Genus of bees
The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina small carpenter bees ,[1] Ceratinini , and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees . The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera.[2] subsocial , with mothers caring for their larvae, and in a few cases where multiple females are found in a single nest, daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs). One species is unique for having both social and asocial populations, Ceratina australensis , which exhibits all of the pre-adaptations for successful group living. This species is socially polymorphic with both solitary and social nests collected in sympatry . Social colonies in that species consist of two foundresses, one contributing both foraging and reproductive effort and the second which remains at the nest as a passive guard. Cooperative nesting provides no overt reproductive benefits over solitary nesting in this population, although brood survival tends to be greater in social colonies. Maternal longevity, subsociality and bivoltine nesting phenology in this species favour colony formation, while dispersal habits and offspring longevity may inhibit more frequent social nesting in this and other ceratinines.[3]
Ceratina are commonly dark, shining, even metallic bees, with fairly sparse body hairs and a weak scopa on the hind tibia. Most species have some yellow markings, most often restricted to the face, but often elsewhere on the body. They are very commonly mistaken for "sweat bees" (family Halictidae ), due to their small size, metallic coloration, and some similarity in wing venation; they can be easily separated from halictids by the mouthparts (with a long glossa) and the hindwings (with a tiny jugal lobe).[4]
In Ceratina nigrolabiata , a Mediterranean species, males may guard the opening to the nest of a female they hope to mate with, and are often not the father of the brood within the nest; this is the first bee species in which male nest-guarding has been classified as a form of biparental care,[5] Macrotera portalis [6]
A few species of Ceratina are exceptional among bees in that they are parthenogenetic , reproducing without males.[7]
Typical interior structure of a small carpenter bee's nest, here built into a dry stem of fennel . The stem cavity is partitioned into cells, each one containing pollen bread and one offspring. In the lowermost cell (on the right), the larva has already hatched. The other two cells still contain eggs. Ceratina chalcites Ceratina smaragdula
Species
Ceratina acantha Provancher, 1895 Ceratina accusator Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina acuta Friese, 1896 Ceratina aeneiceps Friese, 1917 Ceratina aenescens Friese, 1917 Ceratina aereola Vachal, 1903 Ceratina aetana Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina ahngeri Kokujev, 1905 Ceratina albopicta Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina albosticta Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina alexandrae Baker, 2002 Ceratina aliceae Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina allodapoides Strand, 1912 Ceratina aloes Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina angulata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina apacheorum Daly, 1973 Ceratina apatela Engel, 2018 Ceratina arabiae (Daly, 1983) Ceratina arizonensis Cockerell, 1898 Ceratina armata Smith, 1854 Ceratina aspera Schrottky, 1902 Ceratina asunciana Strand, 1910 Ceratina asuncionis Strand, 1910 Ceratina atopura Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina atra Friese, 1917 Ceratina atrata H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina augochloroides Ducke, 1911 Ceratina auriviridis H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina australensis (Perkins, 1912) Ceratina azteca Cresson, 1878 Ceratina azurea Benoist, 1955 Ceratina ballotae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina barbarae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina basaltica Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina beata Cameron, 1897 Ceratina belizensis Baker, 1907 Ceratina belliata Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina benguetensis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina bhawani Bingham, 1908 Ceratina bicolorata Smith, 1879 Ceratina bicuneata Cockerell, 1918 Ceratina bifida Friese, 1900 Ceratina biguttulata (Moure, 1941) Ceratina bilobata Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina binghami Cockerell, 1908 Ceratina bispinosa Handlirsch, 1889 Ceratina boninensis Yasumatsu, 1955 Ceratina