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((Short description|Capital of and prefecture-level city in Hunan, China))
((Other uses))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2020))
((Infobox settlement
| name               = Changsha
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = 长沙市
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hans
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city]]
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline      = ((multiple image
| border                 = infobox
| total_width            = 280
| image_style            = border:1;
| perrow                 = 1/2/2/1
| image1                 = Skyline with Xiang River.png
| image2                 = 爱晚亭（秋-侧面）.jpg
| image3                 = Four Heavenly Kings Hall, Baoning Temple 20220225.jpg
| image4                 = Changsha_Yuelu_Shuyuan_2014.03.04_08-10-05.jpg
| image5                 = Changsha_mao_statue.jpg
| image6                 = 梅溪湖国际文化艺术中心 (cropped).jpg
))

| imagesize          = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top:''' Skyline with [[Xiang River]], [[Baoning Temple (Changsha)|Baoning Temple]], [[Young Mao Zedong statue|Young Mao Statue]], [[Meixihu International Culture & Arts Center]], [[Yuelu Academy]], [[Aiwan Pavilion]]
| image              = 
| etymology          = 
| nickname           = "((lang|zh-Hans-CN|星城))" (Star City)
| motto              = "((lang|zh-hans|心忧天下，敢为人先))" <br />(Care About the World, Dare to Be Pioneers)
| anthem             = <!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map          = ((maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=7))
| image_map1         = Location map of Changsha, Hunan.png
| mapsize1           = 
| map_alt1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location of Changsha City in Hunan
| pushpin_map        = China Hunan
| pushpin_label      = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long -->
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_relief     = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the city centre in Hunan
| coordinates        = ((coord|28.228|N|112.939|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-43_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=inline,title))
| coor_pinpoint      = Changsha municipal government
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| grid_name          = 
| grid_position      = <!-- location -->
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[China]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Hunan]]
<!-- seat, smaller parts -->| seat_type          = Municipal seat
| seat               = [[Yuelu District]]
| seat1_type         = 
| seat1              = 
| parts_type         = Divisions
| parts_style        = para
| parts              = 
| p1                 = 9 [[County-level division]]s
| p2                 = 172 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township divisions]]
<!-- government type, leaders -->| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| governing_body     = [[Changsha Municipal People's Congress]]
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = [[Wu Guiying]]
| leader_title1      = [[Changsha Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Xie Weidong
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = Zhou Haibing
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Wen Shuxun
<!-- display settings -->| total_type         = 
| unit_pref          = metric
<!-- area -->| area_footnotes     = 
| dunam_link         = 
| area_total_km2     = 11819
| elevation_m        = 63
| elevation_min_rank = <!-- population -->
| population_as_of   = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref>((Cite web|url=http://enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html|title=Changsha City|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065815/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html|url-status=live))</ref>
| population_total   = 10420600 
| population_urban   = 5980707
| population_metro   = 10500000
| area_urban_km2     = 2154.1
| area_metro_km2     = 3911.1
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 
| population_blank1_title = Rank in China
| population_blank1  = [[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population|19th]]
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = [[Han Chinese|Han]]
| demographics1_info1 = 99.22%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Minority group|Minorities]]
| demographics1_info2 = 0.78%
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>((Cite web|url=https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/m/tjsj_1/202211/t20221114_29125379.html|title=2022年湖南省各市州地区生产总值（三季度))</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]] 
| demographics2_info1 = [[Renminbi|CN¥]] 1.397&nbsp;trillion<br />[[US$]] 207.7&nbsp;billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 133,992<br />US$ 19,925
<!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone1          = [[Time in China|China Standard]]
| utc_offset1        = +08:00
| postal_code_type   = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = '''4100'''00
| area_code_type     = 
| area_code          = 0731
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-HN-01]]
| geocode            = 
| registration_plate = <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->| blank_name_sec2    = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|License Plate]]
| blank_info_sec2    = ((lang|zh-cn|湘A))<br /> ((lang|zh-cn|湘O)) (police and authorities)
| blank1_name_sec2   = City tree
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[Camphor tree]]
| blank2_name_sec2   = City flower
| blank2_info_sec2   = [[Azalea]]
| blank3_name_sec2   = Languages
| blank3_info_sec2   = [[Xiang Chinese|Hunanese]]([[Changsha dialect]]), [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
<!-- website, footnotes -->| website            = ((URL|http://en.changsha.gov.cn/))
| footnotes          = 
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations | title=Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps | access-date=30 July 2023 | archive-date=7 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/ | url-status=live ))</ref>
| blank4_name        = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2016)
| blank4_info        = 0.817– <span style="color:#090;">very high</span><ref name="HDI">[https://hdr.undp.org/content/national-human-development-report-2019-china.html "National Human Development Report 2019: China"]. 12 October 2020.</ref>
))

((Infobox Chinese
| pic = Changsha_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Changsha" in [[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] (top) and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]] (bottom) Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| t = ((linktext|長沙))
| s = ((linktext|长沙))
| bpmf = ㄔㄤˊ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄕㄚ
| p = Chángshā
| w = Chʻang<sup>2</sup>-sha<sup>1</sup>
| mi = ((IPAc-cmn|ch|ang|2|.|sh|a|1)) (((audio|Pth-Changsha.wav|listen|help=no)))
| hsn = ((ipa|hsn|tsã13 sɔ33|)) (((audio|Csn-Changsha.wav|listen|help=no)))
| j = Coeng4-saa1
| y = Chèuhngsā
| ci = ((IPAc-yue|c|oeng|4|.|s|aa|1))
| wuu = Zan<sup>平</sup>-so<sup>平</sup>
| poj = Tn̂g-soa<!--|zha=Cangzsa-->
| showflag = phsn
| l = ((nowrap|"Long Sandbar"))
| order = st
))

((Infobox Chinese
|title=Former names
|altname=Qing Yang
|t2=((linktext|青陽)) |s2=((linktext|青阳))
|p2=Qīngyáng |w2=Ching-yang |l2=<!--North of the Verdant... River? or Valley?-->
|altname3=Lin Xiang
|t3=((linktext|臨湘)) |s3=((linktext|临湘))
|p3=Línxiāng |w3=Lin-hsiang |l3=Overlooking the [[Xiang River|Xiang]]
|altname4=Tan Zhou
|c4=((linktext|潭州)) 
|p4=Tánzhōu |w4=T‘an-chou |l4=[[Eddy (fluid dynamics)|Eddy]] [[Zhou (administrative subdivision)|Prefecture]]
))

'''Changsha'''((efn|((IPAc-en|UK|tS|æ|N|'|S|a:)); ((IPAc-en|US|tS|a:|N|-));<ref>((Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Changsha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519043423/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Changsha |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2021 |title=Changsha |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]))</ref><!--Chinese in infobox; see WP:MOS-ZH--> ((Lang-zh|s=长沙|t=長沙))<!---do not use ((linktext)), it creates overlinking in this sentence and it leads to effectively empty wiktionary pages--->; Changsha [[Xiang Chinese]]: ((IPA|hsn|tsã˩˧ sɔ˧|)) (((audio|Csn-Changsha.wav|listen|help=no))), Mandarin [[pinyin]]: Chángshā (((audio|Pth-Changsha.wav|listen|help=no))))) is the [[Capital city|capital]] and the largest city of [[Hunan Province]] of [[China]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Illuminating China's Provinces,Municipalities & Autonomous Regions-Hunan |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43586.htm |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=www.china.org.cn |archive-date=19 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619213244/http://www1.china.org.cn/english/features/43586.htm |url-status=live ))</ref> Changsha is the 17th most populous city in China with a population of over 10 million,<ref>((Cite web |title=17 Chinese cities have a population of over 10 million in 2021 |url=https://www.ecns.cn/news/cns-wire/2022-05-26/detail-ihaytawr8118445.shtml |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=www.ecns.cn |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812003449/https://www.ecns.cn/news/cns-wire/2022-05-26/detail-ihaytawr8118445.shtml |url-status=live ))</ref> and the [[Central China#Cities with urban area over one million in population|third-most populous city]] in [[Central China]], located in the lower reaches of the [[Xiang River]] in northeastern Hunan. Changsha is also called Xingcheng (星城, 'Star City') and was once named Linxiang ([[wikt:臨湘|临湘]]), Tanzhou ([[wikt:潭州|潭州]]), and Qingyang (青阳) in ancient times. It is also known as Shanshuizhoucheng (山水洲城), with the Xiang River flowing through it, containing [[Yuelu Mountain|Mount Yuelu]] and [[Orange Isle]]. The city forms a part of the [[Changzhutan|Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region]] along with [[Zhuzhou]] and [[Xiangtan]], also known as [[Changzhutan]] City Cluster. Greater Changsha was named one of the 13 emerging [[mega-cities]] in China in 2012 by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Supersized cities: China's 13 megalopolises |url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Megalopolis2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721142341/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Megalopolis2012 |archive-date=2012-07-21 |access-date=2012-07-23))</ref> It is also a National Comprehensive Transportation Hub,<ref>[http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/28/content_5171345.htm  "State Council on the issuance of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" modern comprehensive transport system development plan"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054729/http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-02/28/content_5171345.htm |date=30 June 2017 )) State Council, State Development [2017] No. 11</ref> and one of the first [[List of National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China|National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in China]]. Changshanese, a kind of [[Xiang Chinese]], is spoken in the downtown, while Ningxiangnese and Liuyangnese are also spoken in the counties and cities under its jurisdiction.<ref>Institute of Linguistics, CASS. ''Language atlas of China''. The Commercial Press. Beijing. December, 2012.</ref> As of the [[2020 Chinese census]], the [[prefecture-level city]] of Changsha had a population of 10,047,914 inhabitants.<ref>((Cite web |title=Húnán (China): Prefectural Division & Major Cities - Population Statistics 2020 |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/hunan/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.citypopulation.de |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211160023/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/cities/hunan/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

Changsha has a history of more than 2,400 years of urban construction,<ref>Changsha Municipal Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. ''Archaeological Discoveries and Studies of Ancient City Sites in Changsha''. Hunan Yuelu Publishing House. 1 December 2016.</ref> and the name "Changsha" first appeared in the ''[[Yi Zhou Shu]]'' written in the pre-Qin era.<ref>[https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zhs Yi Zhou Shu·Wang Hui] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/https://ctext.org/lost-book-of-zhou/wang-hui/zhs |date=8 June 2021 )):"长沙鳖，其西，鱼复鼓钟钟牛"</ref> In the [[Qin dynasty]], the [[Commandery (China)|Changsha Commandery]] was set up, and in the [[Western Han dynasty]], the [[Changsha Kingdom]] was established. The [[Tongguan Kiln]] in Changsha during the [[Tang dynasty]] produced the world's earliest [[Underglaze|underglaze porcelain]], which was exported to [[Western Asia]], [[Africa]] and [[Europe]].<ref>Wang Xiga. ''The History of Changsha''. Social Science Literature Press. December, 2014.</ref> In the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period|Period of the Five Dynasties]], Changsha was the capital of [[Ma Chu|Southern Chu]]. In the [[Northern Song dynasty]], the [[Yuelu Academy]] (later [[Hunan University]]) was one of the four major private academies over the last 1000 years,<ref>Fan Chengda (1126-1193). ''Shigushanji(石鼓山记)''："天下有书院四：徂徕、金山、岳麓、石鼓。"</ref> with the famous couplet "惟楚有才, 于斯为盛" (Only Chu has talent, and it is flourishing in this area) coming down to modern times. In the late [[Qing dynasty]], Changsha was one of the four major trade cities for rice and tea in China.<ref>Institute of Changsha Culture, Changsha University. ''The prosperity of commerce in ancient Changsha and its causes (below)'' Journal of Changsha University. 2011 No. 1.</ref> In 1904, it was opened to foreign trade, and gradually became a revolutionary city. In Changsha, [[Tan Sitong]] established the School of Current Affairs, [[Huang Xing]] founded the [[Huaxinghui|China Arise Society]] with the slogan "Expel the Tatar barbarians and revive Zhonghua" (驱除鞑虏，复兴中华), and [[Mao Zedong]] also carried out his early political movements here. During the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican Era]], Changsha became one of the major home fronts in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], but the subsequent [[1938 Changsha fire|Wenxi Fire]] in 1938 and the three Battles of Changsha from 1939 to 1942 ([[Battle of Changsha (1939)|1939]], [[Battle of Changsha (1941)|1941]] and [[Battle of Changsha (1941–42)|1941–42]]) hit Changsha's economy and urban construction hard.<ref>Lei Jing (2008). "A Study of the Modernization Process in Changsha 1800-1949". Xiangtan University, 2008.</ref>

