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Chancellor Williams
BornChancellor James Williams
(1893-12-22)December 22, 1893
Bennettsville, South Carolina
DiedDecember 7, 1992(1992-12-07) (aged 98)
Providence Hospital in Washington, D.C.
Pen nameJames Williams
OccupationWriter, historian, sociologist
NationalityAmerica
SubjectEgyptology
Notable worksThe Destruction of Black Civilization

Chancellor Williams (December 22, 1893 – December 7, 1992) was an American sociologist, historian and writer. He is noted for his work on African civilizations prior to encounters with Europeans; his major work is The Destruction of Black Civilization (1971/1974).

Early life, migration, and education

Williams was born on December 22, 1893, in Bennettsville, South Carolina, as the last of five children. His father had been born into slavery and had grown up to gain freedom and voting after the American Civil War. His mother Dorothy Ann Williams worked as a cook, nurse, and evangelist. The family suffered after Democrats regained power in the state legislature in the late 19th century and passed bills disfranchising black citizens, as well as imposing racial segregation and white supremacy under Jim Crow. Williams' innate curiosity about racial inequality and cultural struggles, particularly those of African Americans, began as early as his fifth-grade year. Encouraged by a sixth-grade teacher, he sold The Crisis, published by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); and The Norfolk Journal and Guide, as well as reading them and using their recommended books to direct his studies.[1]

Years later, he was quoted in an interview as saying:

I was very sensitive about the position of black people in the town... I wanted to know how you explain this great difference. How is it that we were in such low circumstances as compared to the whites? And when they answered 'slavery' as the explanation, then I wanted to know where we came from.[2]

As part of the Great Migration out of the rural South, the Williams family moved to Washington, DC, in 1910. His father hoped for more opportunity there, especially in education, and Williams graduated from Armstrong Technical High School.[3] Williams' mother died in 1925, leaving his father a widower. All their children were grown by then.

After working for a while, Williams entered college at Howard University, a historically black college. He earned an undergraduate degree in education in 1930, followed by a master's degree in history in 1935. After completing a doctoral dissertation on the socioeconomic significance of the storefront church movement in the United States since 1920, he was awarded a Ph.D. in sociology by American University in 1949.[3]

International studies

Williams began his studies abroad in England as a visiting professor to the universities of Oxford and London in 1953 and 1954. In 1956, he did field research in African history at Ghana's University College. At that time, his focus was on African achievements and the many self-ruling civilizations that had arisen and operated on the continent long before the coming of Europeans or East Asians. His last study, completed in 1964, covered 26 countries and more than 100 language groupings.

Career

In 1935 Williams started as Administrative Principal for the Cheltenham School for Boys in Maryland. Four years later he became a teacher in the Washington, DC, public schools. With World War II imminent, he entered the civil service system in the Federal government in 1941, serving as section chief of the Census Bureau, a statistician for War Relocation Board, and an economist in Office of Price Administration.

In 1946 he returned to his alma mater Howard University as a social science instructor, teaching until 1952. He transferred to the history department. By the 1960s, he was lecturing and writing about African history from a position of Afrocentrism. He concentrated on African civilizations before the European encounter, and was one of a group of scholars who asserted that Egypt had been a black civilization. He was a scholar at Howard until his retirement in 1966. Afterward he continued his studies and writing.

The Destruction of Black Civilization

In 1971/1974, Williams published his major work, The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race Between 4500 B.C. and 2000 A.D..[4] The following year, the book received an award from the Black Academy of Arts and Letters (BAAL), founded in New York in 1969.[5] He asserted the validity of the Black Egyptian hypothesis and that Ancient Egypt was predominantly a black civilization which was accepted by most scholars and rejected by some participants. Williams' central thesis is that Egypt, particularly Upper Egypt constituted the Northern boundary of a larger Ethiopian empire rooted in Napata and Kerma. Further, Williams asserts the king Narmer unifies Upper and Lower Egypt by compelling political unity among 'Asiatics' then resident in the Nile Delta. He further asserts in Chapter III, Egypt: The Rise and Fall of Black Civilization, that the name "Egyptian" becomes a referent to the children of Africans and Asians who reside throughout the country, rather than to either Africans or Asiatics residing at the respective ends of the Nile Valley and beyond (pg. 103). [6] at the UNESCO "Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script" in Cairo in 1974.[7] Mainstream scholars have abandoned the notion that traditional, racial categories can be applied to Ancient Egypt; they maintain that, despite the phenotypic diversity of Ancient and present-day Egyptians, applying modern notions of black or white races to ancient Egypt is anachronistic.[8][9][10] In addition, scholars reject the notion, implicit in the notion of a black or white Egypt hypothesis, that Ancient Egypt was racially homogeneous; instead, skin color varied between the peoples of Lower Egypt, Upper Egypt, and Nubia, who in various eras rose to power in Ancient Egypt. Within Egyptian history, despite multiple foreign invasions, the demographics were not shifted substantially by large migrations.[11][12][13] Although, various scholars have argued that the origins of the Egyptian civilisation derived from communities which emerged in both the Saharan and Sudanese regions of the Nile Valley.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Death

Williams died of respiratory failure on December 7, 1992, aged 98, at Providence Hospital in Washington, DC. He had been a resident of the Washington Center for Aging Services for several years. He was survived by his wife of 65 years, Mattie Williams of Washington, and 14 children; 36 grandchildren; 38 great-grandchildren; and 10 great-great-grandchildren.[3]

