three colored glazes of the [[Tang dynasty]] were frequently used for a period, but were gradually phased out; the precise colors and compositions of the glazes have not been recovered. Natural ash glaze, however, was commonly used throughout the country.

In the 13th century, flower designs were painted with red, blue, green, yellow and black overglazes. Overglazes became very popular because of the particular look they gave [[Ceramic art|ceramics]].

From the eighth century, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in [[Islamic art]] and [[Islamic pottery]], usually in the form of elaborate [[pottery]].((citation needed|date=April 2019)) [[Tin-glazing|Tin-opacified glazing]] was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in [[Basra]], dating to around the 8th century. Another significant contribution was the development of [[stoneware]], originating from 9th century Iraq.<ref>Mason (1995), p. 5</ref>((full citation needed|date=April 2019)) Other places for innovative pottery in the Islamic world included [[Fustat]] (from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and [[Tabriz]] (from 1470 to 1550).((citation needed|date=April 2019))

==Composition==
Glazes need to include a [[ceramic flux]] which functions by promoting partial liquefaction in the clay bodies and the other glaze materials. Fluxes lower the high melting point of the glass forms [[silica]], and sometimes [[boron trioxide]].  These glass forms may be included in the glaze materials, or may be drawn from the clay beneath. 
 
Raw materials for ceramic glazes generally include silica, which will be the main glass former. Various metal oxides, such as those of [[sodium]], [[potassium]] and [[calcium]], act as [[ceramic flux|flux]] and therefore lower the melting temperature. [[Alumina]], often derived from [[clay]], stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece.<ref name=":4">((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_CsrDAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Raw+materials+of+ceramic+glazes+generally+include+silica%2C+which+will+be+the+main+glass+forme&pg=PA694|title=S.Chands Success Guide (Q&A) Inorganic Chemistry|last=Madan|first=Gaurav|date=2005|publisher=S. Chand Publishing|isbn=9788121918572))</ref> Colorants, such as [[iron oxide]], [[Basic copper carbonate|copper carbonate]] or [[cobalt carbonate]],<ref name=":4" /> and sometimes opacifiers including [[tin oxide]] and [[zirconium oxide]], are used to modify the visual appearance of the fired glaze.

==Process==
((More citations needed|section|date=July 2022))[[File:Enderun library Topkapi 42.JPG|thumb|[[İznik tiles]] in the [[Enderûn Library]], [[Topkapi Palace]], [[Istanbul]]]]
Glaze may be applied by dry-dusting a dry mixture over the surface of the clay body or by inserting salt or soda into the kiln at high temperatures to create an atmosphere rich in sodium vapor that interacts with the aluminium and silica oxides in the body to form and deposit glass, producing what is known as [[salt glaze pottery]]. Most commonly, glazes in aqueous suspension of various powdered [[mineral]]s and metal [[oxide]]s are applied by dipping pieces directly into the glaze. Other techniques include pouring the glaze over the piece, spraying it onto the piece with an [[airbrush]] or similar tool, or applying it directly with a brush or other tool.

To prevent the glazed article from sticking to the [[kiln]] during firing, either a small part of the item is left unglazed, or it is supported on small refractory supports such as [[kiln spurs]] and [[Stilt (ceramics)|stilt]]s that are removed and discarded after the firing. Small marks left by these spurs are sometimes visible on finished ware.

