Charles Calmer Hart (September 14, 1878 – November 17, 1956) was an American journalist and diplomat,[1] who served as minister to Albania from 1925 to 1929, and as minister to Persia from 1930 to 1933.
Early years
Born on a farm in Bryant, Indiana, in September 1878,[2] Charles Calmer Hart was the son of a schoolteacher.[3] His first jobs included farming and working in a factory.[4] Though he never attended high college or university, he became a printer's devil at the Geneva Herald, in Indiana, before joining the Muncie Star,[3] now The Star Press.
As a soldier, he served as a private in the Third Regiment of Artillery, either in Battery K,[7] or Battery L.[8] During his military service, Hart served as a guard on Alcatraz Island during its usage as Alcatraz Citadel, an Army prison,[9] and was seriously injured: while climbing the steps of the lighthouse,[8] possibly to paint the roof,[10] the stairwell gave way under him, dropping him thirty feet into the rocks below,[9] fracturing his leg, which required the amputation of his leg below the knee.[8]
Though there is some dispute regarding Hart's supposed service in the Spanish–American War,[a] it is known that Hart's injuries necessitated a year of convalescence,[4] including some time at the Soldiers' Home.[7][8] As a result of the amputation, he received a pension,[10] and used a prosthetic foot[3] and a cane for the rest of his life.[12]
Newspaperman
He soon returned home to Indiana, rejoining the Muncie Star, this time as an editor; he later joined The Indianapolis Star as an editor, as well; during this time, as a young reporter, he provided Gene Stratton-Porter with her first newspaper mention,[13] on the strength of her reporting in the Decatur Journal.[14] He next worked for other newspapers around the country, mainly in the West, including The Spokesman-Review, where he served as city editor;[15] and The Oregonian, where he served as a Washington, D.C. correspondent.[16] In addition, he was also a correspondent with the Boise-based Capital-News, and the Minneapolis Tribune,[17] the latter of which is now the Star Tribune.
While in Washington, furthermore, Hart served as the secretary of the National Press Club three times.[18]
On April 21, 1917, Hart married Ruth Agnes Limond in Seattle.[18] The two had met in Coronado, California, during Hart's campaign for Hughes.[19] For Hart, this was his second marriage; he had earlier married Bertha Hall, with whom he had a daughter.[22]
With Ruth Limond, Hart had two children, a son, John; and a daughter, Priscilla.[23]
Hart's reports during his service as minister to Albania were widely considered entertaining and funny,[25] including by the Secretary of State, Frank B. Kellogg, and others in the Foreign Service, as they were written in a vivid and realistic style, more suited to journalism than diplomacy.[26][27]
Well-liked by Albanian officials,[28] Hart, like Albanian president Zogu, proved to be wily and careful, especially when dealing with newspaper reporters;[29] apposite, as Hart taught Zogu how to play poker.[30] During his time as minister, Albania became a monarchy under Zogu, now King Zog I;[28] President Coolidge recognized the new Albanian government, as one properly created under the constitutional mechanisms of the Albanian Republic;[31] and Zog personally dedicated the new United States Embassy in Tirana,[32] with its large twelve rooms and lavish furnishings,[33] which, with some modifications and renovations, remains the embassy today.[34]
At the time, King Zog was a bachelor, and it was later reported that he reached out to Hart for the diplomat's assistance in finding a wealthy, politically courageous, and beautiful American bride, someone to help him Westernise his country,[35] and that Hart had sent back a list of names, including Natalie Hays Hammond, whom Zog rejected due to lack of wealth.[36] Minister Hart denied the entire account.[37] In the end, Zog would get part of his wish: in 1938, he married Geraldine Apponyi, an impecunious Hungarian-American[38] countess.[39]
By then, however, Hart had left as minister; he was replaced by Herman Bernstein in 1930.[40]
Persia
After some time back in the United States, Hart was nominated by President Herbert Hoover as minister to Iran (then known as Persia) in October 1929.[41] The United States Senate confirmed his nomination in November;[42][43] and during Hart's journey to Iran, he passed through the Soviet Union, which was uncommon[44] and made him the first American diplomat in twelve years to have done so,[45] presumably at the behest of the State Department.[46]
As minister to Persia, Hart was considered "energetic and popular";[47] as one Iranian newspaper stated, he "understands the Orient and the oriental mentality".[2]
Hart's reports continued to be humorous,[48] and, to the admonishment of his colleagues and State Department officials, candid; yet when a report of such nature was received by Henry L. Stimson, Kellogg's successor, replete with calls for disciplinary actions, Stimson demurred.[49]
Hart, during his time in Iran, was able to observe and report on the beginnings of Iranian modernism, including the actions and creations of the Society for the National Heritage of Iran,[50] and municipal modernization under Reza Shah.[51] Though he was successful in persuading the government to allow James Henry Breasted to conduct an archaeological restoration there,[52] most of his tenure involved responses to crises, including the 1930 Salmas earthquake and its aftermath,[53] as well as the kidnapping of American consular officers,[54] by Lurs near Sahneh,[55] in 1932.[56]
During World War II, Hart sought to open another front in Albania; his mission was canceled some time before he boarded his flight, the "Yankee Clipper", which would crash on February 22, 1943, leaving fifteen survivors, including Jane Froman.[9]
In March 1946, Hart, as the president of the American Friends of Albania group, rebuked Senator Claude Pepper on the Senator's position on Epirus in a newspaper advertisement.[61]
Hart's health began to fail that year;[16] in late 1946, he stayed at Bethesda Naval Hospital for several months,[9] after a series of operations relating to complications stemming from his Alcatraz injury.[13]
Hart also collected documents and autographs, some of which were auctioned off in February 1947.[62]
The next year, Charles Calmer Hart moved to California,[5] where he died on November 17, 1956, in Los Angeles, at the age of 78.[16]
^The Swedish-language newspaper Vestkusten stated, in 1929, that "Han deltog i spanskamerikanska kriget", or, translated, "He [Hart] participated in the Spanish–American War";[11] but the Durham Morning Herald, in 1914, reported that Hart was discharged a month before the declaration of war.[6]
^ abcdeDyar, Ralph E. (1952). News for an Empire: The Story of the Spokesman Review of Spokane, Washington and of the Field It Serves. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers. pp. 143–144. ISBN978-1-258-10726-0. OCLC186702336.
^Bethell, Nicholas (2016). Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah (eds.). The Albanian Operation of the CIA and MI6, 1949-1953 : conversations with participants in a venture betrayed. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 71. ISBN9781476663791. OCLC929123505.
^Karimi, Z. Pamela (2009). Transitions in domestic architecture and home culture in twentieth century Iran (PhD thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. hdl:1721.1/54552.
^Baird, Joseph H. (December 27, 1930). "American Will Restore Ruins". Madera Tribune. No. 46. United Press International. p. 4. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
United States
United States Army
