James and John Chambers were early settlers in the colony of South Australia, who left England in 1836, became wealthy pastoralists and were closely connected with John McDouall Stuart's expeditions across the continent of Australia.

James and John, sons of William and Elizabeth (née Wilson) Chambers, their wives Catherine and Mary (who were sisters) and their young families were among the first colonists, James arriving on the Coromandel at Holdfast Bay on 17 January 1837.[1] The plan had been that by leaving on an earlier ship James would arrive in plenty of time to organise accommodation for the rest of the family, but unfavourable winds forced the Coromandel to delay its departure until 9 September. The ship was further delayed at Cape Town, partly because insufficient and inferior food supplies had brought about so much illness that Captain William Chesser (died 14 February 1840) feared many passengers would die on the voyage.[2] They arrived 17 January 1837, around two weeks late.

The rest of the family, which included sister Priscilla Chambers, had a trouble-free voyage in the James Renwick, arriving off Largs Bay on 10 February 1837. Catherine and Mary's brother James Redin also emigrated, arriving with his wife on the Navarino on 21 February 1856.

Margaret Goyder Kerr, in her book Colonial Dynasty – the Chambers family of South Australia, makes the point that the two men were physically quite different, both in build and temperament, and John wore a green satin patch over his blind right eye, so would never be confused by contemporaries. The historian however has great difficulty: they both signed their names "J. Chambers" and were involved in similar (and often the same) activities so that it is difficult if not impossible at many points to determine which brother is involved.[3]

James Chambers

James Chambers

James Chambers "Jemmy" (21 September 1811 – 7 August 1862), born in Ponders End, London[4] was a successful grazier and pastoralist in South Australia; with brother John a major sponsor of John McDouall Stuart's expeditions across the continent.

He was the first to drive a team of bullocks between Adelaide and Port Adelaide, and Adelaide and Glenelg, effectively creating the Port Road and Bay Road.[4] He ran sheep on a commonage licence in the area now known as Coromandel Valley.[5]

He bought a town acre at the first land sale, and imported horses from Van Diemens Land (he and brother John had experience as horse dealers in England)[6]

They built a house on Montefiore Hill in North Adelaide, at the site later occupied by John Langdon Bonython's Carclew.[7]

He opened a livery stable in North Adelaide,[6] He bought bullocks and wagons from Cape Town and coaches from England, he tendered successfully for the mail contract to Burra around 1845 (endorsed by postmaster-general John Watts)[8] and built a substantial business carrying passengers to the mining areas north of Adelaide, including Gawler's expeditions into the country.[6]

He provided the horses and carts for Tolmer's gold escort from Mount Alexander to Adelaide in 1852.[6]

He was involved with the Jockey Club, and served as Clerk of Course in 1850.

He sold his business to Simms & Hayter in 1853 for around £14,000 and holidayed in Long Sutton, Lincolnshire, where he had gained his horse-dealing experience. With his new-found knowledge of what was needed in South Australia, he was able to return in 1856 on the ship Albuera[9] with a useful selection of horses, cattle and sheep.

He and John dissolved their partnership and between 1854 and 1857 sold 1700 sq. miles (4403 km²) for £48,000, retaining 270 sq. miles (699 km²) in the north.[6]

Mining

James and his business partner William Finke found copper on one of their northern properties and on 23 July 1857 were issued with lease no 5 on some eighty acres that became known as the Oratunga Mine.

He and Finke founded "Great Northern Copper Mining Company" and sold eleven mines, most notably Nuccaleena and Oratunga No.2 to that company, which originally consisted of eleven shareholders. The floating of the Great Northern Mining Company on the London Stock Exchange in 1860 was marked by irregularities, shady deals, deception and outright fraud. The first application for mining leases was refused by the Commissioner of Crown Lands Charles Bonney, but his replacement John Bentham Neales, M.P. took it on himself not only to grant them without going through the normal procedures, such as checking claims of the proponents, gaining approval from Major Freeling of the Survey Department (who objected to both applications), the Lands Office, and obtaining the signatures of the Chief Secretary and the Governor, but personally rushed the signed form to mining captains John Hart and Dashwood, and T. Hancock (manager of the North Rhine Mining Company and secretary of Great Northern), as their ship to London was waiting on the tide at Glenelg. The Prospectus they prepared gave an unrealistic picture of the ore bodies, falsely claimed the Government was planning a railway to the mine (the survey was to Mount Remarkable), that the Burra proprietors had offered a large sum for the mine, and that it had the Governor (Sir Richard MacDonnell)'s endorsement, and falsely named John Morphett as a director.[10] While the float was underway, ownership of the leases passed from Chambers and Finke to John Baker M.L.C. and Paxton.

