This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Chak Phra
Official nameThai: ชักพระ
Observed byThai Buddhists, Malaysian Siamese
TypeBuddhist
SignificanceCelebrates Buddha’s symbolic return to earth at the end of Buddhist Lent
Date1st waning moon of the 11th lunar month of the Thai lunar calendar
FrequencyAnnual
Related toTak Bat Devo, Wan Ok Phansa

Chak Phra (Thai: ชักพระ, pronounced [t͡ɕʰák pʰráʔ]) is a Buddhist festival that is celebrated annually in Southern Thailand and Northern Malaysia.[1] The name "Chak Phra" could be translated as “Pulling the Buddha”, “pulling of the Buddhist monks”,[2][3] or “pulling of ceremonial Buddha image carriages”.[4]

Chak Phra takes place in the eleventh lunar month of the traditional Thai lunar calendar on the first day of the waning moon. In the western calendar it usually falls in the month of October. Because the festival is based on a lunar calendar, the exact dates when it takes place change every year.[5][6]

The largest celebration takes place in Mueang Surat Thani, along the Tapi River. This festival lasts nine days and nine nights.[6] Smaller celebrations also take place throughout the south including: Nakhon Si Thammarat,[7] Phatthalung,[8] Pattani,[9] and Ko Samui.

Etymology

"Chak" (Thai: ชัก) means "to pull"[10] and "Phra" (Thai: พระ) can refer to a monk, god, or Buddha image.[11]

Origin

The tradition is based on the following Buddhist legend:

The Buddha’s mother, Maya, had died seven days after the Buddha-to-be was born. As she had no access to the Buddha’s teachings, he went up to Tavatimsa heaven, where she had been reborn, in order to give her the benefit of hearing the Dhamma. Upon his return to earth, the Buddha descended upon a ladder of crystal accompanied by two Hindu gods who acted as his witnesses and acolytes: Brahma on a ladder of gold at right and Indra on a ladder of silver at left.[12]

— Carol Stratton, "The Legend: The Buddha Descends from Tavatimsa Heaven", Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand (2004)

It is said, that once Buddha had returned to earth, a large crowd gathered to welcome him. He was offered large amounts of food and was invited to ride in a busabok throne.

Overview

Chak Phra is assumed to take place in India under the doctrine of Brahmanism which is a popularly used Buddha statue in a procession on various occasion. Later on, Chak Phra transferred to the Southern Thailand and Northern Malaysia and has been put into practice and became a traditional festival for nowadays. People believe that Chak Phra will cause rainfall during the rainy season because people who are in the ceremony are mainly farmers.[citation needed]

Description

There are two types for this festival. Pulling the Buddha on the land or in the river. Pulling the Buddha Statue on the land is to invite the Buddha statue to the destination which is the temple. This festival is suitable for the temple which is far away from the river. Dragging in the river is to invite the Buddha statue enshrined on the boat and then flock to the destination. This festival is suitable for the temple that is near the river.[citation needed]

Ceremonial floats

Customs

The main activities during Chak Phra in Mueang Surat Thani include:

Khanom tom

Khanom tom (Thai: ขนมต้ม; literally "boiled snack") is a Southern Thai snack made from sticky rice, coconut milk, sugar, and salt. The mixture is wrapped in young Mangrove Fan Palm leaves (Thai: ใบกะพ้อ), formed into a triangle shape, and then boiled or steamed until cooked.[14] To show their generosity to those who participate in the Chak Phra parade, the snack is usually made in large volumes by community members the day before the parade at various temples around town, the most prominent being Wat Tha Sai in Kanchanadit District, Surat Thani.[15][16]

Outside of Southern Thailand, khanom tom is usually referred to as "khao tom luk yon" (Thai: ข้าวต้มลูกโยน), as “khanom tom” is also the name of Central Thailand snack made from glutinous boiled rice balls covered in shredded coconut.

References

  1. ^ "Lesson 13: Chak Phra Festival" (PDF). Songkhla Rajabhat University. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  2. ^ Chadchaidee, Thanapol "Lamduan" (2013). "Tak Bat Devo and Chak Phra Festivals". Essays on Thailand. Booksmango. pp. 5–7. ISBN 9786162222641.
  3. ^ Tan, Terry (2007). "Beginnings: Festival Flavours". The Thai Table: A Celebration of Culinary Treasures. Marshal Cavendish International. p. 24. ISBN 9789812614421.
  4. ^ Yuankoet, Aonta. "Development and changes in the crafting of Ruea Phra Bok in Kanchanadit District, Suratthani Province", Silpakorn University, 2014. Retrieved on 23 October 2018.
  5. ^ "Surat Thani E-Brochure (May 2014)" (PDF). Tourist Information Division, Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Discover 7 Thainess Gems (2015)" (PDF). Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  7. ^ "Nakhon Si Thammarat E-Brochure (January 2011)" (PDF). Tourist Information Division, Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) Nakhon Si Thammarat. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  8. ^ "Phattalung E-Brochure (July 2010)" (PDF). Tourist Information Division, Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) Hat Yai. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  9. ^ "Pattani E-Brochure (September 2012)" (PDF). Tourist Information Division, Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) Narathiwat. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  10. ^ ชัก chak thai-language.com
  11. ^ พระ phra thai-language.com
  12. ^ Stratton, Carol (2014). "Chapter 3: Sculptural Conventions, Iconography, Style, Sets, Types". Buddhist Sculpture of Northern Thailand. Buppha Press. p. 43. ISBN 9781932476095.
  13. ^ ""ขนมต้ม" ขนมแห่งศรัทธาและความเอื้ออารี". Wat Sai, Surat Thani (Thai only). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  14. ^ Royal Society of Thailand. "Royal Institute Dictionary: ชักพระ (Thai only)". Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  15. ^ ""ขนมต้ม" ขนมแห่งศรัทธาและความเอื้ออารี". Wat Sai, Surat Thani (Thai only). Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  16. ^ ""ประเพณีห่อข้าวต้มลูกโยน(แทงต้ม)วัดท่าไทร กว่า 32 ปีแห่งการอนุรักษ์ภูมิปัญญาพุทธ ภูมิปัญญาไทย" (Thai only)". Wat Tha Sai, Surat Thani. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
Categories