Changsha is now one of the core cities in the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] Economic Belt and the [[Belt and Road Initiative]],<ref name=":10">[http://cjjjd.ndrc.gov.cn/zoujinchangjiang/zhanlue/ "Strategy Basics - Yangtze River Economic Belt"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613105914/http://cjjjd.ndrc.gov.cn/zoujinchangjiang/zhanlue/ |date=13 June 2021 )) Office of the Leading Group for Promoting the Development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt. 13 July 2019.</ref><ref name=":11">((Cite web |url=http://ydyl.hunan.gov.cn/ |title="Hunan One Belt, One Road Official Website" |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154901/http://ydyl.hunan.gov.cn/ |url-status=live ))</ref> a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|GaWC]],<ref name=":12">((Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live ))</ref> a [[Chinese city tier system|new Chinese first-tier city]]<ref name=":13">((Cite web |title=Ranking of Chinese Cities' Business Attractiveness 2022 |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/ranking-of-chinese-cities-business-attractiveness-2022#:~:text=The%202022%20edition%20mostly%20uses,Foshan,%20Hefei,%20and%20Qingdao. |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.yicaiglobal.com |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601032717/https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/ranking-of-chinese-cities-business-attractiveness-2022#:~:text=The%202022%20edition%20mostly%20uses,Foshan,%20Hefei,%20and%20Qingdao. |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name=":14">((Cite web |last= |title=15 new Chinese first-tier cities |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/07/WS60bd4effa31024ad0bac3e5f.html |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612035742/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/07/WS60bd4effa31024ad0bac3e5f.html |url-status=live ))</ref> and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.<ref name=":15">[https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zfhzlt2018/chn/zfgx/jmhz/t1847285.htm "Hunan: Building an pioneering zone for in-depth China-Africa economic and trade cooperation"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607122349/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zfhzlt2018/chn/zfgx/jmhz/t1847285.htm |date=7 June 2021 )) Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. 19 January 2021.</ref> Known as the "Construction machinery capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.<ref name=":16">[https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjfx/sxfx/zss/201710/t20171013_4596436.html "Study on industrial restructuring and upgrading in Changsha"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154902/https://tjj.hunan.gov.cn/hntj/tjfx/sxfx/zss/201710/t20171013_4596436.html |date=8 June 2021 )) Bureau of Statistics of Changsha. 16 Oct. 2017.</ref><ref name=":17">[http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/20/c_1124520200.htm "Changsha: "Capital of Construction Machinery" explores world coordinates"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813094721/http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/20/c_1124520200.htm |date=13 August 2020 )) Xinhuanet. 20 May 2019.</ref> Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.<ref name=":18">Zhang Huaizhong. [http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0822/c1004-28656154.html "Changsha's GDP grows 460% in 10 years, leading the country in growth"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823175922/http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/0822/c1004-28656154.html |date=23 August 2016 )) People's Daily Online Finance. 22 August 2016.</ref> The [[Xiangjiang New Area]], the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.<ref name=":19">[http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150524/13728009_0.shtml "Central China's First State-Level New Area Xiangjiang New District Officially Launched"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200630/http://finance.ifeng.com/a/20150524/13728009_0.shtml |date=31 January 2018 )) Ifeng Finance. 24 May 2015.</ref> As of 2020, more than 164 [[Fortune Global 500|Global 500]] companies have established branches in Changsha.<ref name=":20">[http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml "&#91;The Rise of Central China is Gaining Momentum - Hunan Chapter-Changsha: Endless Innovation to Create a New High Ground for Business Environment&#93;"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/http://news.cnr.cn/native/city/20200923/t20200923_525272176.shtml |date=8 June 2021 )) CNR News. 23 Sep 2020.</ref> The city has the [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|27th largest skyline in the world]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Changsha - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com))</ref> The [[Human Development Index|HDI]] of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.<ref name=":27">((Cite web |title=National Human Development Report 2019: China ((!)) Human Development Reports |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2019-china |access-date=2020-10-12 |website=www.hdr.undp.org |date=January 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012174039/http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/content/national-human-development-report-2019-china |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name="blogs.worldbank.org">((Cite web |title=Competitive Cities: Changsha, China – coordination, competition, construction and cars |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/competitive-cities-changsha-china-coordination-competition-construction-and-cars |access-date=2020-05-11 |website=blogs.worldbank.org |date=23 February 2016 |language=en |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108092035/https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/competitive-cities-changsha-china-coordination-competition-construction-and-cars |url-status=live ))</ref>

As of 2023, Changsha hosts 59 [[List of universities and colleges in Hunan|institutions of higher education]], ranking 8th nationwide among all cities in China.<ref name=":29">((Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=全国普通高等学校名单 (National List of Higher Education Institutions) |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=Government Portal Website of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China))</ref> The city also houses four [[Double First-Class Construction]] universities: [[Hunan University|Hunan]], [[National University of Defense Technology]], [[Central South University|Central South]], and [[Hunan Normal University|Hunan Normal]], making Changsha the seat of several highly ranked [[List of universities and colleges in Hunan|educational institutions]],<ref name=":2">((Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Changsha |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416074210/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/search?region=&city=changsha&subject=&name= |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name=":3">((Cite web |title=Nature Index 2018 Science Cities ((!)) Nature Index Supplements ((!)) Nature Index |url=https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=www.natureindex.com |archive-date=2 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002014918/https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2018-science-cities/global-city-map |url-status=live ))</ref> and a major centre of research and innovation in the Asia-Pacific with a high level of scientific research, ranking 30th globally in 2023.<ref name=":0">((Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Leading 200 science cities ((!)) Nature Index 2023 Science Cities ((!)) Supplements ((!)) Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2023-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=2023-11-22 |website=www.nature.com |language=en))</ref> Changsha is the birthplace of [[Hybrid rice|super hybrid rice]], the [[Tianhe-1|Tianhe-1 supercomputer]], China's first laser 3D printer,<ref name=":1">Municipal Local Records Editorial Office. [http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/zsgl/200907/t20090727_5686409.html "Changsha City Profile"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313140620/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/zsgl/200907/t20090727_5686409.html |date=13 March 2021 )) Official website of Changsha, China. 13 April 2021.</ref> and [[Changsha Maglev Express|China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.]]<ref name=":7">[https://crrczelc-europe.com/medium-low-speed-maglev-changsha/ "Medium-Low Speed Maglev in Changsha"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512113110/https://crrczelc-europe.com/medium-low-speed-maglev-changsha/ |date=12 May 2021 )) CRRC ZELC EUROPE.</ref> Changsha has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.<ref name=":21">((Cite web |title=Changsha ((!)) Creative Cities Network |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=en.unesco.org |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024638/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha |url-status=live ))</ref> Changsha is home to the [[Hunan Broadcasting System]] (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.<ref name=":22">[http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/6077.html "TV ratings rankings 2009-2017 Hunan TV No. 1 for the ninth consecutive year"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201152740/http://www.tvtv.hk/archives/6077.html |date=1 February 2018 )) tvtv.hk. 14 January 2018.</ref><ref name=":23">[http://www.xinhuanet.com/ent/2020-12/17/c_1126868499.htm "2020 "TV Landmark" and "Voice of the Times" List Released"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608154900/http://www.xinhuanet.com/ent/2020-12/17/c_1126868499.htm |date=8 June 2021 )) Xinhuanet. 7 December 2017.</ref>

==Names==
''Chángshā'' is the [[pinyin]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanization]] of the [[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]] pronunciation of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] name ((nowrap|((linktext|長沙)))) or ((nowrap|((linktext|长沙)))), meaning "long sandy place". The name's origin is unknown. It is attested as early as the 11th ((nowrap|century BC)), when a vassal lord of the area sent [[King Cheng of Zhou]] a gift described as a "Changsha [[softshell turtle]]" (((zh|s=长沙((linktext|鳖)) |t=長沙((linktext|鼈)) |hp=Chángshā biē |labels=no))). In the 2nd century AD, historian [[Ying Shao]] wrote that the [[Qin dynasty|Qin]] use of the name "Changsha" for the area was a continuance of its old name.<ref>((cite book |script-title=zh:中国古今地名大词典 |trans-title=Dictionary of Chinese Place-names Ancient and Modern |location=Shanghai |publisher=[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |year=2005 |page=505))</ref> The name originally described the area. The Chu metropolis was known as '''Qingyang'''. The capital of the [[Kingdom of Changsha]]((mdash))within the present-day city of Changsha((mdash))was known as '''Linxiang''', meaning "[place] Overlooking the [[Xiang River]]".

== History ==
((Main|History of Changsha))
((more citations needed|date=August 2019))

===Early history===
[[File:Lacquer Coffin Unearthed from the 2nd-century-BC Han Tomb No.1 at Mawangdui 2011-07.JPG|thumb|left|The [[lacquered]] coffin of lady [[Xin Zhui]] (217–168 BC). Unearthed from Tomb No. 1 at [[Mawangdui]]. Han dynasty, 2nd century BC]]
[[File:Square zun with four sheep 01.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Four-goat Square Zun]]'', a bronze vessel of the late [[Shang dynasty]], circa 1000 BC]]
Development started around ((nowrap|3000 BC)) when Changsha developed with the proliferation of [[Longshan culture]], although there is no firm evidence of such a link.((clarify|date=August 2019))<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cityguide/cgchangsha.php|title=Changsha City Guide – China Education Center|last=www.chinaeducenter.com|website=www.chinaeducenter.com|access-date=2017-01-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202060302/http://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cityguide/cgchangsha.php|archive-date=2 February 2017))</ref> Evidence exists that people lived and thrived in the area during the [[Bronze Age in China|Bronze Age]]. Numerous examples of pottery and other objects have been discovered.

Later Chinese legends related that the [[Yan Emperor|Flame]] and [[Yellow Emperor]]s visited the area. [[Sima Qian]]'s [[Records of the Grand Historian|history]] states that the Yellow Emperor granted his eldest son [[Shaohao]] the lands of Changsha and its neighbors. During the [[Spring and Autumn Period]] (8th((ndash))5th century((nbsp))BC), the [[Baiyue|Yue culture]] spread into the area around Changsha. During the succeeding [[Warring States Period]], [[Chu (state)|Chu]] took control of Changsha. Its capital, Qingyang, became an important southern outpost of the kingdom. In 1951–57 archaeologists explored numerous large and medium-sized Chu tombs from the Warring States Era. More than 3,000 tombs have been discovered. Under the [[Qin dynasty]] ((nowrap|(221–206 BC))), Changsha was a staging post for expeditions south into [[Guangdong]] that led to its conquest and the establishment of the [[Nanyue]] kingdom.

[[File:Changshadragon.jpg|thumb|''[[Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon]]'', [[Warring States period]] (475-221 BC)]]

Under the [[Han dynasty|Han]] ((nowrap|(3rd century BC –)) ((nowrap|3rd century AD),)) Linxiang was the capital of the [[kingdom of Changsha]]. At first this was a [[client state]] held by [[Liu Bang]]'s [[Baiyue]] ally [[Wu Rui (King of Changsha)|Wu Rui]] that served as a means of controlling the restive Chu people and as a [[buffer state]] against Nanyue. By ((nowrap|202 BC,)) Linxiang had [[Chinese city walls|city walls]] to protect it against uprisings and invasions. The famous [[Mawangdui]] tombs were constructed between 186 and ((nowrap|165 BC.)) [[Xin Zhui|Lady Xin Zhui]] was buried in the earliest tomb ((nowrap|(No. 2))) and, during its excavation in the 1970s, was found to have been very well preserved. More importantly, the tombs included the earliest surviving copies of the ''[[Tao Te Ching]]'' and other important literary and historical documents.