braunsi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina braunsiana Friese, 1905 Ceratina breviceps Michener, 1954 Ceratina bryanti Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina buscki Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina calcarata Robertson, 1900 Ceratina callosa (Fabricius, 1794) Ceratina canaliculata Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina canarensis Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina capitosa Smith, 1879 Ceratina carinifrons Baker, 2002 Ceratina catamarcensis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina caveata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina cavifrons Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina chalcea Spinola, 1841 Ceratina chalcites Germar, 1839 Ceratina chalybea Chevrier, 1872 Ceratina chiangmaiensis Warrit et al., 2012 Ceratina chinensis (Wu, 1963) Ceratina chloris (Fabricius, 1804) Ceratina christellae Terzo, 1998 Ceratina chrysocephala Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina chrysomalla Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina citrinifrons Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina citriphila Cockerell, 1935 Ceratina cladura Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina claripennis Friese, 1917 Ceratina cobaltina Cresson, 1878 Ceratina cockerelli H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina cognata Smith, 1879 Ceratina collusor Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina combinata Friese, 1910 Ceratina compacta Smith, 1879 Ceratina congoensis Meunier, 1890 Ceratina coptica Baker, 2002 Ceratina corinna Nurse, 1904 Ceratina correntina Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina cosmiocephala Cameron, 1908 Ceratina crassiceps Friese, 1925 Ceratina crewi Cockerell, 1903 Ceratina cucurbitina (Rossi, 1792) Ceratina cupreiventris Smith, 1879 Ceratina cuprifrons Strand, 1910 Ceratina currani Schwarz, 1934 Ceratina cyanea (Kirby, 1802) Ceratina cyanicollis Schrottky, 1902 Ceratina cyaniventris Cresson, 1865 Ceratina cyanura Cockerell, 1918 Ceratina cypriaca Mavromoustakis, 1954 Ceratina dallatorreana Friese, 1896 Ceratina dalyi Terzo, 1998 Ceratina daressalamica Strand, 1912 Ceratina darwini Friese, 1910 Ceratina demotica Baker, 2002 Ceratina denesi Terzo, 1998 Ceratina dentipes Friese, 1914 Ceratina dentiventris Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina diligens Smith, 1879 Ceratina diloloensis Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina dimidiata Friese, 1910 Ceratina diodonta H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina duckei Friese, 1910 Ceratina dupla Say, 1837 Ceratina egeria Nurse, 1904 Ceratina electron Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina elisabethae Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina emeiensis Wu, 2000 Ceratina ericia Vachal, 1903 Ceratina esakii Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 Ceratina excavata Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina eximia Smith, 1862 Ceratina fastigiata Fox, 1896 Ceratina ferghanica Morawitz, 1875 Ceratina fimbriata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina fioreseana Oliveira, 2020 Ceratina flavipes Smith, 1879 Ceratina flavolateralis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina flavopicta Smith, 1858 Ceratina floridana Mitchell, 1962 Ceratina foveifera Strand, 1912 Ceratina fuliginosa Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina fulvitarsis Friese, 1925 Ceratina fulvofasciata Ducke, 1908 Ceratina fumipennis Friese, 1917 Ceratina glossata Michener, 1954 Ceratina gnoma Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina gomphrenae Schrottky, 1909 Ceratina gossypii Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina grandis Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina gravidula Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina guarnacciana Genaro, 1998 Ceratina guineae Strand, 1912 Ceratina gurkhana Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina hakkarica Kocourek, 1998 Ceratina haladai Terzo & Rasmont, 2004 Ceratina hexae Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina hieratica Baker, 2002 Ceratina hieroglyphica Smith, 1854 Ceratina himalayana Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina huberi Friese, 1910 Ceratina humilior Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina hurdi Daly, 1973 Ceratina ignara Cresson, 1878 Ceratina immaculata Friese, 1910 Ceratina incertula Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina incognita Bingham, 1898 Ceratina indica (Hirashima, 1969) Ceratina