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((short description|RAAF officer))
((Use dmy dates|date=September 2014))
((Use Australian English|date=September 2014))
((Infobox military person
|name=Charles Eaton
|image=Eaton1945.jpg
|image_size=220
|alt=Head-and-shoulders portrait of man in dark military uniform with ribbons and pilot's wings on chest
|caption=Group Captain Eaton commanding RAAF Southern Area, 1945
|birth_date=((birth date|df=yes|1895|12|21))
|death_date=((death date and age|1979|11|12|1895|12|21|df=yes))
|birth_place=[[Lambeth]], London, England
|death_place=[[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]], Victoria, Australia
|nickname="Moth"
|allegiance=
((plainlist|
* United Kingdom
* Australia
))
|branch=
((plainlist|
* [[British Army]]
* [[Royal Air Force]]
* [[Royal Australian Air Force]]
))
|serviceyears=
((plainlist|
* 1914–20
* 1925–45
))
|rank=[[Group Captain]]
|unit=
((plainlist|
* [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]] (1914–17)
* [[No. 110 Squadron RAF|No. 110 Squadron RFC]] (1917–18)
* [[No. 206 Squadron RAF]] (1918)
* [[No. 1 Squadron RAF]] (1919–20)
* [[No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF|No. 1 FTS]] (1925–29)
* [[No. 1 Aircraft Depot RAAF|No. 1 Aircraft Depot]] (1931–37)
))
|commands=
((plainlist|
* [[No. 21 Squadron RAAF|No. 21 Squadron]] (1937–38)
* [[No. 12 Squadron RAAF|No. 12 Squadron]] (1939–40)
* [[RAAF Base Darwin|RAAF Station Darwin]] (1940–41)
* [[No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF|No. 2 SFTS]] (1941–42)
* [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|RAAF Station Ascot Vale]] (1942–43)
* [[No. 72 Wing RAAF|No. 72 Wing]] (1943)
* [[No. 79 Wing RAAF|No. 79 Wing]] (1943–44)
* [[Southern Area Command (RAAF)|Southern Area Command]] (1945)
))
|battles=
((plainlist|
* World War I
*: [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]
* World War II
*: [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|South West Pacific theatre]]
*: [[New Guinea campaign]]
*: [[North-Western Area Campaign]]
))
|awards=
((plainlist|
* [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]
* [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]]
* [[Mentioned in Despatches]]
* [[Order of Orange-Nassau|Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau]] (Netherlands)
))
|relations=
|laterwork= Diplomat
))

'''Charles Eaton''', [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|AFC]] (21&nbsp;December 1895&nbsp;– 12&nbsp;November 1979) was a senior officer and aviator in the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF), and later served as a diplomat. Born in [[London]], he joined the [[British Army]] upon the outbreak of World War&nbsp;I and saw action on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] before transferring to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] in 1917. Posted as a bomber pilot to [[No. 206 Squadron RAF|No.&nbsp;206 Squadron]], he was twice captured by German forces, and twice escaped. Eaton left the military in 1920 and worked in India until moving to Australia in 1923. Two years later he joined the RAAF, serving initially as an [[Flight instructor|instructor]] at [[No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF|No.&nbsp;1 Flying Training School]]. Between 1929 and 1931, he was chosen to lead three expeditions to search for lost aircraft in [[Central Australia]], gaining national attention and earning the [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] for his "zeal and devotion to duty".<ref name=Gazette1931>((London Gazette|issue=33697|page=1648|date=10 March 1931))</ref>

In 1939, on the eve of World War II, Eaton became the inaugural commanding officer of [[No. 12 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;12 (General Purpose) Squadron]] at the newly established [[RAAF Base Darwin|RAAF Station Darwin]] in Northern Australia. He was promoted [[group captain]] in 1940, and appointed an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] the following year. In 1943, he took command of [[No. 79 Wing RAAF|No.&nbsp;79 Wing]] at [[Batchelor, Northern Territory|Batchelor]], Northern Territory, and was [[mentioned in despatches]] during operations in the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|South West Pacific]]. Retiring from the RAAF in December 1945, Eaton took up diplomatic posts in the [[Dutch East Indies]], heading a [[United Nations]] commission as [[Consul (representative)|Consul-General]] during the [[Indonesian National Revolution]]. He returned to Australia in 1950, and served in [[Canberra]] for a further two years. Popularly known as "Moth" Eaton, he was a farmer in later life, and died in 1979 aged 83. He is commemorated by several memorials in the Northern Territory.