When Wu Rui's descendant Wu Zhu ((nowrap|(((lang|zh|((linktext|吳|著)))),)) ''Wú Zhù'') died childless in ((nowrap|157 BC)), the kingdom was granted to a cadet branch of the [[Chinese emperors family tree (early)#Han dynasty, Xin dynasty and Shu Han|imperial family]] as their fief. The kingdom was abolished under [[Wang Mang]]'s short-lived [[Xin dynasty]] and briefly revived by the [[Eastern Han dynasty|Eastern Han]]. In ((nowrap|AD 33,)) its prince was demoted and the area administered as ((ill|Linxiang County, Hunan|lt=Linxiang County|zh|临湘县 (西汉))) and [[Changsha Commandery]].

Following the turmoil of the [[Three Kingdoms]], [[Emperor Wu of Jin]] granted Changsha to the sixth son of him named [[Sima Ai|Sima Yi]]. The local government had over 100 counties at the beginning of the dynasty. Over the course of the dynasty, the local government of Changsha lost control over a few counties, leaving them to local rule.

The [[Sui dynasty|Sui]] dynasty (6th century) renamed Xiangzhou to Changsha [[Tan Prefecture (Hunan)|Tan Prefecture]] or Tanzhou. It was named after Zhaotan in the ninth year of Emperor Kaihuang (589 A.D.) of the Sui Dynasty, and the Tanzhou General Manager was established. During the reign of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Tanzhou was abolished, and Changsha County, a first-level administrative unit, was established, but the jurisdiction area was reduced.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Murck |first=Alfreda |date=1996 |title=The "Eight Views of Xiao-Xiang" and the Northern Song Culture of Exile |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050 |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |issue=26 |pages=113–144 |jstor=23496050 |issn=1059-3152 |access-date=17 November 2022 |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117143852/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496050 |url-status=live ))</ref>  Changsha's 3-tier administration was simplified to a 2-tier state and county system, eliminating the middle canton region.((clarify|date=August 2019)) Under the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]], Changsha prospered as a center of trade between central China and [[Southeast Asia]] but suffered during the [[Anshi Rebellion]], when it fell to the rebels.

In early 10th century, Changsha served as the capital of the state of [[Ma Chu|Nanchu]] (南楚), or Southern Chu, established by Ma Yin (马殷) in 907, one of the ten southern war loads. Nanchu, lasted about 50 years, was the only independent state in the history that has ever been built in Hunan with Changsha as the capital, being eventually overthrown by Nantang (南唐) in 951.

Under the [[Song dynasty]], the [[Yuelu Academy]] was founded in 976. It was destroyed by war in 1127 and rebuilt in 1165, during which year the celebrated philosopher [[Zhu Xi]] taught there. It was again destroyed by the [[Mongols]] during the establishment of the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] before being restored in the late 15th century under the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]]. Early 19th-century graduates of the academy formed what one historian called a "network of messianic alumni", including [[Zeng Guofan]], architect of the [[Tongzhi Restoration]],<ref name="Rowe">William T. Rowe. ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing.'' (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, History of Imperial China, 2009; ((ISBN|9780674036123))), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162 p. 162-163] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210729/https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&pg=PA162 |date=3 September 2023 ))</ref> and [[Cai E]], a major leader in the defense of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref>Daniel McMahon, "The Yuelu Academy and Hunan's Nineteenth-Century Turn toward Statecraft", ''Late Imperial China ''26.1 (2005):  72–109 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html Project MUSE] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303133001/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/late/summary/v026/26.1mcmahon.html |date=3 March 2016 )).</ref> In 1903 the academy became Hunan High School. Modern-day [[Hunan University]] is also a descendant of the [[Yuelu Academy]]. Some of its buildings were remodeled from 1981 to 1986 according to their presumed original Song design.

During the [[Mongolian Empire|Mongol]] [[Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty|conquest]] of the [[Southern Song dynasty|Southern Song]], Tanzhou was fiercely defended by the local Song troops. After the city finally fell, the defenders committed mass suicide. Under the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] (14th–17th centuries), Tanzhou was again renamed Changsha and made a superior prefecture.((clarify|date=August 2019))

=== Modern history ===
[[File:天心阁01.jpg|thumb|left|Tianxin Pavilion, from where [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] made an attack on Changsha]]
Under the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] (17th–20th centuries), Changsha was the capital of Hunan and prospered as one of China's chief rice markets. During the [[Taiping Rebellion]], the city was besieged by the rebels in 1852 or 1854((which|date=August 2019)) for three months but never fell. The rebels moved on to [[Wuhan]], but Changsha then became the principal base for the government's suppression of the rebellion.

The 1903 [[Treaty of Shanghai]] between the Qing and [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] empires opened the city to foreign trade effective 1904. [[Most favored nation]] clauses in other [[unequal treaties]] extended the Japanese gains to the Western powers as well. Consequently, international capital entered the town and factories, churches, and schools were built. A college was started by [[Yale University|Yale]] alumni, which later became a medical centre named Xiangya and a secondary school named the [[Yali School]].

[[File:文夕大火6.jpg|right|thumb|[[1938 Changsha Fire]]]]
Following the [[Xinhai Revolution]], further development followed the opening of the railway to [[Hankou District|Hankou]] in [[Hubei]] province in 1918, which was later extended to [[Guangzhou]] in [[Guangdong Province]] in 1936. Although Changsha's population grew, the city remained primarily commercial in character. Before 1937, it had little industry apart from some small [[cotton]]-[[textile]], glass, and [[nonferrous]]-metal plants and [[handicraft]] enterprises.

[[Mao Zedong]], the founder of the [[China|People's Republic of China]], began his political career in Changsha. He was a student at the Hunan Number 1 Teachers' Training School from 1913 to 1918. He later returned as a teacher and principal from 1920 to 1922. The school was destroyed during the [[Chinese Civil War]] but has since been restored. The former office of the Hunan [[Communist Party]] Central Committee where Mao Zedong once lived is now a museum that includes Mao's living quarters, photographs and other historical items from the 1920s.

Until May 1927, communist support remained strong in Changsha before the massacre carried out by the [[right-wing]] faction of the [[National Revolutionary Army|KMT]] troops. The faction owed its allegiance to [[Chiang Kai-shek]] during its offensive against the KMT's [[left-wing]] faction under [[Wang Jingwei]], who was then allied closely with the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]]. The purge of communists and suspected communists was part of Chiang's plans for consolidating his hold over the KMT, weakening Wang's control, and thereby over the entire China. In a period of twenty days, Chiang's forces killed more than ten thousand people in Changsha and its outskirts.

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–45), Changsha's strategic location made it the focus of four campaigns by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] to capture it from the [[National Revolutionary Army|Nationalist Army]]: these campaigns were the [[Battle of Changsha (1939)|1st Changsha]],<ref>Van De Ven, Hans J., ''War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945'', pg. 237.</ref> the [[Battle of Changsha (1941)|2nd Changsha]], the [[Battle of Changsha (1942)|3rd Changsha]], and the [[Battle of Changsha (1944)|4th Changsha]]. The city was able to repulse the first three attacks thanks to [[Xue Yue]]'s leadership, but ultimately fell into Japanese hands in 1944 for a year until the Japanese were defeated in a counterattack and forced to surrender.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45|title=Chen Duxiu's last articles and letters, 1937–1942|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1998|isbn=0824821122|edition=illustrated|page=45|quote=24. Xi'an never fell. Under the Guonaindang General Xue Yue, Changsha was successfully defended three times against the Japanese; Changsha (and the vital Guangzhou-Hankou Railway) did not fall to the Japanese until early 1945.|author1=Duxiu Chen|author2=Gregor Benton|editor=Gregor Benton|access-date=20 February 2016|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210731/https://books.google.com/books?id=6jRpVWJLxHUC&pg=PA45|url-status=live))</ref><ref name="fail1">((Cite book|title=Atlas of World War II|last=Natkiel|first=Richard|publisher=Brompton Books Corp|year=1985|isbn=1-890221-20-1|page=147))</ref> Before these Japanese campaigns, the city was already virtually destroyed by the [[1938 Changsha Fire]], a deliberate fire ordered by Kuomintang commanders who mistakenly feared the city was about to fall to the Japanese; Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]] had suggested that the city be burned so that the Japanese force would gain nothing after entering it.<ref>((cite book|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Making of Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|url-access=registration|last=Taylor|first=Jay|year=2009|page=[https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl/page/158 158]|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674033382 ))</ref>

Following the [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]], Changsha slowly recovered from its former damage. Since [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s [[Reform and Opening Up Policy]], Changsha has rapidly developed since the 1990s, becoming one of the important cities in the central and western regions. At the end of 2007, Changsha, Zhuzhou, and Xiangtan received approval from the State Council for the "[[Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region|Chang-Zhu-Tan]] (Greater Changsha) Resource-Saving and Environment-Friendly Society Comprehensive Reform Pilot Area", an important engine in the [[Rise of Central China Plan|Rise of Central China plan]]. In 2015, [[Xiangjiang New Area]] was approved as a national [[New Area (China)|new area]].

== Geography ==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh49-16.jpg|thumb|left|Map including Changsha (labeled as CH'ANG-SHA ((lang|zh-hant|長沙))) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1953)]]
[[File:Orange Isle 10.jpg|thumb|right|[[Orange Isle]]]]
Changsha is in northeast Hunan Province, the lower reaches of the [[Xiang River]] and the western part of the ''Changliu Basin''. It lies between 111°53' to 114°15' east longitude and 27°51' to 28°41' north latitude. The city borders [[Yichun, Jiangxi|Yichun]] and [[Pingxiang]] of [[Jiangxi|Jiangxi Province]] in the east, [[Zhuzhou]] and [[Xiangtan]] in the south, [[Loudi]] and [[Yiyang]] in the west, and [[Yueyang]] and [[Yiyang]] in the north. It is about 230 kilometres from east to west and about 88 kilometres from north to south. Changsha covers an area of ((convert|11819|km2|sqmi|abbr=on)), of which the urban area of ((convert|2150.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on)), the urban built-up area is ((convert|374.64|km2|sqmi|abbr=on)). Changsha's highest point is Mount Qixing (((lang|zh-hans|七星岭))) in [[Daweishan|Daweishan Town]], ((convert|1607.9|m|abbr=on)). The lowest point is Zhanhu (((lang|zh-Hans-CN|湛湖))) in [[Qiaokou Town]], ((convert|23.5|m|abbr=on)).<ref name="natural environment">((cite web |quote=Section 1-1, "((lang|zh-Hans|自然环境))" (Natural environment) |script-title=zh:长沙统计年鉴2017 |url=http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm |publisher=[[Government of Changsha]] |language=zh-cn |access-date=2019-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417023435/http://tjj.changsha.gov.cn/zstj/tjsj/tjnj/2017/1.htm |archive-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

The [[Xiang River|Xiang]] is the main river in the city, running ((convert|74|km|abbr=on)) northward through the territory. 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, of which the [[Liuyang River|Liuyang]], [[Laodao River|Laodao]], [[Jin River (Xiang River)|Jinjiang]] and [[Wei River (Xiang tributary)|Wei]] are the four largest.<ref name="natural environment"/> The Xiang divides the city into two parts. The eastern part is mainly commercial and the west is mainly cultural and educational. On 10 October 2001, the seat of Changsha City was transferred from ''Fanzheng Street'' to ''Guanshaling''. Since then, the economy of both sides of the Xiang River has achieved a balanced development.<ref>[http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap sina.com (2013-5-8)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184003/http://hunan.sina.com.cn/city/whyq/2013-05-08/125851276.html?from=wap |date=19 April 2018 ))[http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm china-zjj] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010359/http://www.china-zjj.net/html/20120328/20120328164045.htm |date=20 April 2018 ))</ref>

