Cetalkonium chloride (CKC) is a quaternary ammonium compound of the alkyl-benzyldimethylammonium chloride family, the alkyl group having a chain length of C16 (16 carbons).
It is used in pharmaceutical products either as an excipient (Cationorm, Retaine MGD) or as an active ingredient (Bonjela, Pansoral). It may be found in very small amount in the excipient benzalkonium chloride mixture (typically less than 5% of the total mixture). Cetalkonium chloride is purchased as a raw material in dry form as a white powder.
Applications
Cetalkonium chloride can be used in different applications depending on its concentration.
Anti-infective agent
It can be used as an active ingredient to relieve the pain of mouth ulcers and denture sores in buccal solutions or gels such as Pansoral or in Bonjela. The usual concentration in these products is 0.01% (w/w).
However, it isn't known as a potent bactericidal compound, mainly because of its low solubility in water. For example, US and European pharmacopeias enforce suppliers of benzalkonium chloride to limit the amount of cetalkonium chloride in the mixture to less than 5% w/w.
Cationic surface-active agent
Cetalkonium chloride can also be used as a pharmaceutical excipient due to its amphiphilic property and cationic charge.
For example, it has recently been included in a contact lens to bind an anionic active drug to serve as reservoir and extend the release rate of the molecule.[1]
Most frequently, it is used as an emulsifier and cationic agent in ophthalmic nanoemulsions in products like Cationorm and Retaine MGD. Due to its high lipophilicity, cetalkonium chloride is strongly associated to oil nanodroplets at the oil/water interface in oil-in-water emulsions, hence providing a positive charge at the surface of the oil nanodroplets. This polarization of the nanodroplets stabilizes the emulsion by creating an electrostatic repulsion between the nanodroplets and is the driving force behind the biological adhesion of the nanodroplets to negatively charged cell epithelium in vivo.[2]
In life science the cationic charge of cetalkonium is used to separate biological extracts according to their charge.[3][4]
Biological activity
Biological activity of cetalkonium chloride as excipient has been widely described in the scientific literature.[5][6] Cetalkonium chloride acts by creating a positive charge that provides bioadhesive properties of the cationic nanoemulsions on the negatively charged ocular surface. Hence, increasing the penetration of active ingredients formulated in cationic nanoemulsions into ocular tissues.[7] Even more, cetalkonium chloride cationic emulsions seem to improve healing of corneal lesions.[8]
Safety
Even though cetalkonium chloride belongs to the family of benzalkonium chloride, the ophthalmic use of cetalkonium chloride cationic nanoemulsions have been shown to be safe.[9][10]
These observations are explained by the fact that cetalkonium chloride present in oil-in-water emulsions is bound to the oil nanodroplets therefore sequestered from the water phase and not available to cause damages to ocular tissues.[11]Pansoral has been on the market since 1981 and Cationorm since 2008, both products being well accepted by patients.
Regulatory
Cetalkonium is listed on the FDA OTC ingredient list updated April 2010.[12]
The MHRA has published in 2012 the "Consolidated list of substances which are present in authorized medicines for general sale" in which CKC is cited. The highest authorized concentration is 0.1% when administered topically and in the mouth.[13]
References
^Bengani LC, Chauhan A. Extended delivery of an anionic drug by contact lens loaded with a cationic surfactant. Biomaterials. 2013 Apr;34(11):2814-21
^Lallemand F, Daull P, Benita S, Buggage R, Garrigue JS. Successfully improving ocular drug delivery using the cationic nanoemulsion, Novasorb. J Drug Deliv. 2012
^Philipp S, Jakoby T, Tholey A, Janssen O, Leippe M, Gelhaus C. Cationic detergents enable the separation of membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes by 2D gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis. 2012 Apr;33(7):1120-8
^Nothwang HG, Schindler J. Two-dimensional separation of membrane proteins by 16-BAC-SDS-PAGE. Methods Mol Biol. 2009;528:269-77
^Lallemand F, Daull P, Benita S, Buggage R, Garrigue JS. Successfully improving ocular drug delivery using the cationic nanoemulsion, Novasorb. J Drug Deliv. 2012
^Lallemand F, Daull P, Garrigue JS, Development of a cationic nanoemulsion platform (Novasorb) for ocular delivery; J das Neves, B Sarmento Editors, Mucosal delivery of biopharmaceuticals, Springer Science New York 2014
^Daull P, Lallemand F, Philips B, Lambert G, Buggage R, Garrigue JS. Distribution of cyclosporine A in ocular tissues after topical administration of cyclosporine A cationic emulsions to pigmented rabbits. Cornea. 2013 Mar;32(3):345-54
^Liang H, Baudouin C, Daull P, Garrigue JS, Buggage R, Brignole-Baudouin F. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a preservative-free cationic emulsion of latanoprost in corneal wound healing models. Cornea. 2012 Nov;31(11):1319-29
^Liang, H., F. Brignole-Baudouin, et al. (2008). "Reduction of quaternary ammonium-induced ocular surface toxicity by emulsions: an in vivo study in rabbits." Mol Vis 14: 204-16
^Amrane M, Creuzot-Garcher C, Robert PY, Ismail D, Garrigue JS, Pisella PJ, Baudouin C. Ocular tolerability and efficacy of a cationic emulsion in patients with mild to moderate dry eye disease - A randomised comparative study. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2014 Oct;37(8):589-98
^Daull P, Lallemand F, Garrigue JS. Benefits of cetalkonium chloride cationic oil-in-water nanoemulsions for topical ophthalmic drug delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014 Apr;66(4):531-41