==Early life and World War I==
[[File:P03531.004Eaton1917.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Lieutenant Eaton RFC in a Martinsyde G.100 "Elephant" fighter, London, c. November 1917|alt=Side view of military biplane with pilot in cockpit, parked on landing ground]]
Charles Eaton was born on 21&nbsp;December 1895 in [[Lambeth]], London, the son of William Walpole Eaton, a butcher, and his wife Grace. Schooled in [[Wandsworth]], Charles worked in [[Battersea|Battersea Town Council]] from the age of fourteen, before joining the [[London Regiment (1908–1938)|London Regiment]] upon the outbreak of World War&nbsp;I in August 1914.<ref name="ADB">((cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id=A140082b.htm?hilite=eaton|title=Eaton, Charles (1895–1979)|access-date=2 January 2016))</ref><ref name="Cross and Cockade">((cite magazine | year = 2002| author= Williamson, Mitch|title = 'Moth' Eaton: From Trench to Sky|magazine= Cross and Cockade| volume = 33|pages=104–110))</ref> Attached to a bicycle company in the 24th Battalion of the [[47th (1/2nd London) Division|47th Division]], he arrived at the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in March 1915. He took part in [[Trench warfare|trench bombing]] missions and attacks on enemy lines of communication, seeing action in the [[Second Battle of Artois|Battles of Aubers Ridge]], [[Battle of Festubert|Festubert]], [[Battle of Loos|Loos]], and [[Battle of the Somme|the Somme]].<ref name="Cross and Cockade"/><ref name="Air Force News">((cite journal| author=Kelton, Group Captain Mark| title=Remembered: Darwin's man of action| url=http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4804/history/story01| journal=Air Force News| date=23 March 2006| access-date=2 January 2016| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133744/http://www.defence.gov.au/news/raafnews/editions/4804/history/story01.htm| archive-date=4 March 2016| df=dmy-all))</ref>

On 14&nbsp;May 1915, Eaton transferred to the [[Royal Flying Corps]] (RFC), undergoing initial pilot training at [[Oxford]]. While he was landing his [[Farman MF.11|Maurice Farman Shorthorn]] at the end of his first solo flight, another student collided with him and was killed, but Eaton was uninjured.<ref name="Cross and Cockade"/> He was commissioned in August and was awarded his [[Flying badge|wings]] in October. Ranked [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]], he served with [[No. 110 Squadron RAF|No.&nbsp;110 Squadron]], which operated [[Martinsyde G.100|Martinsyde G.100 "Elephant"]] fighters out of [[Sedgeford]], defending London against [[Zeppelin]] airships.<ref name="ADB"/><ref>((cite web|url= http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P03531.004|title= P03531.004|publisher= [[Australian War Memorial]]|access-date= 2 January 2016|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120813162427/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/P03531.004|archive-date= 13 August 2012|df= dmy-all))</ref> He was transferred to the newly formed [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) in April 1918, and posted the following month to France flying [[Airco DH.9]] single-engined bombers with [[No. 206 Squadron RAF|No.&nbsp;206 Squadron]].<ref name="Cross and Cockade"/> On 29&nbsp;June, he was shot down behind enemy lines and captured in the vicinity of [[Nieppe]]. Incarcerated in [[Holzminden prisoner-of-war camp]], Germany, Eaton escaped but was recaptured and [[court-martial]]led, after which he was kept in solitary confinement. He later effected another escape and succeeded in rejoining his squadron in the final days of the war.<ref name="ADB"/><ref name="Grose">Grose, ''An Awkward Truth'', p. 51</ref>