=== Hydrology ===
Most of the rivers in Changsha belong to the Xiang River system. In addition to the Xiangjiang River, 15 tributaries flow into the Xiang, mainly including Liuyang River, Laodao River, Minjiang River, and Qinshui River.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html|title=Changsha.|website=www.xinli110.com|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117012943/http://www.xinli110.com/luyoi/mjxz/hunan/201209/321713.html|archive-date=17 November 2012|url-status=live))</ref> 302 tributaries are more than five kilometers long, including 289 in the Xiang River Basin. According to the tributary grading there are 24 primary tributaries, 128 secondary tributaries, 118 third tributaries, and 32 tributaries; and 13 are Zijiang water systems; a fairly complete water system is formed, and the river network is densely distributed. Hydrological characteristics of Changsha: the water system is complete, the river network dense; the water volume greater, the water energy resources abundant; the winter not frozen, and the sediment content small.<ref name="changsha.gov.cn">((Cite web|url=http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/|title=Environmental Resources in Changsha|website=www.changsha.gov.cn|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814053435/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/zjcs/kncs/zyhj/|archive-date=14 August 2018|url-status=dead))</ref>

=== Geological characteristics ===
The geological features of Changsha City are: the formation is fully exposed, the granite body is widely distributed, and the geological structure is complex. The strata of each geological and historical period are exposed in Changsha City, and the oldest stratum was formed about one billion years ago. About 600 million years ago, Changsha was a sea, but the sea was not deep. Later, seawater gradually withdrew from the east and west, and most of Liuyang, Changsha, and Wangcheng rose out of the sea and became the northwestern edge of the ancient land of Jiangnan. About 140 million years ago, the sea leaching in the Changsha area ended and it became a land. Due to the influence of crustal movement and geological structure, a long-shaped mountain depression basin, the Chang (Sha) Ping (Jiang) Basin, was formed. Beginning of the new generation, the entire Changping Basin has risen to land. About 3.5 million years ago, the third ice age occurred on the earth, and Liuyang retained the remains of glacier landforms.<ref name="changsha.gov.cn"/>

== Climate ==

Changsha has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfa''), with annual average temperature being at ((convert|17.8|°C|1)), with a mean of ((convert|5.3|°C|1)) in January and ((convert|29.4|°C|1)) in July. Average annual precipitation is ((convert|1499|mm|1)), with a 275-day frost-free period. With a monthly possible-sunshine percentage ranging from 20% in January to 53% in July, the city receives 1,533 hours of bright sunshine annually. The four seasons are distinct. The summers are long and very hot, with heavy rainfall, and autumn is comfortable and is the driest season. Winter is chilly and overcast with lighter rainfall more likely than downpours; cold snaps occur with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing. Spring is especially rainy and humid with the sun shining less than 30% of the time. The minimum temperature ever recorded since 1951 at the current Wangchengpo Weather Observing Station was ((convert|−12.0|°C|°F)), recorded on 9 February 1972. The maximum was ((convert|40.6|°C|°F)) on 13 August 1953 and 2 August 2003 [the unofficial record of ((convert|43.0|°C|°F)) was set on 10 August 1934].

((Weather box
|width = auto
|location                = Changsha (Mapoling), (1991–2020 normals)
|metric first            = Y
|single line             = Y
|collapsed               = Y

|Jan record high C = 26.9
|Feb record high C = 30.6
|Mar record high C = 32.8
|Apr record high C = 36.1
|May record high C = 36.3
|Jun record high C = 38.2
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 40.6
|Sep record high C = 38.2
|Oct record high C = 35.1
|Nov record high C = 30.9
|Dec record high C = 24.9
|Jan high C = 8.8
|Feb high C = 11.9
|Mar high C = 16.2
|Apr high C = 22.8
|May high C = 27.4
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 34.0
|Aug high C = 33.3
|Sep high C = 29.2
|Oct high C = 23.9
|Nov high C = 17.9
|Dec high C = 11.8
|Jan mean C = 5.3
|Feb mean C = 7.9
|Mar mean C = 11.9
|Apr mean C = 18.0
|May mean C = 22.7
|Jun mean C = 26.2
|Jul mean C = 29.4
|Aug mean C = 28.6
|Sep mean C = 24.5
|Oct mean C = 19.1
|Nov mean C = 13.1
|Dec mean C = 7.5
|year mean C = 	
|Jan low C = 2.7
|Feb low C = 5.0
|Mar low C = 8.7
|Apr low C = 14.3
|May low C = 19.0
|Jun low C = 22.9
|Jul low C = 25.7
|Aug low C = 25.1
|Sep low C = 21.1
|Oct low C = 15.6
|Nov low C = 9.7
|Dec low C = 4.4	
|Jan record low C =  −9.5
|Feb record low C = -12.0
|Mar record low C =  −2.3
|Apr record low C =   1.9
|May record low C =   8.9
|Jun record low C =  13.1
|Jul record low C =  19.7
|Aug record low C =  16.7
|Sep record low C =  11.8
|Oct record low C =   2.4
|Nov record low C =  −2.8
|Dec record low C = −10.3
|precipitation colour = green	
|Jan precipitation mm = 78.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 88.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 155.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 187.5
|May precipitation mm = 209.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 225.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 151.9
|Aug precipitation mm = 117.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 84.1
|Oct precipitation mm = 60.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 81.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 56.2
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 83
|Apr humidity = 81
|May humidity = 81
|Jun humidity = 83
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 78
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 79
|Nov humidity = 81
|Dec humidity = 80
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm	
|Jan precipitation days = 14.4
|Feb precipitation days = 13.7
|Mar precipitation days = 17.9
|Apr precipitation days = 16.9
|May precipitation days = 16.3
|Jun precipitation days = 14.8
|Jul precipitation days = 10.4
|Aug precipitation days = 10.9
|Sep precipitation days = 8.9
|Oct precipitation days = 9.5
|Nov precipitation days = 10.2
|Dec precipitation days = 11.1
|year precipitation days = 	
|Jan sun = 65.3
|Feb sun = 68.6
|Mar sun = 83.3
|Apr sun = 112.1
|May sun = 140.3
|Jun sun = 136.8
|Jul sun = 224.4
|Aug sun = 203.4
|Sep sun = 151.9
|Oct sun = 132.8
|Nov sun = 113.0
|Dec sun = 101.0
|year sun = 	
| Jan percentsun = 20
| Feb percentsun = 22
| Mar percentsun = 22
| Apr percentsun = 29
| May percentsun = 33
| Jun percentsun = 33
| Jul percentsun = 53
| Aug percentsun = 50
| Sep percentsun = 42
| Oct percentsun = 38
| Nov percentsun = 35
| Dec percentsun = 32
| year percentsun =	
|Jan snow days = 3.8
|Feb snow days = 2.2
|Mar snow days = 0.3
|Apr snow days = 0
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0
|Nov snow days = 0.1
|Dec snow days = 1.4
|year snow days = 	
|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration<ref>((Cite web |url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |title=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=dead))</ref><ref name="cma graphical">
((cite web
|url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html
|script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data
|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]]
|access-date=2018-11-09
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923231541/http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherbk.html
|archive-date=23 September 2017
|url-status=live|title=Index
|date     = August 2010
))</ref><ref>((cite web
|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps
|script-title = zh:CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020)
|publisher =  [[China Meteorological Administration]]
 | language = zh | access-date = 2023-04-11))
</ref>
))

== Administration ==
The municipality of Changsha exercises jurisdiction over six [[Districts of China|districts]], one [[Counties of China|county]] and two [[county-level city|county-level cities]]:

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="6" |Map
|-
| colspan="6" |<div style="position: relative" class="center">((Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Changsha.png|width=800|link=)) 
((Image label|x=1020|y=490|scale=800/2210|text=[[Furong District|'''Furong''']]))
((Image label|x=960|y=630|scale=800/2210|text=[[Tianxin District|'''Tianxin''']]))
((Image label|x=840|y=580|scale=800/2210|text=[[Yuelu District|'''Yuelu''']]))
((Image label|x=1000|y=380|scale=800/2210|text=[[Kaifu District, Changsha|'''Kaifu''']]))
((Image label|x=1090|y=670|scale=800/2210|text=[[Yuhua District, Changsha|'''Yuhua''']]))
((Image label|x=800|y=250|scale=800/2210|text=[[Wangcheng District|'''Wangcheng''']]))
((Image label|x=1140|y=350|scale=800/2210|text=[[Changsha County|'''Changsha<br />County''']]))
((Image label|x=360|y=560|scale=800/2210|text=[[Ningxiang|'''Ningxiang<br />((small|(city)))''']]))
((Image label|x=1660|y=460|scale=800/2210|text=[[Liuyang|'''Liuyang<br />((small|(city)))''']]))
((Image label end))
</div>
|-
! align="left" |Subdivision
! align="right" |Simplified Chinese
! align="right" |Pinyin
! align="right" |Pop.
(2010 census)
! align="right" |Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! align="right" |Dens. (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
! colspan="6" |''City Proper''
|-
|[[Furong District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|芙蓉区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Fúróng Qū))
| align="right" |523,730
| align="right" |42
| align="right" |12,470
|-
|[[Tianxin District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|天心区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Tiānxīn Qū))
| align="right" |475,663
| align="right" |74
| align="right" |6,428
|-
|[[Yuelu District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|岳麓区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Yuèlù Qū))
| align="right" |801,861
| align="right" |552
| align="right" |1,453
|-
|[[Kaifu District, Changsha|Kaifu District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|开福区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Kāifú Qū))
| align="right" |567,373
| align="right" |187
| align="right" |3,034
|-
|[[Yuhua District, Changsha|Yuhua District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|雨花区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Yǔhuā Qū))
| align="right" |725,353
| align="right" |114
| align="right" |6,363
|-
|[[Wangcheng District]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|望城区))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Wàngchéng Qū))
| align="right" |523,489
| align="right" |970
| align="right" |540
|-
! colspan="6" |''Suburban and rural''
|-
|[[Liuyang|Liuyang City]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|浏阳市))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Liúyáng Shì))
| align="right" |1,278,928
| align="right" |4,999
| align="right" |256
|-
|[[Ningxiang|Ningxiang City]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|宁乡市))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Níngxiāng Shì))
| align="right" |1,168,056
| align="right" |2,906
| align="right" |402
|-
|[[Changsha County]]
| align="right" |((lang|zh-hans|长沙县))
| align="left" |((transliteration|zh|Chángshā Xiàn))
| align="right" |979,665
| align="right" |1,997
| align="right" |491

|}

==Government==
((main|Politics of Changsha|Government of Changsha))
The current CPC Party Secretary of Changsha is [[Wu Guiying]] and the current mayor is ((ill|Zheng Jianxin|zh|郑建新)).