==Colour and decoration==
[[Underglaze]] decoration is applied before the glaze, usually to unfired pottery ("raw" or "greenware") but sometimes to "[[Bisque (pottery)|biscuit]]"-fired (an initial firing of some articles before the glazing and re-firing).<ref>"Cleaning Biscuit Fired Ceramic Ware" Hulse D.K, Barnett W.C. UK Pat.Appl.GB2287643A</ref><ref name="Denio">((cite journal|title = Chemistry for potters|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|date = 1 April 1980|volume = 57|issue = 4|pages = 272|doi = 10.1021/ed057p272|first = Allen A.|last = Denio|bibcode = 1980JChEd..57..272D))</ref><ref>"Roller Kilns For The Fast Biscuit And Glost Firing Of Porcelain" Rodriguez Mamolar M.J., De La Fuente Revuelta J. Ceram. Inf.(Spain) 20, No.202. 1994. Pg. 25–27</ref> A wet glaze—usually transparent—is applied over the decoration. The pigment fuses with the glaze, and appears to be underneath a layer of clear glaze; generally the body material used fires to a whitish colour. The best known type of underglaze decoration is the [[blue and white porcelain]] first produced in China, and then copied in other countries. The striking blue color uses [[Cobalt blue|cobalt]] as cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate.<ref>'Ceramics Glaze Technology.' J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull. ''The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press.'' Oxford. 1986</ref>  However many of the imitative types, such as [[Delftware]], have brownish [[earthenware]] bodies, which are given a white tin-glaze and either inglaze or overglaze decoration.  With the English invention of [[creamware]] and other white-bodied earthenwares in the 18th century, underglaze decoration became widely used on earthenware as well as porcelain.
[[File:Polychrome glazed pottery statue of heavenly guardian.jpg|thumb|[[Sancai]] coloured lead-glazes in a [[Tang dynasty tomb figures|Tang dynasty tomb guardian]].]]
[[File:Boddhisattva Guanyin, China, Ming dynasty, 1300-1400 AD, porcelain - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09644.JPG|thumb|Chinese [[celadon]] shrine; coloured glaze, with the figure left unglazed.  Ming dynasty, 1300-1400]]
[[Overglaze decoration]] is applied on top of a fired layer of glaze, and generally uses colours in "enamel", essentially glass, which require a second firing at a relatively low temperature to fuse them with the glaze.  Because it is only fired at a relatively low temperature, a wider range of pigments could be used in historic periods.  Overglaze colors are low-temperature glazes that give ceramics a more decorative, glassy look. A piece is fired first, this initial firing being called the '''glost firing''', then the overglaze decoration is applied, and it is fired again. Once the piece is fired and comes out of the kiln, its texture is smoother due to the glaze.

Other methods are firstly [[inglaze]], where the paints are applied onto the glaze before firing, and then become incorporated within the glaze layer during firing.  This works well with [[tin-glazed]] pottery, such as [[maiolica]], but the range of colours was limited to those that could withstand a glost firing, as with underglaze.  Coloured glazes, where the pigments are mixed into the liquid glaze before it is applied to the pottery, are mostly used to give a single colour to a whole piece, as in most [[celadon]]s, but can also be used to create designs in contrasting colours, as in Chinese [[sancai]] ("three-colour") wares, or even painted scenes.

Many historical styles, for example Japanese [[Imari ware]], Chinese [[doucai]] and [[wucai]], combine the different types of decoration.  In such cases the first firing for the body, any underglaze decoration and glaze is typically followed by a second firing after the overglaze enamels have been applied.

==Environmental impact==
[[File:元琉璃塔.jpg|thumb|Glazed [[stupa]] model, [[Yuan dynasty]]]]
Heavy metals are dense metals used in glazes to produce a particular color or texture.<ref name="Denio"/> Glaze components are more likely to be [[wikt:leach#Verb|leached]] into the environment when non-recycled ceramic products are exposed to warm or acidic water.<ref name=":1">Omolaoye, J.A,, A. Uzairu, and C.E. Gimba. "Heavy Metal Assessment of Some Ceramic Products Imported into Nigeria from China." ''Archives of Applied Science Research'' 2.5 (2010): 120-25. Web. 15 October 2015</ref> Leaching of heavy metals occurs when ceramic products are glazed incorrectly or damaged.<ref name=":1" />   Lead and chromium are two heavy metals which can be used in ceramic glazes that are heavily monitored by government agencies due to their toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">((cite journal|title = Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry of Lead Oxide Particles with Nitrogen Dioxide Increases Lead Solubility: Environmental and Health Implications|journal = Environmental Science & Technology|date = 4 December 2012|issn = 0013-936X|pmc = 3518381|pmid = 23057678|pages = 12806–12813|volume = 46|issue = 23|doi = 10.1021/es3019572|first1 = Jonas|last1 = Baltrusaitis|first2 = Haihan|last2 = Chen|first3 = Gayan|last3 = Rubasinghege|first4 = Vicki H.|last4 = Grassian|bibcode = 2012EnST...4612806B))</ref>

=== Metal oxide chemistry ===
Metals used in ceramic glazes are typically in the form of metal oxides.