==Between the wars==
[[File:Eaton1929.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Flight Lieutenant Eaton, "'Knight Errant' of the desert skies", c. 1929|alt=Half portrait of young grinning man in flying suit]]
Eaton remained in the RAF after the war. He married Beatrice Godfrey in St. Thomas's church at [[Shepherd's Bush]], London, on 11&nbsp;January 1919. Posted to [[No. 1 Squadron RAF|No.&nbsp;1 Squadron]], he was a pilot on the first regular passenger service between London and Paris, ferrying delegates to and from the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Peace Conference]] at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].<ref name="ADB"/><ref name="Grose"/> Eaton was sent to India in December to undertake aerial survey work, including the first such survey of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="ADB"/><ref name="Farram">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 1–3</ref> He resigned from the RAF in July 1920, remaining in India to take up employment with the Imperial Forest Service. After successfully applying for a position with the [[Queensland]] Forestry Service, he and his family migrated to Australia in 1923.<ref name="Farram"/><ref>Alexander, ''Who's Who in Australia 1950'', p. 235</ref> Moving to [[South Yarra, Victoria|South Yarra]], Victoria, he enlisted as a [[flying officer]] in the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) at [[Laverton, Victoria|Laverton]] on 14&nbsp;August 1925.<ref name="WW2">((cite web|url= http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=R&veteranId=1046384|title= Eaton, Charles|work= World War 2 Nominal Roll|access-date= 2 January 2016|archive-date= 3 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214613/http://www.ww2roll.gov.au/Veteran.aspx?serviceId=R&veteranId=1046384|url-status= dead))</ref> He was posted to [[No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF|No.&nbsp;1 Flying Training School]] at [[RAAF Williams#RAAF Base Point Cook|RAAF Point Cook]], as a flight instructor, where he became known as a strict disciplinarian and a successful trainer.<ref name="Grose"/><ref name="Farram"/> Here Eaton acquired his nickname of "Moth", the Air Force's basic trainer at this time being the [[De Havilland DH.60 Moth]]. Promoted [[flight lieutenant]] in February 1928,<ref name="ADB"/> he flew a Moth in the [[Western Australian Centenary Air Race|1929 East-West Air Race]] from Sydney to Perth, as part of the celebrations for the [[Centenary of Western Australia|Western Australia Centenary]]; he was the sixth competitor across the line, after fellow RFC veteran [[Jerry Pentland]].<ref>Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', p. 404</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=621 |title=East-West Air Race Ends |newspaper=[[The Age]] |date=7 October 1929 |access-date=2 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915114612/http://www.150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=621 |archive-date=15 September 2009 ))</ref>

Regarded as one of the RAAF's most skilful cross-country pilots and navigators, Eaton came to public attention as leader of three military expeditions to find lost aircraft in [[Central Australia (territory)|Central Australia]] between 1929 and 1931.<ref name="Third Brother pp.297-303">Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', pp. 297–303</ref><ref name="Lax">Lax, ''100 Years of Aviation'', p. 81</ref> In April 1929, he coordinated the Air Force's part in the search for aviators Keith Anderson and Bob Hitchcock, missing in their aircraft the ''[[Kookaburra (aircraft)|Kookaburra]]'' while themselves looking for [[Charles Kingsford Smith]] and [[Charles Ulm]], who had force landed the ''[[Southern Cross (aircraft)|Southern Cross]]'' in north [[Western Australia]] during a flight from Sydney. Three of the RAAF's five veteran DH.9 biplanes went down in the search—though all crews escaped injury—including Eaton's, which experienced what he labelled "a good crash" on 21&nbsp;April near [[Tennant Creek]] after the engine's pistons melted.<ref name="Lax"/><ref name="Farram pp.4-12">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 4–12</ref> The same day, Captain [[Lester Brain]], flying a [[Qantas]] aircraft, located the wreck of the ''Kookaburra'' in the [[Tanami Desert]], approximately ((convert|130|km|mi)) east-south-east of [[Kalkarindji, Northern Territory|Wave Hill]]. Setting out from Wave Hill on 23&nbsp;April, Eaton led a ground party across rough terrain that reached the crash site four days later and buried the crew, who had perished of thirst and exposure. Not a particularly religious man, he recalled that after the burial he saw a perfect cross formed by [[cirrus cloud]] in an otherwise clear blue sky above the ''Kookaburra''.<ref name="Third Brother pp.297-303"/><ref name="Farram pp.4-12"/> The [[Air Board (Australia)|Air Board]] described the RAAF's search as taking 240 hours flying time "under the most trying conditions&nbsp;...&nbsp;where a forced landing meant certain crash".<ref name="Third Brother pp.297-303"/> In November 1930, Eaton was selected to lead another expedition for a missing aircraft near [[Uluru|Ayers Rock]], but it was called off soon afterwards when the pilot showed up in [[Alice Springs]]. The next month, he was ordered to search for W.L. Pittendrigh and S.J. Hamre, who had disappeared in the biplane ''Golden Quest&nbsp;2'' while attempting to discover [[Lasseter's Reef]]. Employing four DH.60 Moths, the RAAF team located the missing men near Dashwood Creek on 7&nbsp;January 1931, and they were rescued four days later by a ground party accompanied by Eaton. Staying in nearby Alice Springs, he recommended a site for the town's new airfield, which was approved and has remained in use since its construction.<ref name="Lax"/><ref>Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 13–17</ref>