In the parliamentary enquiry under Townsend which followed, James Chambers refused to answer questions, Finke avoided it by travelling interstate, Baker claimed parliamentary privilege and absented himself, and Neales claimed he was following a precedent.[11] The directors judiciously reduced their holdings from 1500 shares each to 200 or 300 while prices were buoyant.[12]

Exploration

He largely outfitted John McDouall Stuart for four of his six northern expeditions, brother John having supplied everything for the first,[13] and the Government providing for the sixth. This last expedition set out with great ceremony on 25 October 1861 from James's residence on Montefiore Hill, North Adelaide,[14] where he died of complications from a carbuncle[15] without learning of its successful outcome.

Family

James Chambers married Catherine Redin (17 May 1809 – 20 June 1875) of Newton, Lincolnshire, in England on 6 August 1836. It is not known whether she came to Australia on the Coromandel or the James Renwick a month later. Her sister married John Chambers; her brother James Watson Redin (15 April 1813 – 22 August 1871) also emigrated, lived at Aldinga, South Australia

Barker & Chambers

John Barker and Catherine, Hugh Chambers and Agnes, formed the company Barker and Chambers, with major property investments "Comongin Holdings" in Queensland,[21][22] later became McLean & Barker & Co.[23]

They ran the "horse bazaar" on Sturt Street, Adelaide, also on Grenfell Street and Gay's Arcade, which in November 1884 was destroyed by fire and rebuilt as part of Adelaide Arcade.[24]

When cattle dealer Edward Meade Bagot (1822 – 27 July 1886) (founder of Bagot, Shakes and Lewis), disappeared in 1886, John Barker organised the search party.[25]

Recognition

Chambers Creek and Chambers Hill (in the Adelaide Hills) were named for James Chambers.[5]

Chambers Pillar, River Chambers and Chambers Range in Central Australia were named for him by Stuart.

Chambers Bay, which Stuart originally named Elizabeth Bay, east of present-day Darwin, where the British flag was first raised, was named for his eldest daughter Elizabeth by Stuart.

Katherine River (and hence the town Katherine) was named for his second daughter Catherine.[26]

Anna Creek, Edwards Creek and William Creek were named for John Chambers' children, by Peter Warburton in 1858, surveyor Lee in 1883, and John McDouall Stuart in 1858 respectively.[27]

John Chambers

John Chambers (1814? 1815? – 26 September 1889), born in Ponders End, Middlesex was a successful grazier and pastoralist in South Australia.

Both he and brother James were livestock dealers in East Dereham, Norfolk, following their father's profession. He arrived in South Australia in the John Renwick on 10 February 1837 with wife Mary, brother Benjamin and sister Priscilla shortly after his brother James.[28]

He and his bullock dray were called on to assist the party of Light, Morphett and Hack, which explored the area between Holdfast Bay and Aldinga in June 1838.[3] He claimed to have done the first ploughing in Adelaide (for Boyle Travers Finniss; another claimant was Donald McLean)[29] and to have built the first Adelaide house with a fireplace, door and glass window.[13] He also practised as a farrier and speculated as a dealer but over-reached himself in 1851 and John and Mary settled down on settled on 1200 acres (486 ha) in Cherry Gardens to run sheep.[6]

In 1846 he took up land around Lake Bonney to run sheep, then formally converted it to leasehold in 1851, setting up a head station at Cobdogla, managed by James Trussell, successfully breeding horses and cattle. The two brothers took up the lease of the station pioneered by Fisher and Handcock near the present-day Renmark in 1858 and in 1859 William Finke took up another section in the area, creating two stations, "Bookmark" and "Chowilla". Around 1860 John Chambers took over Finke's lease,[30] installing James Redin as manager. Around 1865 Chambers sold Bookmark and Chowilla[31] to Richard Holland who around five years later passed it on to his stepsons William and Robert Robertson. (In 1887 the South Australian government resumed part of Bookmark for the Chaffey brothers' irrigation development and the town of Renmark.)[32]

With brother James, he set up a headquarters at Mount Samuel, which Herschel Babbage used as a base for exploring the Flinders Ranges for prospective sites.[33]

He took up leases at Pekina, Mount Remarkable, Moolooloo (managed by John Rose), Bobmoonie and Oratunga (managed by George Warland), Wirrealpa, Stuart Creek and Cournamont.