==Economy==
((main|Economy of Changsha))
[[File:Changsha Downtown Dongpailou.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.2|Changsha central area at night]]

Changsha is one of China's 15 most "developed and economically advanced" cities.<ref name=":24">((Cite web |title=13 cities in China join the 1 trillion yuan GDP club in 2017 |url=http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=chinaplus.cri.cn |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160111/http://chinaplus.cri.cn/news/china/9/20180104/73840.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref name=":13" /><ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Per capita GDP in 14 Chinese cities hits $20,000 in 2020 |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232145/https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/24/WS5ea2b2d7a310a8b241151771.html |url-status=live ))</ref> The city's GDP per capita exceeded $20,000 in [[GDP (nominal)|nominal]] ($30,000 in [[GDP PPP|PPP]]) in 2021, which is considered a high-income status by the World Bank and a primary developed city according to the international standard.<ref name="blogs.worldbank.org" /><ref>((Cite web |title=In 2021, the GDP of each city and state in Hunan will exceed US$20,000 per capita in Changsha |url=https://min.news/en/economy/e04c8d93983c1fa90b6d09208903526d.html |access-date=2022-06-15 |website= |language=en))</ref> The [[Human Development Index|HDI]] of Changsha reached 0.817 (very high) in 2016, which is roughly comparable to a moderately developed country.<ref name=":27" /><ref name="blogs.worldbank.org" /> Changsha is now one of the core cities in the [[South Central China]] region, the [[Yangtze|Yangtze River]] Economic Belt and the [[Belt and Road Initiative]],<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> a Beta- (global second-tier) city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]],<ref name=":12" /> a [[Chinese city tier system|new Chinese first-tier city]]<ref name=":14" /> and also a pioneering area for China-Africa economic and trade cooperation.<ref name=":15" /> Known as the "Construction Machinery Capital of the world", Changsha has an industrial chain with construction machinery and new materials as the main industries, complemented by automobiles, electronic information, household appliances, and biomedicine.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" />
[[File:长沙市 芙蓉区.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Furong District]]]]
Since the 1990s, Changsha has begun to accelerate economic development, and then achieved the highest growth rate among China's major cities during the 2000s.<ref name=":18" /> The [[Xiangjiang New Area]], the first state-level new area in Central China, was established in 2015.<ref name=":19" /> Changsha also has a prominent media and publishing industry, and has been named the first "UNESCO City of Media Arts" in China.<ref name=":21" /> Changsha is home to the [[Hunan Broadcasting System]] (HBS), the most influential provincial TV station in China.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":23" />

[[File:South Huangxing Road 24.jpg|thumb|right|Huangxing Road Pedestrian Street]]
In 2017, Changsha made its way into the 1-trillion-yuan GDP club, becoming the 13th city in China with a GDP of one trillion yuan (154 billion US dollars).<ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Two more cities join China's trillion yuan GDP club in 2017 - Chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704012504/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/05/WS5a782115a3106e7dcc13ae55.html |url-status=live ))</ref> Moreover, the financial news portal Yicai.com released its 2017 ranking of China's new first-tier cities, and Changsha was a newcomer.<ref>((Cite web |title=2017"新一线"城市排行榜发布成都、杭州、武汉蝉联三甲郑州、东莞新晋入榜 |url=https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.yicai.com |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211456/https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |url-status=live ))</ref> As of 2020, more than 164 [[Fortune Global 500|Global 500]] companies have established branches in Changsha.<ref name=":20" /> As a new first-tier city, Changsha is rated #10 in terms of its commercial worth.<ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 new first-tier cities by commercial appeal |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032830/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/29/WS62bb834fa310fd2b29e691cc.html |url-status=live ))</ref>

As of 2021, Changsha's GDP exceeded RMB 1.327 trillion (US$208 billion in [[Nominal GDP|nominal]] and US$318 billion in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]), making it the 5th most wealthy city in the South-Central China region after [[Shenzhen]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Wuhan]] and the 2nd richest city in the [[Central China]] region after Wuhan.<ref>((Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=China Briefing News |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819091517/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) - Hong Kong SAR, China ((!)) Data 2021 |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901050015/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=HK&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live ))</ref> Changsha's [[GDP (nominal)]] was US$208 billion in 2021, exceeding that of Ukraine and Hungary, with  GDPs of US$200 billion and US$182 billion, the 22nd and 23rd [[List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)|largest economies in Europe]] respectively.<ref>((Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) - Ukraine, Hungary ((!)) Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=UA-HU&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044451/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=UA-HU&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live ))</ref> Changsha has also led the development of the night economy and as of 2021, it ranked 2nd nationwide after [[Chongqing]] in terms of nighttime economic power according to the "China City Night Economy Impact Report 2021-2022".<ref name=":28">((Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 cities in China by nighttime economic power |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905081355/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202208/16/WS62facb41a310fd2b29e724cf.html |url-status=live ))</ref>

According to the 2022 [[Rupert Hoogewerf#Hurun Report|Hurun]] Global Rich List, Changsha ranks among the top 35 cities globally and 11th in [[Greater China]] (after Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Taipei, Foshan, Suzhou, and Ningbo) in terms of resident billionaires.<ref>((Cite web |title=胡润百富 - 资讯 - 2022家大业大酒·胡润全球富豪榜 |url=https://www.hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.hurun.net |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525031224/https://hurun.net/zh-CN/Info/Detail?num=JRR6VNQE6I8R |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Hurun Global Rich List 2022 |url=https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=EAR425P9JVTE |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.hurun.net |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407235248/https://www.hurun.net/en-US/Info/Detail?num=EAR425P9JVTE |url-status=live ))</ref>

Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world's top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035<ref name=":8">((Cite web |title=China's cities to rise to the top ranks by 2035 |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035 |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820075003/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/China-s-cities-to-rise-to-the-top-ranks-by-2035 |url-status=live ))</ref> and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.<ref name=":9">((Cite web |title=World's Richest Cities in 2030, and Where Southeast Asian Cities Stand ((!)) Seasia.co |url=https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand |access-date=2020-11-03 |website=Good News from Southeast Asia |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109203037/https://seasia.co/2020/04/03/world-s-richest-cities-in-2030-and-where-southeast-asian-cities-stand |url-status=live ))</ref>

===Development Zones===
[[File:Lugu-zhonglian.jpg|thumb|Lugu Hi-tech Industry Development Zone]]
The [[Changsha Economic and Technological Development Zone|Changsha ETZ]] was founded in 1992. It is located in [[Xingsha]] in eastern Changsha. The total planned area is ((convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on)) and the current((when|date=February 2013)) area is ((convert|38.6|km2|abbr=on)). Near the zone are National Highways [[China National Highway 319|319]] and [[China National Highway 107|107]] as well as the [[G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway]]. The zone is also very close to Changsha's downtown area and the railway station, while the distance between the zone and the city's airport is a mere ((convert|8|km|abbr=on)). The major industries in the zone include the high-tech industry, the biology project technology industry, and the new material industry.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone/ Changsha National Economic and Technology Development Zone] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055651/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/changsha-economic-technology-development-zone |date=26 August 2011 )). RightSite.asia. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.</ref>

The [[Liuyang Economic and Technological Development Zone|Liuyang ETZ]] is a national [[Biological Industries|biological industry]] base created on 10 January 1998, located in [[Dongyang, Liuyang|Dongyang Town]]. Its pillar industry comprises [[Biomedicine|biological pharmacy]], [[Information technology]] and [[Health food]]. ((as of|2015)), It has more than 700 registered enterprises. The total industrial output value of the zone hits 85.6 billion yuan (US$13.7 billion) and its [[Adjusted gross income|business income]] is 100.2 billion yuan (US$16.1 billion).<ref name="letz">About Liuyang ETZ: [http://www.letz.gov.cn/articles/360/2015-5/16698.html letz.gov.cn] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224212005/http://www.letz.gov.cn/articles/360/2015-5/16698.html |date=24 February 2017 ))</ref> Its builtup area covers ((convert|16.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on)).<ref name="year2015">((cite web |trans-title=Development Report of LETZ in 2016 |script-title=zh:浏阳经开区2016年经济工作报告 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224132355/http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/liuyanggov/xxgk/xxgkml/1514333/1514335/1514361/1514365/1693905/index.html |url=http://www.liuyang.gov.cn/liuyanggov/xxgk/xxgkml/1514333/1514335/1514361/1514365/1693905/index.html |publisher=Liuyang People's Government|archive-date=24 February 2017))</ref>

== Tourism ==

=== Places of interest ===
((See also|Category:Tourist attractions in Changsha))
[[File:Changsha-IFS 2.jpg|thumb|[[Changsha IFS Tower|Changsha IFS]]]]
Tourism is a major industry in Changsha. Changsha has been consistently ranked as China's top tourist city.<ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 Chinese destinations for summer vacations |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/14/WS62cf49cda310fd2b29e6c315.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032840/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202207/14/WS62cf49cda310fd2b29e6c315.html |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 most popular destinations during Dragon Boat Festival |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/08/WS629fd3d1a310fd2b29e613ce.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030032851/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202206/08/WS629fd3d1a310fd2b29e613ce.html |url-status=live ))</ref> There are several sites in Changsha, notably the [[Yuelu Academy]] and the [[Changsha Meixihu International Culture and Arts Centre]], a cultural complex designed by the British firm [[Zaha Hadid Architects]] overlooking the [[Meixi Lake]] at the [[Meixihu]] subdistrict of the city. Others include the [[Young Mao Zedong statue]] on [[Orange Isle]], [[Meixi Lake Park]], [[Changsha IFS Tower]], [[Window of the World (Changsha)|Window of the World]], [[Kaifu Temple]] and Changsha Ice World.<ref>((cite web |title=IMPOSSIBLE BUILDS: Episode 5 Preview ((!)) Ice World |url=https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-5-preview-ice-world-kjaeg5/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |publisher=[[PBS]] |archive-date=10 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205804/https://www.pbs.org/video/episode-5-preview-ice-world-kjaeg5/ |url-status=live ))</ref>

==== Mt.Yuelu ====
Yuelu Mountain is named after the "Nanyue Ji" written in the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which states that "the surrounding area of Nanyue is eight hundred miles, with Huiyan as the head and Yuelu as the foot." Yuelu Mountain is located on the west bank of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province; Orange Island is located in the middle of the Xiangjiang River, running through the center of the river from south to north, looking at Yuelu to the west and the ancient city to the east. There are 977 species of plants in 559 genera and 174 families in Yuelu Mountain Scenic Area. They are mainly typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and subtropical warm coniferous forests. In some areas, large areas of native evergreen broad-leaved secondary forests are preserved. A large number of precious endangered tree species and ancient and famous trees.

==== Orange Island ====
Orange Island is located in the center of the Xiangjiang River in Yuelu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province. The original area is about 17 hectares, and the overall developed land area of the scenic spot reaches 91.64 hectares. It is the largest sandbar among the many alluvial sandbars in the lower reaches of the Xiangjiang River, and is known as "China's First Continent" . Orange Island has Mao Zedong Youth Art Sculpture, Wen Tiantai and other attractions. According to historical records, Orange Island was formed in the second year of Yongxing (305), the second year of Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty. It was formed by the alluvial accumulation of rapids and sand and gravel.

==== Hua Ming Lou ====
Huaming Tower: Liu Shaoqi’s former residence is a national high-end tourist attraction in China and a national key cultural relics protection unit.Huaming Tower, formerly known as Huamen Tower, is a beautiful town in the southeast of Ningxiang City, Changsha City, Hunan Province. It is the former residence of Comrade Liu Shaoqi, the revolutionary great man and former president of the country.

==== Hunan Museum ====
Hunan Museum, located at No. 50 Dongfeng Road, Kaifu District, Changsha City, Hunan Province, is one of the first batch of national first-level museums in China, one of the eight national key museums jointly built by the central and local governments, and the largest comprehensive history and art museum in Hunan Province. The Hunan Provincial Museum was founded in the 23rd year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1897), and the current site is its new museum.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2020 Chinese census]], Changsha was home to 10,047,914 people, whom 7,355,198 lived in its built-up (''or metro'') area made of the 6 urban Districts plus Changsha County largely conurbated. The majority of people living in Changsha are Han Chinese. A sizeable population of ethnic minority groups also live in Changsha. The three largest are the Hui, Tujia, and Miao peoples. The 2000 census showed that 48,564 members of ethnic minorities live in Changsha, 0.7% of the population. The other minorities make up a significantly smaller part of the population. Twenty ethnic minorities have fewer than 1,000 members living in the city.<ref name="湖南人口信息服务网 - 人口普查资料">((Cite web|url=http://www.hntj.gov.cn/vital_statistics/census/default.htm#part1|script-title=zh:湖南人口信息服务网 – 人口普查资料 |publisher=Hunan Bureau of Statistics |access-date=2017-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331215130/http://www.hntj.gov.cn/vital_statistics/census/default.htm#part1|archive-date=31 March 2016))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/ |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局|website=www.stats.gov.cn|access-date=2017-01-23|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110509030033/http://www.stats.gov.cn/|archive-date=9 May 2011))</ref>

== Culture ==
[[File:201906 Malanshan HBS Culture City.jpg|thumb|[[Hunan Broadcasting System]] main building]]

=== Media ===
[[Hunan Broadcasting System]] is China's largest television after China Central Television (CCTV). Its headquarters is in Changsha and produces some of the most popular programs in China, including [[Super Girl (TV series)|''Super Girl'']]. These programs have also brought a new entertainment industry into the city, which includes singing bars, dance clubs, theater shows, as well as related businesses including hair salons, fashion stores, and shops for hot spicy snacks at night (especially during summer). While Changsha has developed into an entertainment hub, the city has also become increasingly westernized and has attracted a growing number of foreigners.