[[File:PH0612-0004Eaton1929.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Eaton (right) and Sergeant Eric Douglas at Keith Anderson's grave, near the wreck of the ''Kookaburra'', Central Australia, April 1929|alt=Blurry image of two men standing by tree stump with wreath]]
Eaton was awarded the [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] on 10&nbsp;March 1931 "in recognition of his zeal and devotion to duty in conducting flights to Central Australia in search of missing aviators".<ref name=Gazette1931/> The media called him the "'[[Knight-errant|Knight Errant]]' of the desert skies".<ref name="Lax"/> Aside from his crash landing in the desert while searching for the ''Kookaburra'', Eaton had another narrow escape in 1929 when he was test flying the [[Wackett Warrigal|Wackett Warrigal&nbsp;I]] with [[Sergeant]] Eric Douglas. Having purposely put the biplane trainer into a spin and finding no response in the controls when he tried to recover, Eaton called on Douglas to bail out. When Douglas stood up to do so, the spin stopped, apparently due to his torso changing the airflow over the tail plane. Eaton then managed to land the aeroplane, he and his passenger both badly shaken by the experience.<ref>Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', p. 268</ref> In December 1931, he was posted to [[No. 1 Aircraft Depot RAAF|No.&nbsp;1 Aircraft Depot]] at Laverton, where he continued to fly as well as performing administrative work. Promoted [[squadron leader]] in 1936,<ref name="ADB"/> he undertook a clandestine mission around the new year to scout for suitable landing grounds in the [[Dutch East Indies]], primarily [[Timor]] and [[Ambon Island|Ambon]]. Wearing civilian clothes, he and his companion were arrested and held for three days by local authorities in [[Kupang|Koepang]], Dutch Timor.<ref>Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', p. 450</ref> Eaton was appointed commanding officer (CO) of [[No. 21 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;21 Squadron]] in May 1937, one of his first tasks being to undertake another aerial search in Central Australia, this time for prospector Sir Herbert Gepp, who was subsequently discovered alive and well.<ref name="ADB"/><ref name="Lax"/> Later that year, Eaton presided over the court of inquiry into the crash of a [[Hawker Demon]] biplane in Victoria, recommending a gallantry award for Aircraftman [[William McAloney]], who had leapt into the Demon's burning wreckage in an effort to rescue its pilot; McAloney subsequently received the [[Albert Medal (lifesaving)|Albert Medal]] for his heroism.<ref>Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', pp. 342–344</ref>