He and James dissolved their partnership and between 1854 and 1857 sold 1700 sq. miles (4400 km²) for £48,000,

He sold much of his landholdings in 1863, avoiding losses in great drought

He had mining leases around Blinman, South Australia.

It was John who formed the idea of sponsoring John McDouall Stuart's expeditions across the continent.[4] He supplied horses and provisions, and his employees formed Stuart's party.[13]

He died aged 74 at his home on the Bay Road, near Richmond, South Australia.

Family

John married Mary Redin (c. 1812 – 24 March 1904) in October 1836. Their children included:

  • Edgar Charles Chambers (1875 – 2 February 1910) was manager West End Brewery in Broken Hill.
He was a partner in the brewing firm of Chambers and Blades, which owned the Dragon Brewery, Green Dragon Hotel, the Tanner's Arms in Unley and the Queen's Head in the city. Other partners were brother Charles Chambers and brother-in-law F.J. Blades.
She married again, to Harry Bickford (1843–1927) on 8 December 1904. Neither had any children.

The Chambers brothers had a hands-off management style; their success owed much to their choice of employees: James Trussell (1826–1895) managed Cobdogla Station for 45 years.[34]

Neither brother was involved in public affairs; John was a popular member of the Adelaide Hunt Club and owned the Richmond House racing stables;[35] both were involved in horse racing.

Recognition

John McDouall Stuart named the Mary River and the Fanny River for his daughters, and the William River for his second son,[15]

It is probable that Chambers Avenue and Redin Street Richmond are linked to this branch of the family.

Benjamin Chambers

Benjamin Chambers (ca.1808 – May 1852) and his wife Emily (6 August 1810 – ) lived in Tombland, Norwich before emigrating with brother John on the John Renwick.[28]

He settled on a farm somewhere in the Upper Sturt[36] / Cherry Gardens / Coromandel Valley area and played no major part in public affairs. There is circumstantial evidence that he was partner with his brother John in managing the Pekina run.[3] There is no information available on his offspring, if any.

Priscilla Chambers

Priscilla Chambers (1816 – 31 December 1900) arrived with brother John on the John Renwick on 10 February 1837[28]

In 1842 she married Alfred Barker (1812 – 24 January 1880) who had been an officer on the Rapid,[37] and settled at Yankalilla.

They moved to Burra when he ran the Burra Hotel, then took over the Baldina Run station in 1862.

He died at Baldina House, St. John's Wood, now part of Prospect, South Australia; she died at Henley Beach, South Australia[38]

Family

James Redin

James Watson Redin (15 April 1813 – 22 August 1871) was a brother of Catherine and Mary Chambers, born in Newton Hall, Lincolnshire. He had been booked on the James Renwick in 1837 but withdrew at the last moment. According to Margaret Goyder Kerr (op. cit.) he never joined his relations in Australia but this is contradicted by the evidence: he arrived in South Australia ca.1855.[40]

His brother Thomas Redin (1814–) was booked on the John Renwick voyage of 1836 but no more information is available as yet.

Family

He married Susan (ca. 1808 – 23 November 1870) and had a home at Crowder Street, Lower Mitcham, South Australia and at Aldinga, South Australia[41] Their children included:

See also

Sources

Flinders Ranges Research website

Further reading

Kerr, Margaret Goyder Colonial dynasty: the Chambers family of South Australia Rigby Ltd., Adelaide, 1980. ISBN 0 727010972

