Cerastes cerastes
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Cerastes
Species:	C. cerastes
Binomial name
Cerastes cerastes (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms[2]
[Coluber] Cerastes Linnaeus, 1758 Coluber cornutus Linnaeus In Hasselquist, 1762 Cerastes cornutus — Forskål, 1775 Vipera Cerastes — Sonnini & Latreille, 1801 Cerastes Hasselquistii Gray, 1842 Cerastes Aegyptiacus A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 Echidna atricaudata A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854 Vipera Avicennae Jan, 1859 V[ipera]. (Echidna) Avicennae — Jan, 1863 V[ipera]. (Cerastes) cerastes — Jan, 1863 Cerastes cornutus — Boulenger, 1891 Cerastes cerastes — J. Anderson, 1899 Cerastes cornutus var. mutila Doumergue, 1901 Aspis cerastes — Parker, 1938 Cerastes cerastes cerastes — Leviton & S.C. Anderson, 1967 Cerastes cerastes karlhartli Sochurek, 1974 Cerastes cerastes karlhartli — Tiedemann & Häupl, 1980 [Cerastes cerastes] mutila — Le Berre, 1989 Cerastes cerastes — Y. Werner, Le Verdier, Rosenman & Sivan, 1991

Cerastes cerastes, commonly known as the Saharan horned viper^[3] or the desert horned viper,^[4] is a venomous species of viper native to the deserts of Northern Africa and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and Levant. It is often easily recognized by the presence of a pair of supraocular "horns", although hornless individuals do occur.^[3] Three subspecies have been described.

Description

The average total length (body and tail) is 30–60 cm (12–24 in), with a maximum total length of 85 cm (33 in). Females are larger than males.^[3]

One of the most distinctive characteristics of this species is the presence of supraorbital "horns", one over each eye. However, these may be reduced in size or absent (see genus Cerastes).^[3] The eyes are prominent and set on the sides of the head.^[5] There is significant sexual dimorphism, with males having larger heads and larger eyes than females. Compared to C. gasperettii, the relative head size of C. cerastes is larger and there is a greater frequency of horned individuals (13% versus 48%, respectively).^[3][6]

The colour pattern consists of a yellowish, pale grey, pinkish, reddish or pale brown ground colour, which almost always matches the substrate colour where the animal is found. Dorsally, a series of dark, semi-rectangular blotches runs the length of the body. These blotches may or may not be fused into crossbars. The belly is white. The tail, which may have a black tip, is usually thin.^[3][5]

Common names

Common names of this species include desert sidewinding horned viper,^[7] Saharan horned viper,^[3] horned s,^[4] Sahara horned viper,^[5] desert horned viper, North African horned viper,^[8] African desert horned viper, greater cerastes,^[9] asp and horned viper.^[10] In Egypt, it is called el-ṭorîsha (حية الطريشة); in Libya, it is called um-Goron (ام قرون).

Distribution and habitat

The snake is common in Iraq but is also found in Syria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Israel and Kuwait. They can also be found in parts of North Africa including Libya, Egypt, Qatar and Sudan.

A member of this species was reportedly found and killed by locals on the border between the Peshawar and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The incident was reported along with a photo of the dead reptile in 'Aaj', and Urdu-language newspaper published in the provincial capital Peshawar on September 10, 2019.^{[citation needed]}

Originally, the type locality was listed only as "Oriente." However, Flower (1933) proposed "Egypt" by way of clarification.^[2]

These snakes favor dry, sandy areas with sparse rock outcroppings, and tend to avoid coarse sand. Occasionally they are found around oases, and up to an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). Cooler temperatures, with annual averages of 20 °C (68 °F) or less, are preferred.^[3]

Behavior

They typically move by sidewinding, during which they press their weight into the sand or soil, leaving whole-body impressions. Often, it is even possible to use these impressions to make ventral scale counts. They have a reasonably placid temperament, but if threatened, they may assume a C-shaped posture and rapidly rub their coils together. Because they have strongly keeled scales, this rubbing produces a rasping noise, similar to the sound produced by snakes of the genus Echis. In the wild, they are typically ambush predators, lying submerged in sand adjacent to rocks or under vegetation. The diet of this carnivorous species consists primarily of small rodents, geckos, birds, and a variety of lizards.^[11] These vipers are also known to eat jerboas, yellow wagtails, and chiffchaffs.^[12] C. cerastes has been known to travel long distances at night in search of prey.^[13] When approached, they strike very rapidly, holding on to the captured prey until the venom takes effect.^[14]

Reproduction

In captivity, mating was observed in April and always occurred while the animals were buried in the sand.^[3] This species is oviparous, laying 8–23 eggs that hatch after 50 to 80 days of incubation. The eggs are laid under rocks and in abandoned rodent burrows. The hatchlings measure 12–15 cm (about 5–6 inches) in total length.^[5]

Venom

Cerastes cerastes venom is reported to be similar in action to Echis venom.^[3] Envenomation usually causes swelling, haemorrhage, necrosis, nausea, vomiting, and haematuria. A high phospholipase A2 content may cause cardiotoxicity and myotoxicity.^[5] Studies of venom from both C. cerastes and C. vipera list a total of eight venom fractions, the most powerful of which has haemorrhagic activity. Venom yields vary, with ranges of 19–27 mg to 100 mg of dried venom being reported.^[3] For venom toxicity, Brown (1973) gives LD₅₀ values of 0.4 mg/kg IV and 3.0 mg/kg SC.^[8] An estimated lethal dose for humans is 40–50 mg.^[5]

Taxonomy

A number of subspecies have been described:^[3]

• Cerastes cerastes hoofieni Werner & Sivan, 1999 – Saudi Arabia.
• Cerastes cerastes karlhartli Sochurek, 1974 – Egyptian horned viper – southeast Egypt and Sinai Peninsula.
• Cerastes cerastes mutila Domergue, 1901 – Algerian horned viper – southwest Algeria, Morocco.

Previously, C. gasperettii was also regarded as a subspecies of C. cerastes.^[3]