[[File:WirrawayDarwin1939.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Wirraways of No. 12 (General Purpose) Squadron at RAAF Station Darwin in 1939|alt=Row of single-engined military monoplanes on airfield, propellers spinning]]
Following a 1937 decision to establish the first [[Northern Australia|north Australian]] RAAF base, in April 1938 Eaton, now on the headquarters staff of [[RAAF Williams#RAAF Williams, Laverton|RAAF Station Laverton]], and Wing Commander [[George Jones (RAAF officer)|George Jones]], Director of Personnel Services at RAAF Headquarters, began developing plans for the new station, to be commanded by Jones, and a new squadron that would be based there, led by Eaton. The next month they flew an [[Avro Anson]] on an inspection tour of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], Northern Territory, site of the proposed base. Delays meant that [[No. 12 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;12 (General Purpose) Squadron]] was not formed until 6&nbsp;February 1939 at Laverton. Jones had by now moved on to another posting but Eaton took up the squadron's command as planned. Promoted to [[wing commander (rank)|wing commander]] on 1&nbsp;March, he and his equipment officer, Flying Officer Hocking, were ordered to build up the unit as quickly as possible, and established an initial complement of fourteen officers and 120 airmen, plus four Ansons and four Demons, within a week. An advance party of thirty [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]] and airmen under Hocking began moving to Darwin on 1&nbsp;July. Staff were initially accommodated in a former meatworks built during World War&nbsp;I, and life at the newly established air base had a "distinctly raw, pioneering feel about it" according to historian Chris Coulthard-Clark. Morale, though, was high.<ref name="Third Brother pp.145-148">Coulthard-Clark, ''The Third Brother'', pp. 145–148</ref> On 31&nbsp;August, No.&nbsp;12 Squadron launched its first patrol over the Darwin area, flown by one of seven Ansons that had so far been delivered. These were augmented by a [[Flight (military unit)|flight]] of four [[CAC Wirraway]]s (replacing the originally planned force of Demons) that took off from Laverton on 2&nbsp;September, the day before [[Military history of Australia during World War II|Australia declared war]], and arrived in Darwin four days later. A fifth Wirraway in the flight crashed on landing at Darwin, killing both crewmen.<ref name="Third Brother pp.145-148"/><ref>Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', p. 22</ref>
((Clear))

==World War II==
[[File:PH0612-0002Eaton1940.jpg|thumb|upright|Wing Commander Eaton (left) during Darwin's coal strike in 1940|alt=Two men stripped to waist and covered in coal dust, one smoking a pipe]]
Once war was declared, Darwin began to receive more attention from military planners. In June 1940, No.&nbsp;12 Squadron was "cannibalised" to form two other units, [[RAAF Base Darwin|Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin]] and [[No. 13 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;13 Squadron]]. No.&nbsp;12 Squadron retained its Wirraway flight, while its two flights of Ansons went to the new squadron; these were replaced later that month by more capable [[Lockheed Hudson]]s.<ref name="Gillison">Gillison, [http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/26/chapters/06.pdf ''Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942'', pp. 125–126] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713132732/https://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/26/chapters/06.pdf |date=13 July 2015 ))</ref>  Eaton was appointed CO of the base, gaining promotion to temporary [[group captain]] in September.<ref name="ADB"/> His squadrons were employed in escort, maritime reconnaissance, and coastal patrol duties, the overworked aircraft having to be sent to [[RAAF Base Richmond|RAAF Station Richmond]], New South Wales, after every 240 hours flying time—with a consequent three-week loss from Darwin's strength—as deep maintenance was not yet possible in the Northern Territory.<ref name="Gillison"/> Soon after the establishment of Headquarters RAAF Station Darwin, Minister for Air [[James Fairbairn]] visited the base. Piloting his own light plane, he was greeted by four Wirraways that proceeded to escort him into landing; the Minister subsequently complimented Eaton on the "keen-ness and efficiency of all ranks", particularly considering the challenging environment.<ref>RAAF Historical Section, ''Units of the Royal Australian Air Force'', p. 5</ref> When Fairbairn died in the [[1940 Canberra air disaster|Canberra air disaster]] shortly afterwards, his pilot was Flight Lieutenant Robert Hitchcock, son of Bob Hitchcock of the ''Kookaburra'' and also a former member of Eaton's No.&nbsp;21 Squadron.<ref name="Farram, p. 27">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', p. 27</ref><ref>Wilson, ''The Brotherhood of Airmen'', pp. 36–37</ref>