References

  1. ^ "Coromandel 1837 - Pioneers and Settlers Bound for South Australia -". Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  2. ^ The grateful passengers presented Chesser with a purse of gold sovereigns in recognition of his concern. At the later enquiry, the ship's owners and second mate Adams (who was so disliked by the seamen that ten "jumped ship" and settled in Coromandel Valley) insisted that rations were more than adequate and Chesser exceeded his instructions in procuring extra.
  3. ^ a b c Kerr, Margaret Goyder Colonial dynasty: the Chambers family of South Australia Rigby Ltd., Adelaide, 1980. ISBN 0 727010972
  4. ^ a b c Heaton, J.H Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of their Time George Robertson, Sydney 1879
    Not a reliable source but old and fascinating.
  5. ^ a b "Coromandel Valley". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 12 January 1914. p. 7. Retrieved 21 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ a b c d e f 'Chambers, John (1815–1889)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 26 February 2012
  7. ^ "Little-known Adelaide". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 1 February 1936. p. 10. Retrieved 7 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ Captain John Cliffe Watts followed his brother Henry Watts as Postmaster-General from 1841 to 1861, succeeded by James William Lewis, then in 1870 the Post Office was amalgamated with the Telegraph Office and Charles Todd was appointed as its head.
  9. ^ Stratton, J., (ed.), Biographical Index of South Australians 1836 – 1885, SA Genealogy and Heraldry Society, Adelaide (1986), Volume I, p. 255.
  10. ^ "Advertising". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 15 February 1860. p. 1. Retrieved 29 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ^ "South Australian Parliament". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide. 30 August 1860. p. 3. Retrieved 29 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Great Northern Mining Company". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 21 April 1863. p. 2. Retrieved 1 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  13. ^ a b c "A Chat with ab Old Colonist". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 11 January 1888. p. 6. Retrieved 23 September 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  14. ^ "John McDouall Stuart Society » Great Northern Exploring Expedition".
  15. ^ a b "Topics of the Day". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide. 8 August 1862. p. 2. Retrieved 25 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ "Mrs. Gething to leave B.H." The Barrier Miner (Home ed.). Broken Hill, NSW. 30 January 1939. p. 4. Retrieved 9 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia. This article, one of several to spell "Catherine" with a "K", is a nice summary of James Chambers' contribution to the Stuart expeditions.
  17. ^ John Barker was a son of Alfred Barker (pastoralist) (ca.1812 – 24 January 1880) and Priscilla (1816 – 31 December 1900)
  18. ^ Katherine Town Council: About Katherine Archived 18 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 15 December 2008.
  19. ^ "Advertising". The Ballarat Star. Ballarat, Vic. 21 July 1860. p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  20. ^ "Police Court – Adelaide". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide. 14 June 1867. p. 3. Retrieved 22 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  21. ^ http://www.southwestnrm.org.au/sites/default/files/uploads/ihub/lure-land.pdf Archived 26 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
  22. ^ "Personal". The Register. Adelaide. 23 June 1923. p. 8. Retrieved 2 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ^ a b From around 1882 McLean, Barker & Co (Donald McLean, William Pitt Barker, John Barker, and Agnes May Chambers) owned Comongin Station, near Quilpie, Queensland, sold September 1914.
  24. ^ "Miscellaneous". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 28 March 1885. p. 3 Supplement: Supplement to the South Australian Register. Retrieved 8 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ^ "Death of Mr. E. M. Bagot". The South Australian Advertiser. Adelaide. 3 August 1886. p. 5. Retrieved 8 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  26. ^ "Stuart's Diary". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 30 December 1862. p. 3. Retrieved 26 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  27. ^ "Names of Railway Stations". The Register. Adelaide. 24 March 1915. p. 4. Retrieved 4 July 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  28. ^ a b c "John Renwick 1837 - Pioneers and Settlers Bound for South Australia -". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
  29. ^ "A Chat with an Old Colonist". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 11 January 1888. p. 6. Retrieved 23 September 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  30. ^ "To Correspondents". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 20 June 1938. p. 17. Retrieved 23 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  31. ^ In 1863 Captain Randell's steamer Bunyip was destroyed by fire near Chowilla with the loss of five lives.
  32. ^ "Extensive Irrigation Scheme". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 15 February 1887. p. 6. Retrieved 23 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  33. ^ "The Gold Search Expedition". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 3 January 1857. p. 2. Retrieved 26 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  34. ^ "Family Notices". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 10 December 1895. p. 3. Retrieved 3 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  35. ^ "Obituary". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 24 May 1930. p. 17. Retrieved 24 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  36. ^ "Declaration of Confidence in Mr John Stephens". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 7 March 1850. p. 1 Supplement: Supplement to South Australian Register. Retrieved 27 February 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. ^ "Old Colonists' Association". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 27 January 1883. p. 6. Retrieved 22 June 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  38. ^ "Alfred Barker, husband of Priscilla Chambers South Australian History".
  39. ^ "Family Notices". South Australian Register. Vol. XXX, no. 6129. 26 June 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 6 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  40. ^ a b "Personal". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 10 June 1905. p. 6. Retrieved 3 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
  41. ^ "Serious Fire at Aldinga". South Australian Register. Adelaide. 28 November 1865. p. 3. Retrieved 3 March 2012 – via National Library of Australia.
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