Books

Legacy and honors

See also

References

  1. ^ Williams, Chancellor James (1987), The Destruction of Black Civilization, Chicago: Third World Press, p. 14.
  2. ^ Petrie, Phil W. (December 1981). "DR. CHANCELLOR WILLIAMS: Celebrating Our Glorious History". Essence. 12 (8): 74–75, 132, 134, 139. ProQuest 1962212957. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "Chancellor Williams, 98, Dies; Professor of African History", The Washington Post, December 12, 1992, p. B04.
  4. ^ Williams, Chancellor (1987). The Destruction of Black Civilization: Great Issues of a Race Between 4500 B.C. and 2000 A.D. (PDF). Murry N. DePillars (Illustrator) (2nd; scanned online ed.). Chicago: Third World Press.
  5. ^ "History". The Black Academy of Arts and Letters. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  6. ^
    • Pg 43 - "Professor Diop's theory was rejected in its entirety by one participant"
    • p46 - "The conclusion of the experts who did not accept the theory, put forward by Professors Cheikh Anta Diop and Obenga, that the Nile Valley population had been homogenous from the earliest times until the Persian invasion, was that the basic population of Egypt settled there in Neolithic times, that it originated largely in the Sahara and that it comprised people from the north and from the south of the Sahara who were differentiated by their colour".Ancient civilizations of Africa (Abridged ed.). London [England]: J. Currey. 1990. pp. 43–46. ISBN 0852550928.
  7. ^ "Two categories of objection were made to the ideas propounded by Professor Diop. These objections revealed the extent of a disagreement which remained profound even though it was not voiced explicitly. Most of the objections raised were of a methodological nature. Although he hoped that the notion of race would be abandoned and that reference would be made rather to the 'people' of ancient Egypt, Professor Vercoutter agreed that no attempt should be made to estimate percentages, which meant nothing, as it was impossible to establish them without reliable statistical data. He hoped that, before final conclusions were drawn, a series of research projects would be carried out to study the human remains in museums throughout the world and those found in recent excavations." The peopling of ancient Egypt and the deciphering of Meroitic script : proceedings of the symposium held in Cairo from 28 January to 3 February 1974. Paris: Unesco. 1978. pp. 81–82. ISBN 92-3-101605-9.
  8. ^ Lefkowitz, Mary R; Rogers, Guy Maclean (1996). Black Athena Revisited. UNC Press Books. p. 162. ISBN 9780807845554. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
  9. ^ Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (1999). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. p. 329. ISBN 9780415185899. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  10. ^ Howe, Stephen (1999). Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes. Verso. p. 19. ISBN 9781859842287. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  11. ^ Montellano, Bernard R. Ortiz De (1993). "Melanin, afrocentricity, and pseudoscience". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 36 (S17): 33–58. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330360604. ISSN 1096-8644.
  12. ^ "Slavery, Genocide and the Politics of Outrage". MERIP. 6 March 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  13. ^ Brace, C. Loring; Tracer, David P.; Yaroch, Lucia Allen; Robb, John; Brandt, Kari; Nelson, A. Russell (2005). "Clines and clusters versus 'Race': a test in ancient Egypt and the case of a death on the Nile". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 36 (S17): 1–31. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330360603. S2CID 84425807.
  14. ^ Wengrow, David; Dee, Michael; Foster, Sarah; Stevenson, Alice; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (March 2014). "Cultural convergence in the Neolithic of the Nile Valley: a prehistoric perspective on Egypt's place in Africa". Antiquity. 88 (339): 95–111. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00050249. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 49229774.
  15. ^ Smith, Stuart Tyson (1 January 2018). "Gift of the Nile? Climate Change, the Origins of Egyptian Civilization and Its Interactions within Northeast Africa". Across the Mediterranean – Along the Nile: Studies in Egyptology, Nubiology and Late Antiquity Dedicated to László Török. Budapest: 325–345.
  16. ^ Vogel, Joseph (1997). Encyclopedia of precolonial Africa : archaeology, history, languages, cultures, and environments. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. pp. 465–472. ISBN 0761989021.
  17. ^ Wilkinson, Toby; Butzer, Karl W.; Huyge, Dirk; Hendrickx, Stan; Kendall, Timothy; Shaw, Ian (April 2004). "Review Feature: A review of Genesis of the Pharaohs: Dramatic New Discoveries that Rewrite the Origins of Ancient Egypt, by Toby Wilkinson. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002. ISBN 0-500-05122-4 hardback £18.95; 208 pp., 87 ills., 25 in colour". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 14 (1): 113–135. doi:10.1017/S0959774304000095. ISSN 1474-0540.
  18. ^ Bàrta, Miroslav (2010). Swimmers in the sand : on the neolithic origins of the ancient Egyptian mythology and symbolism (1st ed.). Prague: Dryada. pp. 1–87. ISBN 978-80-87025-26-0.
  19. ^ Keita, Shomarka O. Y. (May 1981). "royal incest and diffusion in Africa". American Ethnologist. 8 (2): 392–393. doi:10.1525/ae.1981.8.2.02a00120.
  20. ^ Midant-Reynes, Béatrix (2000). The prehistory of Egypt : from the first Egyptians to the first pharaohs. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. pp. 1–60. ISBN 0631217878.
  21. ^ Godde, K. (July 2018). "A new analysis interpreting Nilotic relationships and peopling of the Nile Valley". Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen. 69 (4): 147–157. doi:10.1016/j.jchb.2018.07.002. ISSN 1618-1301. PMID 30055809. S2CID 51865039.
  22. ^ Wendorf, Fred; Schild, Romuald (1 June 1998). "Nabta Playa and Its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 17 (2): 97–123. doi:10.1006/jaar.1998.0319. ISSN 0278-4165.
  23. ^ Davidson, Basil (1991). Africa in history : themes and outlines (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Collier Books. p. 15. ISBN 0684826674.

Further reading

External links

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