Chabad customs and holidays are the practices, rituals and holidays performed and celebrated by adherents of the Chabad-LubavitchHasidic movement. The customs, or minhagim and prayer services are based on Lurianic kabbalah.[1] The holidays are celebrations of events in Chabad history. General Chabad customs, called minhagim, distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups.
Forms of dress – Chabad males, starting from Bar Mitzvah age, mostly wear black fedoras. This is in contrast to other Hasidic groups who wear shtreimels, a type of fur hat. Chabad women, like other Orthodox Jews, wear clothing that conform to tzniut (Hebrew: צניעות, "modesty").[2][3]
Speech and language – Many Chabad Hasidim in English speaking countries speak both English and Yiddish.[4]
Linguistic features – English speaking adherents are thought to use a cluster of linguistic features including a “/t/ release” at the end of some words, borrowed Hebrew terms, and “chanting intonation contours”. This linguistic cluster forms a unique "learned, Orthodox style” used by male adherents, and to a lesser extent, by female adherents.[6]
Code-switching – In Chabad, code-switching, or the alternating between two or more languages in speech occurs among English speaking members of the movement. Chabad adherents switch between standard English and a "Jewish English" which is a Jewish variety of English with influences from Yiddish, textual Hebrew and modern Hebrew.[7]
Song and music – Like many other Hasidic groups, Chabad attaches importance to singing Chabad Hasidic nigunim (melodies), usually without words, and following precise customs of their leaders.[8][9] To Chabad followers, the niggun is a primary link between the mundane and divine realms.[10] Chabad followers also compose songs using lyrics and contemporary styles.[11][12]
Zemiros – Unlike other Orthodox communities, the Chabad prayerbook does not include Shabbos Zemiros, songs traditionally sung on the Sabbath. The Chabad community is thought to replace these songs with their own niggunim (wordless melodies), or with the recitation of Hasidic discourses.[13]
Daily study – Among the customs of the Chabad movement are schedules of daily study of Jewish religious works. These study schedules were often encouraged by Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. They include:
Pregnancy – Chabad Hasidim refrain from publicizing a pregnancy until the woman has entered the fifth month.[17]
Bar Mitzvah – It is customary in Chabad communities for a child celebrating his Bar Mitzvah to recite the Chassidic discourse titled Isa b'Midrash Tehillim.[18]
Passover – It is customary in Chabad communities, on passover, to limit contact of matzah (an unleavened bread eaten on passover) with water. This custom is called gebrokts (Yiddish: געבראָכטס, lit. 'broken'). However, on the last day of passover, it is customary to intentionally have matzah come in contact with water.[24]
The Four Questions – The Chabad custom for the order of the "Four Questions", a customary recitation where the child asks the parent what makes Passover unique, differs from the order in the standard Orthodox custom. The Chabad order is as follows: 1. Dipping the food 2. Eating matzah 3. Eating bitter herbs 4. Reclining.[25]
Chanukah – It is the custom of Chabad Hasidim to place the Chanukahmenorah against the room's doorpost (and not on the windowsill).[26][27][28]
Synagogue readings — In some Lubavitcher congregations, the daily entry in the book Hayom Yom (a book of Hasidic sayings compiled by the seventh Chabad Rebbe) is read aloud after the morning service. This practice serves to provide words of guidance and inspiration as one prepares to leave the synagogue. This post-prayer reading seems to be a more common practice in Chabad communities in North and South America, and less common in Israel.[29]
Holidays
There are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include the liberation dates of the leaders of the movement, the Rebbes of Chabad, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events.
Some holidays overlap, as two events have occurred on the same day.
Liberation dates
Report of 10 Kislev Farbrengen in Švenčionys, Lithuania. (HaMelitz. 12 December 1882. P8.)
The leaders of the Chabad movement were, at times, subject to imprisonment by the Russian government. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" (Hebrew: יום גאולה (Yom Geulah)). There are three such events celebrated each year:
Yud Tes Kislev – (19 Kislev) The liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism".[30]
Tes Vav Elul (15 Elul) – Marking the founding of Tomchei Tmimim also known as "Chodorom".[34]
Yud Shevat (10 Shevat) - Marking the day that the seventh Rebbe of Lubavitch (Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schnerson) Accepted the Chabad Leadership in 1951(Also the date of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe's passing in 1950).[47]
^[Benor, Sarah Bunin. “The Learned/t: Phonological Variation in Orthodox Jewish English.” Penn Working Papers in Linguistics: Selected Papers from NWAV 2000. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Department of Linguistics (2001): 1-16.]
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