indigovirens Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina inermis Friese, 1905 Ceratina interrupta Alfken, 1926 Ceratina itzarum Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina iwatai Yasumatsu, 1936 Ceratina jacobsoni van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina japonica Cockerell, 1911 Ceratina jejuensis S. Lee, 2005 Ceratina kankauensis Strand, 1913 Ceratina kopili Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina kosemponis Strand, 1913 Ceratina kraussi Michener, 1954 Ceratina labrosa Friese, 1905 Ceratina laevifrons Morawitz, 1895 Ceratina laeviuscula Wu, 1963 Ceratina langenburgiae Strand, 1912 Ceratina langi Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina latisetis Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina lativentris Friese, 1905 Ceratina lehmanni Friese, 1910 Ceratina lepida Smith, 1879 Ceratina liberica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina lieftincki van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina liliputana Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina lineola Vachal, 1903 Ceratina litoraria van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina loa Strand, 1912 Ceratina loewi Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina longiceps Smith, 1879 Ceratina loquata Nurse, 1902 Ceratina lucidula Smith, 1854 Ceratina lucifera Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina ludwigsi Strand, 1914 Ceratina lunata Friese, 1905 Ceratina maai Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 Ceratina macondiana Flórez-Gómez & Griswold, 2020 Ceratina maculifrons Smith, 1854 Ceratina madecassa Friese, 1900 Ceratina maghrebensis Daly, 1983 Ceratina malindiae (Daly, 1988) Ceratina mandibularis Friese, 1896 Ceratina manni Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina marginata Baker, 1907 Ceratina mariannensis Yasumatsu, 1939 Ceratina mauritanica Lepeletier, 1841 Ceratina megastigmata Yasumatsu & Hirashima, 1969 Ceratina melanochroa (Moure, 1941) Ceratina melanoptera Cockerell, 1924 Ceratina mendozina Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina metaria Cockerell, 1920 Ceratina mexicana Cresson, 1878 Ceratina micheneri Daly, 1973 Ceratina mikmaqi Rehan & Sheffield, 2011 Ceratina minima Friese, 1909 Ceratina minuta Friese, 1905 Ceratina mocsaryi Friese, 1896 Ceratina moderata Cameron, 1897 Ceratina moerenhouti Vachal, 1903 Ceratina monstrata Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina montana Holmberg, 1886 Ceratina morawitzi Sickmann, 1894 Ceratina moricei Friese, 1899 Ceratina morrensis Strand, 1910 Ceratina muelleri Friese, 1910 Ceratina muscatella Nurse, 1902 Ceratina namibensis Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina nanula Cockerell, 1897 Ceratina nasalis Friese, 1905 Ceratina nasiinsignita Strand, 1912 Ceratina nativitatis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nautlana Cockerell, 1897 Ceratina neocallosa Daly, 1983 Ceratina neomexicana Cockerell, 1901 Ceratina nigra Handlirsch, 1889 Ceratina nigriceps Friese, 1905 Ceratina nigrita Ashmead, 1900 Ceratina nigritula Michener, 1954 Ceratina nigroaenea Gerstäcker, 1869 Ceratina nigrolabiata Friese, 1896 Ceratina nigrolateralis Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina nilotica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nitidella Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina nitidifrons Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina nyassensis Strand, 1912 Ceratina obtusicauda Cockerell, 1919 Ceratina okinawana Matsumura & Uchida, 1926 Ceratina opaca Friese, 1905 Ceratina opipara Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina oxalidis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina pacifica H. S. Smith, 1907 Ceratina pacis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina palauensis Yasumatsu, 1939 Ceratina papuana van der Vecht, 1952 Ceratina paraguayensis Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina parvula Smith, 1854 Ceratina paulyi (Daly, 1988) Ceratina pembana Cockerell, 1935 Ceratina penicillata Friese, 1905 Ceratina penicilligera Strand, 1912 Ceratina perforatrix Smith, 1879 Ceratina perpolita Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina personata Friese, 1905 Ceratina picta Smith, 1854 Ceratina pictifrons Smith, 1861 Ceratina piracicabana Schrottky, 1911 Ceratina placida Smith, 1862 Ceratina polita Friese, 1902 Ceratina politifrons Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina politula Shiokawa, 2006 Ceratina popovi Wu, 1963 Ceratina propinqua Cameron, 1897 Ceratina psaenythia Engel, 2018 Ceratina