==== Lead(II) oxide ====
Ceramic manufacturers primarily use [[lead(II) oxide]] (PbO) as a flux for its low melting range, wide firing range, low surface tension, high index of refraction, and resistance to [[devitrification]].<ref name=":2">Lehman, Richard. ''Lead Glazes for Ceramic Foodware''. 1st ed. Research Triangle Park: International Lead Management Center, 2002. [http://www.ilmc.org/Publications/ILMCFinalCombo8-02B.pdf International Lead Management Center  ] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127180722/http://www.ilmc.org/Publications/ILMCFinalCombo8-02B.pdf |date=27 January 2018 ))</ref> Lead used in the manufacture of commercial glazes are molecularly bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio, or included in [[frit]] form, to ensure stabilization and reduce the risk of leaching.<ref>((cite journal|last=Pan|first=De'an|date=20 February 2018|title=Characteristics and properties of glass-ceramics using lead fuming slag|url=https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezp.mesacc.edu/science/article/pii/S0959652617329608?via%3Dihub|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=175|pages=251–256|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.030|via=Elsevier Science Direct))</ref>

In polluted environments, [[nitrogen dioxide]] reacts with water (((chem|H|2|O))) to produce [[nitrous acid]] (((chem|HNO|2))) and [[nitric acid]] (((chem|HNO|3))).<ref name=":0" />

((chem|H|2|O)) + 2((chem|NO|2)) → ((chem|HNO|2)) + ((chem|HNO|3))

Soluble [[Lead(II) nitrate]] (((chem|Pb(NO|3|)|2))) forms when lead(II) oxide (PbO) of leaded glazes is exposed to [[nitric acid]] (((chem|HNO|3)))

PbO + 2((chem|HNO|3)) → ((chem|Pb(NO|3|)|2)) + ((chem|H|2|O))

Because lead exposure is strongly linked to a variety of health problems, collectively referred to as [[lead poisoning]], the disposal of leaded glass (chiefly in the form of discarded CRT displays) and lead-glazed ceramics is subject to [[toxic waste]] regulations.

==== Barium carbonate and Strontium carbonate ====
[[Barium carbonate]] (BaCO<sub>3</sub>) is used to create a unique glaze color known as barium blue. However, the ethical nature of using barium carbonate for glazes on food contact surfaces has come into question. Barium poisoning by ingestion can result in convulsions, paralysis, digestive discomfort, and death.<ref name=":22">((cite web|title=ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Barium|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=325&tid=57|website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov|access-date=28 April 2020))</ref> It is also somewhat soluble in acid,<ref name=":12">((cite web|title=Barium carbonate|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10563|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=28 April 2020))</ref> and can contaminate water and soil for long periods of time. These concerns have led to attempts to substitute [[Strontium carbonate]] (SrCO<sub>3</sub>) in glazes that require barium carbonate.<ref name=":02">((cite web|title=Leaving Bariumville: Replacing Barium Carbonate in Cone 10 Glazes|url=https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/daily/ceramic-glaze-recipes/glaze-chemistry/leaving-bariumville-replacing-barium-carbonate-in-cone-10-glazes/|last=Semler|first=Daniel|date=17 November 2009|website=Ceramic Arts Daily|access-date=27 April 2020))</ref> Unlike Barium carbonate, Strontium carbonate is not considered a safety hazard by the [[National Institutes of Health|NIH]].<ref name=":3">((cite web|title=Strontium carbonate|url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/15407|last=PubChem|website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=7 May 2020))</ref><ref name=":12" /> Experiments in strontium substitution tend to be successful in gloss type glazes, although there are some effects and colors produced in matte type glazes that can only be obtained through use of barium.<ref name=":02" />

To reduce the likelihood of leaching, barium carbonate is used in frit form and bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio. It is also recommended that barium glazes not be used on food contact surfaces or outdoor items.<ref name=":42">((cite web|title=Barium in Materials and Fired Glazes (hazard)|url=https://digitalfire.com/4sight/hazards/ceramic_hazard_barium_in_materials_and_fired_glazes_26.html|last=Hansen|first=Tony|website=digitalfire.com|access-date=7 May 2020))</ref>