=== Cuisine ===
Various types of cuisine are found in Changsha, yet the hot and spicy [[Hunan cuisine]] typical of the region remains the most popular.  The snack chain [[Juewei Duck Neck]], which now has over 10,000 outlets, originates from Changsha.

The city has its own [[siu yeh]] culture.

In May 2008, the BBC broadcast, as part of its ''Storyville'' documentary series, the four-part ''The Biggest Chinese Restaurant in the World'', which explored the inner workings of the 5,000-seating-capacity [[West Lake Restaurant]] (''Xihu Lou Jiujia'') in Changsha.

During the Warring States period, Qu Yuan, a great patriotic poet, recorded many dishes in Hunan in his famous poem "The Soul"(((lang|zh|招魂))). During the Western Han dynasty, there were 109 varieties of dishes in Hunan, and there were nine categories of cooking methods. After the Six Dynasties, Hunan's food culture was rich and active. The Ming and Qing dynasties are the golden age for the development of Hunan cuisine. The unique style of Hunan cuisine is basically a foregone conclusion. At the end of the Qing dynasty, there were two kinds of Hunan cuisine restaurants in Changsha. In the early years of the Republic of China, the famous Dai (Yang Ming) School, Sheng (Shan Zhai) School, Xiao (Lu Song) School, and Zuyu School appeared in various genres, which laid the historical status of Hunan cuisine. Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and opening up, it has been better developed.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/zhcx/2007-09/26/content_8954971.htm|title=Hunan cuisine|website=www.china.com.cn|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116174649/http://www.china.com.cn/news/zhuanti/zhcx/2007-09/26/content_8954971.htm|archive-date=16 November 2014|url-status=live))</ref>

=== Sports ===
Changsha has one of China's largest multi-purpose sports stadiums—[[Helong Stadium]], with 55,000 seats. The stadium was named after the Communist military leader [[He Long]]. It is the home ground of local football team [[Hunan Billows F.C.]], which plays in [[China League Two]]. The more modest 6,000-seat [[Hunan Provincial People's Stadium]], also located in Changsha, is used by the team for their smaller games.<ref>((cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/china-pr/hunan-xiangtao-fc/|title=Hunan Xiangtao FC|publisher=soccerway.com|access-date=25 December 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213031342/http://int.soccerway.com/teams/china-pr/hunan-xiangtao-fc/|archive-date=13 February 2013))</ref>

=== Historical culture ===
[[File:烈士公园-潇湘阁.jpg|thumb|left|Xiaoxiang Pavilion at [[Hunan Martyr's Park]]]]
Changsha hosts the [[Hunan Provincial Museum]]. 180,000 historical significant artifacts ranging from the Zhou dynasty to the recent Qing dynasty are hosted in the ((convert|51000|acre|km2 sqmi ha)) of space in the museum.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/eng/|title=Hunan Provincial Museum|website=www.hnmuseum.com|access-date=2017-01-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061339/http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/eng/|archive-date=2 February 2017))</ref>

[[Mawangdui]] is a well-known tomb located ((convert|22|km|mi)) east of Changsha.<ref>Buck, David D., 1975, Three Han Dynasty Tombs at Ma-Wang-Tui. ''World Archaeology'', 7(1): 30–45.</ref><ref>Lee, Sherman E., 1994, ''A History of Far Eastern Art'', Fifth edition, Prentice Hall</ref> It was discovered with numerous artifacts from the Han dynasty.  Numerous Silk Funeral banners surround the tomb, along with [[Mawangdui Silk Texts|a wealth of classical texts]].<ref>Hsu, Mei-Ling, 1978, The Han Maps and Early Chinese Cartography. ''Annals of the Association of American Geographers'', 68(1): 45–60</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/whatson/e_exhibitions/mwd/index.html |script-title=zh:马王堆汉墓陈列全景数字展厅--湖南省博物馆|website=www.hnmuseum.com|access-date=2017-01-29|language=zh-cn|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018013753/http://www.hnmuseum.com/hnmuseum/whatson/e_exhibitions/mwd/index.html|archive-date=18 October 2016))</ref> The tomb of [[Xin Zhui|Lady Dai]] lies in Mawangdui is well known due to its well-preserved state: scientists were able to detect blood, conduct an autopsy and determined that she died of heart disease due to a poor diet.<ref>Harper, Don, 1998, ''Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts'', Kegan Paul International</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/galleries/artifacts/|title=A Selection of Artifacts from Mawangdui – Photo Gallery – Archaeology Magazine Archive|website=archive.archaeology.org|access-date=2017-01-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065342/http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/mawangdui/galleries/artifacts/|archive-date=2 February 2017))</ref>

Changsha is a sister city with [[St. Paul, Minnesota]].  St. Paul is developing a China garden at [[Phalen Park]], based on the design of architects from Changsha.<ref>[https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-recreation/design-construction/current-projects/phalen-regional-park-chinese Phalen Regional Park China Garden] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113234424/https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-recreation/design-construction/current-projects/phalen-regional-park-chinese |date=13 January 2017 ))</ref> Current plans include a pavilion replicating one in Changsha, while in return St. Paul will send the city five statues of the ''[[Peanuts]]'' characters.  They will be placed in Phalen's sister park, Yanghu Wetlands.<ref>[http://www.twincities.com/2017/07/20/st-paul-chinese-garden-to-feature-pavilion-donated-by-sister-city-changsha/ St. Paul Chinese garden getting pavilion gift from sister city] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721162327/http://www.twincities.com/2017/07/20/st-paul-chinese-garden-to-feature-pavilion-donated-by-sister-city-changsha/ |date=21 July 2017 ))</ref>

==Education and research==

=== Research and Innovation ===
Changsha is the birthplace of [[Hybrid rice|super hybrid rice]], [[Supercomputing in China|Yinhe-1]], the first China's supercomputer built in the 1980s,<ref>((Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=The Race To Exascale |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/07/print/china-exascale-lu-yutong/ |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127023427/https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/07/print/china-exascale-lu-yutong/ |url-status=live ))</ref> the [[Tianhe-1|Tianhe-1 supercomputer]], China's first laser 3D printer,<ref name=":1" /> and [[Changsha Maglev Express|China's first domestic medium-low speed maglev line.]]<ref name=":7" /> In November 2010, the National Supercomputing Changsha Center was established at [[Hunan University]], becoming the first National Supercomputing Center in [[Central China]] and third National Supercomputing Center in China, after those in Tianjin and Shenzhen.<ref>((Cite web |date=2010-11-28 |title=Hunan starts building supercomputing center |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/28/content_11620723.htm |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011062509/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-11/28/content_11620723.htm |url-status=live ))</ref>

Changsha is a major city for research and innovation in [[Central China]], as well as in the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>((Cite web|date=2019-03-27|title=Changsha, a Hub for China's Creative Industries|url=https://discovery.cathaypacific.com/changsha-hub-chinas-creative-industries/|access-date=2021-03-02|website=Discovery|language=en-US|archive-date=6 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306041421/https://discovery.cathaypacific.com/changsha-hub-chinas-creative-industries/|url-status=live))</ref><ref name=":6">((Cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities ((!)) Nature Index 2022 Science Cities ((!)) Supplements ((!)) Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126154701/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2022-science-cities/tables/overall |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.nature.com |language=en))</ref> It ranked 30th globally, 17th in the Asia & Oceania region, 13th in China, 5th in the [[South Central China|South Central]] region after (Guangzhou, Wuhan, Hong Kong and Shenzhen), and 2nd in the Central China region after Wuhan by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the [[Nature Index]] 2023 Science Cities.<ref name=":0" />  Changsha was also ranked 37th globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings based on "publishing and patent performance" released by the [[Global Innovation Index]] 2023.<ref name=":25">((Cite book|title=World Intellectual Property Report 2023: The Direction of Innovation |date=27 September 2023 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |isbn=978-92-805-3321-7|editor-last=World Intellectual Property Organization |edition=16th |series=World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR) |location=Geneva, Switzerland |pages=250 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.48220 |access-date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-2000-2023-en-main-report-global-innovation-index-2023-16th-edition.pdf |author1=(:Unas) ))</ref>

As of 2020, Changsha ranked 8th in the top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities,<ref>((Cite web |last= |title=Top 10 China's innovation-oriented cities in 2020 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/07/WS5ff63c41a31024ad0baa0eeb.html |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128232615/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/07/WS5ff63c41a31024ad0baa0eeb.html |url-status=live ))</ref> and 6th (behind Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu and Beijing) in the Top 10 China's most attractive cities for talent, according to the 21st Century Business Herald report.<ref>((Cite web |last= |date=2021-01-14 |title=Top 10 most attractive cities for talent in 2020 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/14/WS5fff76c3a31024ad0baa26f6.html |access-date=2021-03-02 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn |archive-date=10 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210101922/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202101/14/WS5fff76c3a31024ad0baa26f6.html |url-status=live ))</ref> Changsha has held the title "China's Leading Smart City" since 2021.<ref>((Cite web |title=Changsha Named "China's Leading Smart City 2022" |url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/News/Localnews/202211/t20221123_29135319.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.enghunan.gov.cn))</ref> As of 2021, Changsha had 97 independent scientific research institutions, 14 national engineering and technology research centers, 15 national key engineering and technology laboratories, and 12 national enterprise technology centers.<ref>((Cite web |title=Changsha City |url=http://enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html |access-date=2022-07-24 |website=enghunan.gov.cn |archive-date=7 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207065815/http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/AboutHunan/HunanFacts/AdministrativeDivisions/201508/t20150804_1814341.html |url-status=live ))</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
((Main|List of universities and colleges in Hunan))
Changsha has long been the seat of several [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|ancient schools and academies]]. The [[Yuelu Academy]] (later to become Hunan University) was one of the four most prestigious academies in China over the last 1000 years.<ref>[http://dm.hnu.cn/english/04history/04history.html Yeulu Academy, Changsha] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416005619/http://dm.hnu.cn/english/04history/04history.html|date=16 April 2011)). Dm.hnu.cn. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.</ref> The city is also the site of the Hunan Medical University (later to become [[Central South University]]), which was established in 1914. 
[[File:原湖南大学科学馆.jpg|thumb|[[Hunan University]]]]

As of June 2023, Changsha hosts 59 institutions of higher education (excluding adult colleges), ranking 8th nationwide and 4th among all cities in the South Central China region after Guangzhou, Wuhan and Zhengzhou.<ref name=":29" /> Changsha ranked among the top 10 cities in the whole country and among the top three cities in [[South Central China]] region with strong education based on an evaluation of Chinese universities' discipline levels, including A+, A, and A− issued by the Ministry of Education as of 2020.<ref>((Cite web|last=于小明|title=Top 10 Chinese cities with strong education|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/22/WS5f692bc0a31024ad0ba7adf3.html|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|archive-date=22 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922125533/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/22/WS5f692bc0a31024ad0ba7adf3.html|url-status=live))</ref>[[File:Zhongnandaxue.jpg|right|thumb|[[Central South University]]]]

'''National key public universities'''