pubescens Smith, 1879 Ceratina pulchripes Shiokawa, 2002 Ceratina punctaticeps Van der Vecht, 1953 Ceratina punctigena Cockerell, 1916 Ceratina punctiventris Friese, 1910 Ceratina punctulata Spinola, 1841 Ceratina pusilla Roig-Alsina, 2016 Ceratina quadripunctata Wu, 2000 Ceratina quinquemaculata Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina raquelitae Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina rasmonti Terzo, 1998 Ceratina rectangulifera Schwarz & Michener, 1954 Ceratina regalis Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina rehanae Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina rhodura Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina richardsoniae Schrottky, 1909 Ceratina ridleyi Cockerell, 1910 Ceratina roseoviridis Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina rossi (Daly, 1988) Ceratina rothschildiana Vachal, 1909 Ceratina rotundiceps Smith, 1879 Ceratina rufigastra Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina rufipes Smith, 1879 Ceratina rugifrons Smith, 1879 Ceratina rugosissima Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina rukaina Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina rupestris Holmberg, 1884 Ceratina ruwenzorica Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina sakagamii Terzo, 1998 Ceratina sakagamina Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina samburuensis Cockerell, 1910 Ceratina sapphira Flórez-Gómez & Ayala, 2022 Ceratina satoi Yasumatsu, 1936 Ceratina saundersi Daly, 1983 Ceratina sauteri Strand, 1913 Ceratina schwarzi Kocourek, 1998 Ceratina schwarziana Terzo, 1998 Ceratina sclerops Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina sculpturata Smith, 1858 Ceratina seikii Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina senegalensis Strand, 1912 Ceratina sequoiae Michener, 1936 Ceratina sericea Friese, 1910 Ceratina shinnersi Daly, 1973 Ceratina silvicola Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina simillima Smith, 1854 Ceratina smaragdula (Fabricius, 1787) Ceratina spectata Shiokawa, 2015 Ceratina speculifrons Cockerell, 1920 Ceratina speculina Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina spilota Cockerell, 1932 Ceratina spinipes Shiokawa, 2009 Ceratina splendida Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina stilbonota Moure, 1941 Ceratina strenua Smith, 1879 Ceratina stuckenbergi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina subcarinata Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina subquadrata Smith, 1854 Ceratina subscintilla Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina sutepensis Cockerell, 1929 Ceratina tabescens Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina taborae Strand, 1912 Ceratina takasagona Shiokawa & Hirashima, 1982 Ceratina takeshii Shiokawa, 2008 Ceratina tanganyicensis Strand, 1911 Ceratina tanoi Shiokawa, 2010 Ceratina tantilla (Moure, 1941) Ceratina tarsata Morawitz, 1872
Ghosh, Jobiraj, Subramanian, 2023
Ceratina tejonensis Cresson, 1864 Ceratina tenkeana Cockerell, 1937 Ceratina tepetlana Flórez-Gómez et al., 2022 Ceratina teunisseni Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 Ceratina texana Daly, 1973 Ceratina tibialis Morawitz, 1895 Ceratina timberlakei Daly, 1973 Ceratina titusi Cockerell, 1903 Ceratina triangulifera Cockerell, 1914 Ceratina tricolor Michener, 1954 Ceratina trimaculata Friese, 1917 Ceratina tropica Crawford, 1910 Ceratina truncata Friese, 1905 Ceratina tucumana Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina turgida (Moure, 1941) Ceratina umbricosta Roig-Alsina, 2013 Ceratina unicolor Friese, 1911 Ceratina unimaculata Smith, 1879 Ceratina velthuisi Terzo & Rasmont, 2001 Ceratina verhoeffi Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 Ceratina vernoniae Schrottky, 1920 Ceratina virescens Friese, 1910 Ceratina viridicincta Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina viridifrons Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina viridis Guérin-Méneville, 1844 Ceratina volitans Schrottky, 1907 Ceratina wagneri Friese, 1910 Ceratina waini (Shiokawa & Sakagami, 1969) Ceratina warnckei Terzo, 1998 Ceratina whiteheadi Eardley & Daly, 2007 Ceratina xanthocera (Moure, 1941) Ceratina xanthostoma Cockerell, 1912 Ceratina yamanei Sung & Shiokawa, 2012 Ceratina yasumatsui Hirashima, 1971 Ceratina yonagunensis Shiokawa, 2011 Ceratina yucatanica Cockerell, 1931 Ceratina zandeni Terzo, 1998 Ceratina zeteki Cockerell, 1934 Ceratina zwakhalsi Terzo & Rasmont, 1997 † Ceratina disrupta (Cockerell 1906) 
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