==== Chromium(III) oxide ====
[[Chromium(III) oxide]] (((chem|Cr|2|O|3))) is used as a colorant in ceramic glazes. Chromium(III) oxide can undergo a reaction with [[calcium oxide]] (CaO) and atmospheric oxygen in temperatures reached by a kiln to produce [[calcium chromate]] (((chem|CaCrO|4))). The oxidation reaction changes chromium from its +3 [[oxidation state]] to its +6 oxidation state.<ref name=":5">((cite journal|title = Heating Temperature Dependence of Cr(III) Oxidation in the Presence of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Salts and Subsequent Cr(VI) Leaching Behavior|journal = Environmental Science & Technology|date = 4 June 2013|issn = 0013-936X|pages = 5858–5863|volume = 47|issue = 11|doi = 10.1021/es4001455|pmid = 23635007|first1 = Bram|last1 = Verbinnen|first2 = Pieter|last2 = Billen|first3 = Michiel|last3 = Van Coninckxloo|first4 = Carlo|last4 = Vandecasteele|bibcode = 2013EnST...47.5858V))</ref> Chromium(VI) is very soluble and the most mobile out of all the other stable forms of chromium.<ref name=":6">((cite journal|title = Chromium as an Environmental Pollutant: Insights on Induced Plant Toxicity|journal = Journal of Botany|date = 20 May 2012|pages = 1–8|volume = 2012|doi = 10.1155/2012/375843|first = Helena|last = Oliveira|doi-access = free))</ref>

((chem|Cr|2|O|3)) + 2CaO + ((frac|3|2))((chem|O|2)) → ((chem|CaCrO|4))<ref name=":5" />

Chromium may enter water systems via industrial discharge. Chromium(VI) can enter the environment directly or oxidants present in soils can react with chromium(III) to produce chromium(VI). Plants have reduced amounts of chlorophyll when grown in the presence of chromium(VI).<ref name=":6" />

'''[[Uranium dioxide|Uranium(IV) oxide]] ([[Uranium|U]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)'''

Urania-based ceramic glazes are dark green or black when fired in a reduction or when UO<sub>2</sub> is used; more commonly it is used in oxidation to produce bright yellow, orange and red glazes<ref>Örtel, Stefan. ''Uran in der [http://www.uranglasuren.com Keramik. Geschichte - Technik - Hersteller]''</ref> Uranium glazes were used in the 1920s and 1930s for making [[uranium tile]], watch, clock and aircraft dials.<ref>[[Uranium tile]]</ref>

Uranium dioxide is produced by [[Redox|reducing]] [[uranium trioxide]] with [[hydrogen]].

: UO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> → UO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O at 700 °C (973 K)

=== Prevention ===
Chromium oxidation during manufacturing processes can be reduced with the introduction of compounds that bind to calcium.<ref name=":5" /> Ceramic industries are reluctant to use lead alternatives since leaded glazes provide products with a brilliant shine and smooth surface. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has experimented with a dual glaze, barium alternative to lead, but they were unsuccessful in achieving the same optical effect as leaded glazes.

== Gallery ==
((Clear))
<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="154px" caption="''Ceramic glazes''">
File:Periodo nara, giara invetriata a tre a colori, VIII sec.JPG|Pottery, [[Nara period]]
File:Meissen Zwiebelmuster.jpg|Meissen porcelain, with blue underglaze decoration on porcelain
 File:Potterymugs.jpg|Mug with blue underglaze decoration on porcelain.
File:GlazeLeadMintonSwansmajolica18637.jpg|Coloured lead glazes majolica circa 1870
 File:Vzorkovník glazur.JPG|Test slabs of different glazes
File:Minton_tin-glaze_Majolica_oval_plate_decorated_by_Thomas_Kirkby_in_Renaissance_style_after_Mantegna_original.jpg|Tin-glazed majolica decorated with metallic oxide colours, Mintons, circa 1870.
File:Cup of coffee on black background.jpg|20th century glazing technique
</gallery>

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=30em))
* [[Celadon]]
* [[Frit]]
* [[Glaze defects]]
* [[Pottery#Glazing and firing techniques]]
* [[Shino ware]]
* [[Swatow ware]]
* [[Uranium tile]]
* [[Vitreous enamel]]
((div col end))

==References==
((reflist|30em))

==Bibliography==
((Commons category))
*((cite book|author1=Hamer, Frank |author2=Hamer, Janet |title=The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques|publisher=A & C Black Publishers, Limited|location=London, England|edition=Third|date=1991|isbn=0-8122-3112-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/pottersdictionar00hame_1))

((Glass science))
((Pottery))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Painting techniques]]
[[Category:Artistic techniques]]
[[Category:Pottery]]
[[Category:Glass applications]]
[[Category:Glass compositions]]
[[Category:Ceramic glazes]]
[[Category:Ceramic engineering]]

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Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Frac (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Full citation needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Glass science (edit)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If then show (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Pottery (edit)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Tooltip/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Su (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_glaze"