There are three [[Project 985]] universities in Changsha: Central South University, Hunan University, and the [[National University of Defense Technology]], the third highest among all cities in China after Beijing and Shanghai.<ref>((Cite web |title=Project 211 and 985 - China Education Center |url=https://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cedu/ceduproject211.php |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=www.chinaeducenter.com |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814140730/https://www.chinaeducenter.com/en/cedu/ceduproject211.php |url-status=live ))</ref> [[Hunan Normal University]] is the key construction university of the national [[Project 211|211 Project]]. These four [[National Key Universities|national key universities]] are [[Double First-Class Construction]]. Changsha, the provincial capital of Hunan Province, is home to a significant number of top-tier educational institutions.<ref name=":3" /> Specifically, among the twelve universities in Hunan Province included in the 2022 [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]], eight are based in Changsha, accounting for almost two-thirds of the total.<ref name=":2" />''<ref name=":26" />'' This concentration of highly ranked universities further solidifies Changsha's status as a prominent hub for higher education within the province. Hunan University and Central South University are included in the world's top 300 in several global university-rankings, including the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]], the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]], the [[CWTS Leiden Ranking]] and the [[Center for World University Rankings]],''.<ref name=":2" /><ref>((Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815040132/https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=World University Rankings 2023 ((!)) Global 2000 List ((!)) CWUR |url=https://cwur.org/2023.php |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=cwur.org |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701065524/https://cwur.org/2023.php |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |last=Studies (CWTS) |first=Centre for Science and Technology |title=CWTS Leiden Ranking |url=http://www.leidenranking.com/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=CWTS Leiden Ranking |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202100254/http://www.leidenranking.com/ |url-status=live ))</ref> These two universities are placed among the world's top 100 universities ranked by the [[Nature Index]].<ref>((Cite web |title=2023 tables: Institutions - academic ((!)) Annual tables ((!)) Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2023/institution/academic/all/global |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=www.nature.com |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718182628/https://www.nature.com/nature-index/annual-tables/2023/institution/academic/all/global |url-status=live ))</ref> Hunan Normal University and the National University of Defense and Technology were ranked in the world's top 501-600 of the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]''.<ref name="shanghairanking.com">((Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815063042/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023 |url-status=live ))</ref> 
*[[Central South University]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
*[[Hunan University]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)
*[[Hunan Normal University]] (Project 211, Double First Class University)
*[[National University of Defense Technology]] (Project 211, Project 985, Double First Class University)

'''Provincial key public universities'''

[[Changsha University of Science and Technology]] and [[Hunan Agricultural University]] were ranked in the world's top 701 and 801 respectively of the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]].''<ref name="shanghairanking.com"/> [[Central South University of Forestry and Technology]] was ranked # 1429 in the 2022 Best Global Universities by ''the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]].<ref name=":2" />'' [[Hunan University of Chinese Medicine]] was ranked the best in the [[Central China|Central China region]] and 26th nationwide among Chinese medical universities,<ref>((Cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking |url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=www.shanghairanking.com |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721034947/http://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/bcur/202321 |url-status=live ))</ref> and ranked #1854 globally in the 2023 Best Global Universities by ''the [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking]].<ref name=":26">((Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=US News Best Global Universities Rankings: Hunan University of Chinese Medicine |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/hunan-university-of-chinese-medicine-530079 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=U.S. News & World Report |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714191816/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/hunan-university-of-chinese-medicine-530079 |url-status=live ))</ref>'' [[Hunan University of Technology and Business]] was ranked # 2341 in the world by the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] 2022-2023.<ref>((Cite web |title=URAP - University Ranking by Academic Academic Performance |url=https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023 |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=urapcenter.org |archive-date=6 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206162625/https://urapcenter.org/Rankings/2022-2023/World_Ranking_2022-2023 |url-status=live ))</ref>

* [[Central South University of Forestry and Technology]]
* [[Changsha University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Hunan Agricultural University]]
* [[Hunan First Normal University]]
* [[Hunan University of Technology and Business]]
* [[Hunan University of Chinese Medicine]]
'''General undergraduate universities (public)'''

* [[Changsha University]]
* [[Hunan University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Hunan Police Academy]]
* [[Hunan Women's University]]
* [[Changsha Normal University]]

'''General undergraduate universities (private)'''

* [[Changsha Medical University]]
* [[Hunan International Economics University]]
* [[Hunan Institute of Information Technology]]
'''Vocational and technical colleges/universities'''
*[[Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College]]
* [[Changsha Social Work College]]
* [[Hunan Mass Media Vocational and Technical College]]

''Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.''

===International schools===
* [[Changsha WES Academy]]

===Notable high schools===
*[[Yali High School]]
*[[The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University|The High School Affiliated to Hunan Normal University]]
*[[Changjun High School]]
*[[The First High School of Changsha]]

===Notable primary schools===
* [[Changsha Experimental Primary School]]
* Datong Primary School
* Qingshuitang Primary School
* Shazitang Primary School
* Yanshan Primary School
* Yucai Primary School
* Yuying Primary School

==Transportation==
[[File:Changsha South Railway Station 10.JPG|thumb|[[Changsha South Railway Station]] ([[China Railway High-speed|high-speed rail]] service)]]
[[File:Changsha Huanghua Airport T2 Departure hall 20131122.jpg|thumb|Terminal of [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]].]]

Changsha is well connected by roads, river, rail, and air transportation modes, and is a regional hub for industrial, tourist, and service sectors.

The city's [[public transportation]] system consists of an extensive bus network with over 100 lines. [[Changsha Metro]] is planning a 6-line network.<ref name="officialmap" /> [[Line 2, Changsha Metro|Metro Line 2]] opened on 29 April 2014<ref name="railwaygazette2014">((cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html|title=Changsha metro opens|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=29 April 2014|website=railwaygazette.com|access-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429185118/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/changsha-metro-opens.html|archive-date=29 April 2014))</ref> and 20 stations for [[Line 2, Changsha Metro|Line 2]]<ref name="officialmap">((cite web |url=http://www.hncsmtr.com/channels/123.html |script-title=zh:线路图 |trans-title=Official Map |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=hncsmtr.com |publisher=Changsha Metro Group Co., Ltd. |access-date=30 April 2014 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429061840/http://www.hncsmtr.com/channels/123.html |archive-date=29 April 2014  ))</ref> opened on 28 June 2016.<ref>((Cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2016-06/29/c_129100065.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=1|script-title=zh:长沙地铁1号线正式开通试运营 告别单线出行迎来换乘时代_图片频道_新华网 |publisher=[[Xinhua News]] |access-date=2016-10-25|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025112538/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2016-06/29/c_129100065.htm?from=singlemessage&isappinstalled=1|archive-date=25 October 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://news.changsha.cn/cs/2/201010/t20101026_1179224.htm |script-title=zh:长沙地铁1号线一期工程可研报告获批 2015年全面竣工 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=26 October 2010 |publisher=Changsha News Online (长沙新闻网) |access-date=30 April 2014 |language=zh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618054148/http://news.changsha.cn/cs/2/201010/t20101026_1179224.htm |archive-date=18 June 2015  ))</ref> A further four lines are planned for construction by 2025.<ref name="railwaygazette2014" /> Line 3 will run southwest–northeast and will be ((convert|33.4|km)) long, [[Line 4 (Changsha Metro)|Line 4]] northwest-southeast and ((convert|29.1|km)) long.<ref name="railwaygazette2011">((cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/metro-projects-underway-in-changsha-xian-wuhan-and-xiamen.html?sword_list%5B%5D=Changsha&no_cache=1 |title=Metro projects underway in Changsha, Xi'an, Wuhan and Xiamen |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=13 July 2011 |website=railwaygazette.com |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021005245/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/metro-projects-underway-in-changsha-xian-wuhan-and-xiamen.html?sword_list%5B%5D=Changsha&no_cache=1 |archive-date=21 October 2014  ))</ref> [[Changsha Maglev|A maglev link]] running ((convert|16.5|km)) between [[Changsha South Railway Station|Changsha South station]] and [[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha airport]] opened in April 2016, with a construction cost of €400m.<ref name="railwaygazette2014" /><ref name="railwaygazette2016">((cite web | url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html | title=Changsha airport maglev line openes | work=Railway Gazette| date=4 April 2016 | access-date=4 April 2016 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408062929/http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/changsha-airport-maglev-line-opens.html | archive-date=8 April 2016))</ref><ref>[http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html Changsha to Construct Maglev Train] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116080757/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/About/Local/201401/t20140109_538177.html |date=16 January 2014 )), 2014-01-09</ref> Connecting Changsha with Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, [[Changsha–Zhuzhou–Xiangtan Intercity Railway|Changzhutan Intercity Rail]] opened on 26 December 2016.<ref name="czt_inauguration">((cite news |language=zh-hans |url=http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html|script-title=zh:广铁集团公司关于长株潭城际铁路开通运营的公告|publisher=12306.cn|date=2016-12-25|access-date=2016-12-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225150554/http://www.12306.cn/mormhweb/zxdt_ggxx/201612/t20161225_7694.html|archive-date=25 December 2016))</ref>

The [[G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway|G4]], [[G4E Wuhan–Shenzhen Expressway|G4E]], [[G4W2 Xuchang–Guangzhou Expressway|G4W2]], [[G5513 Changsha–Zhangjiajie Expressway|G5513]] and [[G0401 Changsha Ring Expressway|G0401]] of National Expressways, [[China National Highway 107|G107]], [[China National Highway 106|G106]] and [[China National Highway 319|G319]] of National Highways, S20, S21, S40, S41, S50, S60 and S71 of Hunan provincial Expressways, connect the Changsha metro area nationally. There are three main bus terminals in Changsha: the South Station, East Station and West Station, dispatching long- and short-haul trips to cities within and outside the province of Hunan. Changsha is surrounded by major rivers, including the [[Xiang River|Xiang]] (((lang|zh-Hans-CN|湘江))) and its tributaries such as the [[Liuyang River|Liuyang]], [[Jin River (Xiang River)|Jin]], [[Wei River (Xiang tributary)|Wei]], [[Longwanggang River|Longwanggang]] and [[Laodao River|Laodao]]. Ships mainly transport goods from Xianing port in North Changsha domestically and internationally.((citation needed|date=November 2021))

[[Changsha Railway Station]] is in the city center and provides express and regular services to most Chinese cities via the [[Beijing–Guangzhou Railway|Beijing–Guangzhou]] and [[Shimen–Changsha Railway]]s. The [[Changsha South Railway Station]] is a new high-speed railway station in Yuhua district on the [[Beijing–Guangzhou High-Speed Railway]] (as part of the planned [[Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway]]). The station, with eight platforms,<ref>((cite news|last1=Huang |first1=Chen (黄琛)|author2=Su Yi |script-title=zh:长沙南站好多市民过眼瘾|url=http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/01/02/3231455.html|access-date=21 June 2014|agency=新民网|publisher=长沙晚报|date=2010-01-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618073622/http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2010/01/02/3231455.html|archive-date=18 June 2015))</ref> opened on 26 December 2009.<ref>((cite web |url=http://news.0731fdc.com/fc/200912/26/20091226_17_3723_1.html |script-title=zh:抢占先机 武广高速铁路通车长沙商圈又添新丁 |website=0731fdc.com news |date=2009-12-26 |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200524/http://news.0731fdc.com/fc/200912/26/20091226_17_3723_1.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead|language=zh))</ref> Since then passenger volume has increased greatly.<ref name="Speedy Trains Transform China.">((cite news
 |last        = Bradsher
 |first       = Keith
 |url         = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/business/global/high-speed-train-system-is-huge-success-for-china.html
 |access-date  = 26 September 2013
 |newspaper   = New York Times
 |date        = 2013-09-24
 |title       = Speedy Trains Transform China
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926183304/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/business/global/high-speed-train-system-is-huge-success-for-china.html
 |archive-date = 26 September 2013))</ref> The Hangzhou-Changsha-Huaihua sector of the Shanghai-Changsha-Kunming high-speed railway entered service in 2014.

[[Changsha Huanghua International Airport]] is a regional hub for [[China Southern Airlines]]. The airport has daily flights to major cities in China, including [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]] and [[Guangzhou]], as well as [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. Other major airlines also provide daily service between Changsha and other domestic and international destinations. The airport provides direct flights to 45 major international cities, including [[Taipei]], Los Angeles, Singapore, Seoul, Pusan, Osaka, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, London ([[Heathrow Airport]]), Frankfurt and Sydney.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP |title=???ALLP.list.sharingTitle.FLMP??? |access-date=2016-08-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911181123/https://www.hainanairlines.com/HUPortal/dyn/portal/DisplayPage?COUNTRY_SITE=US&SITE=CBHZCBHZ&LANGUAGE=US&PAGE=FLMP |archive-date=11 September 2016))</ref> ((as of|2016|August|5)) the airport handled 70,011 people daily.<ref>((Cite web|language=zh-hans|url=http://csa.hnjcjt.com/contents/763/10155.html|script-title=zh:湖南省机场管理集团有限公司,贵宾服务|publisher=Hunan Airport Management Group Co., Ltd.|access-date=2016-09-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923002833/http://csa.hnjcjt.com/contents/763/10155.html|archive-date=23 September 2016))</ref> Due to the global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, Changsha Huanghua International Airport was the 34th [[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airport]] in the world in 2020, making its debut in the world's top 50 busiest airports for the first time.<ref>((cite web|date=9 April 2021|title=2020 Civil Airports Statistics Report|url=https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/minhang/202104/P020210419539594659351.xls|url-status=live|access-date=16 September 2021|publisher=[[Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143105/https://www.mot.gov.cn/tongjishuju/minhang/202104/P020210419539594659351.xls |archive-date=10 May 2021 ))</ref>

== City honors and rankings ==

# The city ranked 27th in the world by numbers of 150m+completed buildings as of 2021<ref>((Cite web |title=Changsha - The Skyscraper Center |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/city/changsha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913163954/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com:80/city/changsha |archive-date=13 September 2014 |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=www.skyscrapercenter.com))</ref>
#[[Changsha IFS Tower T1]] ranked the [[List of tallest buildings|16th]] tallest completed building in the world as of 2020<ref>((Cite web |title=The 17 tallest buildings in the world right now, ranked, Business Insider - Business Insider Singapore |url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/the-tallest-buildings-in-the-world-2015-12-3 |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=www.businessinsider.sg |language=en-US))((Dead link|date=April 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes))</ref>
#China's Top 2nd Most Influential City of Nighttime Economy in 2022<ref name=":28" />
#Top 10 "China's Happiest Cities"<ref>((Cite web |title=China selects happiest cities of 2019 - Xinhua ((!)) English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/26/c_138584539.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128104458/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/26/c_138584539.htm |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.xinhuanet.com))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=Official website of Changsha, China |url=http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/Cityhonors/201911/t20191127_6459142.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161443/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/Cityhonors/201911/t20191127_6459142.html |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=2020-05-09 |website=en.changsha.gov.cn))</ref>
#One of China's [[Chinese city tier system|new first-tier cities]] in 2017<ref>((Cite web |title=2017"新一线"城市排行榜发布成都、杭州、武汉蝉联三甲郑州、东莞新晋入榜 |url=https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211456/https://www.yicai.com/news/5293378.html |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=www.yicai.com))</ref>
# 37th globally in the "Top 100 Science & Technology Cluster Cities" rankings by "publishing and patent performance" released by the [[Global Innovation Index]] 2023<ref name=":25" />
# 30th globally and 17th in the Asia & Oceania region in the "Top 200 cities" by scientific research outputs released by the [[Nature Index]] 2023 Science Cities Rankings.<ref name=":0" />
#67th worldwide in the Global Cities Outlook rankings of the 2018 Global Cities Report released by AT Kearney<ref>((Cite web|title=Changsha appears on Global Cities lists- China.org.cn|url=http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-06/07/content_51720348.htm|website=www.china.org.cn|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225024206/http://www.china.org.cn/china/2018-06/07/content_51720348.htm|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite book|title=2018 Global Cities Report|publisher=AT Kearney|year=2018))</ref>
# 68th worldwide in terms of "Urban Economic Competitiveness" in 2019 jointly released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) and the United Nations Programme for Human Settlements (UN-Habitat)<ref>((Cite web|title=Changsha Ranks 68th Worldwide in Urban Economic Competitiveness-Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn|url=http://enghunan.gov.cn/News/Localnews/201911/t20191113_5494484.html|website=enghunan.gov.cn|access-date=2020-05-09|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224114533/http://enghunan.gov.cn/News/Localnews/201911/t20191113_5494484.html|url-status=live))</ref>
#The first Chinese city to be recognized as a "World Creative City in Media Arts" by UNESCO<ref>((Cite web|title=Changsha ((!)) Creative Cities Network|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha|website=en.unesco.org|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705024638/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/changsha|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite web|title=Changsha named UNESCO Creative City|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/hunan/changshacounty/2017-11/03/content_34193557.htm|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608173635/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/hunan/changshacounty/2017-11/03/content_34193557.htm|url-status=live))</ref>
#Changsha was classified as a Beta- (global second tier) city together with Manchester (the U.K), Geneva (Switzerland) and Seattle (the U.S) by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>((Cite web|title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018|url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html|access-date=2020-06-23|website=www.lboro.ac.uk|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|url-status=live))</ref>
#The 10 fastest growing cities in the world<ref name=":4">((Cite web|title=长沙竞争力进全球"十快"居首_资讯频道_凤凰网|url=http://news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2013_04/25/24618340_0.shtml|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=2020-05-07|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211235/https://news.ifeng.com/|url-status=live))</ref><ref name=":5">((Cite news|last=Edwards|first=Rhiannon|date=2016-02-04|title=China's fastest-growing cities and why you should visit them|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/china/articles/Chinas-fastest-growing-cities-and-why-you-should-visit-them/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-07|issn=0307-1235))((cbignore))</ref><ref name="blogs.worldbank.org"/> Changsha's nominal GDP is projected to be among the world top 50 largest cities according to a study by Oxford Economics in 2035,<ref name=":8" /> and its nominal GDP per capita will reach US$41,000 in 2030.<ref name=":9" />

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
((See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in China))((Incomplete list|date=February 2023))
By the end of June 2018, Changsha has established friendly city relationship with 49 foreign cities.<ref>((Cite web|title=International Sister Cities of Changsha|url=http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html|access-date=2020-10-13|website=Official website of Changsha, China|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419012743/http://en.changsha.gov.cn/aboutcs/SisterCities/201809/t20180903_6459172.html|url-status=live))</ref>

Changsha is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>((cite web|title=友好城市|url=http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/|website=changsha.gov.cn|publisher=Changsha|language=zh|access-date=2020-10-13|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017114033/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/xfzs/zjmlzs/yhcs/|url-status=dead))</ref>
((div col|colwidth=20em))
*((flagicon|CGO)) [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]]
*((flagicon|KOR)) [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|Gumi]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]], [[South Korea]]
*((flagicon|JPN)) [[Kagoshima]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture|Kagoshima]], [[Japan]]
*((flagicon|BLR)) [[Mogilev]], [[Mogilev Region]], [[Belarus]]
*((flagicon|BEL)) [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], [[Hainaut Province|Hainaut]], [[Belgium]]
*((flagicon|USA)) [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]
*((flagicon|USA)) [[Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], [[United States]]
*((flagicon|USA)) [[Annapolis]], [[Maryland]], [[United States]]
*((flagicon|USA)) [[Saint Paul, Minnesota|Saint Paul]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]]
*((flagicon|SUI)) [[Fribourg]], [[Canton of Fribourg]], [[Switzerland]]
*((flagicon|AUS)) [[City of Auburn]], [[New South Wales]],  [[Australia]]
*((flagicon|UGA)) [[Entebbe]], [[Uganda]]
<!--rest - not twinning-->
((div col end))

===Consulates General/Consulates===
((LAO))

((Flag|Malawi))<ref>((Cite web |title=Consulate General of the Republic of Malawi in Changsha Opens-Hunan Government Website International-enghunan.gov.cn |url=http://www.enghunan.gov.cn/hneng/News/Localnews/202306/t20230630_29388701.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.enghunan.gov.cn))</ref>

==Notable people==
<!--PLEASE order by Birth Year within section-->
The following people are from the [[Greater Changsha Metropolitan Region]]:
* [[Mao Zedong]] – Founding father of the People's Republic of China
* [[Zeng Guofan]] – Most influential politician of China in 19th century
* [[Liu Shaoqi]] – President of the People's Republic of China (PRC), 1959–1968
* [[Zhu Rongji]] – Premier of the People's Republic of China, 1998–2003
* [[Hu Yaobang]] – General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1982–1987)
* [[Yang Kaihui]] – Mao Zedong's second wife
* [[Huang Xing]] – Chinese revolutionary leader and the first army [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]
* [[Tian Han]] – Author of the lyrics to "[[March of the Volunteers]]", China's national anthem
* [[Tao Wang (economist)|Wang Tao]] – Economist
* [[Zhou Guangzhao]] – Theoretical physicist and recipient of the "[[Two Bombs, One Satellite]]" Meritorious Award
* [[Zhou Jianping]] – Aerospace engineer and chief designer of [[China Manned Space Program]]
* [[Qi Xueqi]] – General in the Kuomintang (KMT)
* [[Lei Feng]] – A People's Liberation Army's cultural icon
* [[Liang Heng]] – Writer and literary scholar
* [[Tan Dun]] – Contemporary composer (soundtracks for the films ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' and ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'')
* [[Huang Zuqia]] – Theoretical and nuclear physicist
* [[Tang Sulan]] – Writer and politician
* [[Zhang Ye (singer)|Zhang Ye]] – Singer
* [[Xiong Ni]] – Olympic male diver and gold medalist
* [[Leo Li]] – Actress and singer-songwriter
* [[Li Xiaopeng (gymnast)|Li Xiaopeng]] – Olympic male gymnast and gold medalist
* [[Liu Yun (actress)|Liu Yun]] – Actress
* [[Liu Xuan (gymnast)|Liu Xuan]] – Olympic female gymnast and gold medalist
* [[Meng Jia]] – Singer and actress, former member of the Korean-Chinese girl group [[Miss A]]
* [[Lay (entertainer)]] – A member of South Korean-Chinese boy band under SM entertainment, [[Exo (group)|Exo]]
* [[Qi Baishi]] – Painter
* [[Shen Wei]] – Dancer and the choreographer of modern dance for the 2008 Beijing Olympics
* [[He Jiong]] – One of the most famous TV show hosts in China
* [[Lexie Liu]] – Singer-songwriter and rapper
* [[Can Xue]] – [[Avant-garde]] fiction writer
* [[Xue Yiwei]] - Writer living in Montreal<ref>((cite web|url=https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform|title=The Fate of a Novel Amid China's Reform|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]|accessdate=2022-07-29|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914083955/https://china.usc.edu/calendar/fate-novel-amid-chinas-reform|url-status=live))</ref>

==Astronomy==
Changsha is represented by the star [[Zeta Corvi]] in a [[Chinese constellations|Chinese constellation]].<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Corvus*.html Star Name – R.H. Allen p.182] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903211241/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Corvus%2A.html |date=3 September 2023 )). Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved on 2011-08-28.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Changsha)]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]

== Notes ==
((Notelist))

== References ==
((reflist))

== External links ==
((Commons category|Changsha))
((Wikivoyage|Changsha))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120205013739/http://www.casachangsha.com/ Changsha Interactive Map, Information on Locations]
* [http://www.changsha.gov.cn/ Changsha Government official website] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208025227/http://www.changsha.gov.cn/ |date=8 February 2014 ))
* [http://www.cshtz.gov.cn/ Changsha National High-Tech Industrial Development Zone] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209111145/http://www.cshtz.gov.cn/ |date=9 February 2014 ))

((Clear))

((Hunan))
((Hunan topics))
((Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China))
((Provincial capitals of China))
((Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Changsha| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Hunan]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Category:National Forest Cities in China]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Coordinates (view source) (protected)
Module:Coordinates/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:CountryData (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:CountryData/summary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Detect singular (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Flag (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Flagg (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPA/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/phonemes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 3166/data/National (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox multi-lingual name/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang-zh (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map/data/China Hunan (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Location map/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Mapframe (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Multiple image (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Settlement short description (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box/colors (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Weather box/row (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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