As senior air commander in the region, Eaton sat on the Darwin Defence Co-ordination Committee. He was occasionally at loggerheads with his naval counterpart, [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] E.P. Thomas, and also incurred the ire of trade unionists when he used RAAF staff to unload ships in [[Port Darwin]] during industrial action; Eaton himself took part in the work, shovelling coal alongside his men.<ref>Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', p. 31</ref> On 25&nbsp;February 1941, he made a flight north to reconnoitre Timor, Ambon, and Babo in [[Netherlands New Guinea|Dutch New Guinea]] for potential use by the RAAF in any Pacific conflict.<ref name="Farram, p. 27"/> By April, the total strength based at RAAF Station Darwin had increased to almost 700 officers and airmen; by the following month it had been augmented by satellite airfields at [[Bathurst Island (Northern Territory)|Bathurst Island]], [[Groote Eylandt]], [[Batchelor, Northern Territory|Batchelor]], and [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]].<ref name="Gillison"/><ref>Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', p. 36</ref> Handing over command of Darwin to Group Captain [[Frederick Scherger]] in October, Eaton took charge of [[No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF|No.&nbsp;2 Service Flying Training School]] near [[Wagga Wagga]], New South Wales.<ref name="ADB"/><ref>Stephens, ''The Royal Australian Air Force'', p. 136</ref> His "marked success", "untiring energy", and "tact in handling men" while in the Northern Territory were recognised in the new year with his appointment as an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]].<ref>((London Gazette|issue=35399 |supp=y|page=13|date=1 January 1942))</ref> Eaton became CO of No.&nbsp;1 Engineering School and its base, [[Ascot Vale, Victoria|RAAF Station Ascot Vale]], Victoria, in April 1942.<ref name="ADB"/><ref name="Gillison"/> Twelve months later in [[Townsville]], Queensland, he formed [[No. 72 Wing RAAF|No.&nbsp;72 Wing]], which subsequently deployed to [[Merauke]] in Dutch New Guinea, comprising [[No. 84 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp; 84 Squadron]] (flying [[CAC Boomerang]] fighters), [[No. 86 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp; 86 Squadron]] ([[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk|P-40 Kittyhawk]] fighters), and [[No. 12 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;12 Squadron]] ([[Vultee A-31 Vengeance|A-31 Vengeance]] dive bombers).<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/07.pdf Odgers, ''Air War Against Japan'', pp. 114–115] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427164944/https://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/07.pdf |date=27 April 2015 ))</ref>  His relations with [[North-Eastern Area Command (RAAF)|North-Eastern Area Command]] in Townsville were strained; "mountains were made out of molehills" in his opinion, and he was reassigned that July to lead No.&nbsp;2 Bombing and Gunnery School in [[Port Pirie]], South Australia.<ref name="ADB"/>

[[File:Eaton1941.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Group Captain Eaton, commanding officer of RAAF Station Darwin, October 1941|alt=Informal portrait of man with short dark hair in light-coloured open-necked military shirt, holding a pipe]]
On 30&nbsp;November 1943, Eaton returned to the Northern Territory to establish [[No. 79 Wing RAAF|No.&nbsp;79 Wing]] at Batchelor, comprising [[No. 1 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;1]] and [[No. 2 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;2 Squadrons]] (flying [[Bristol Beaufort]] light reconnaissance bombers), [[No. 31 Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;31 Squadron]] ([[Bristol Beaufighter]] long-range fighters), and [[No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF|No.&nbsp;18 (Netherlands East Indies)
Squadron]] ([[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] medium bombers). He developed a good relationship with his Dutch personnel, who called him "Oom Charles" (Uncle Charles).<ref>Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', p. 38</ref><ref name="Odgers">[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/13.pdf Odgers, ''Air War Against Japan'', pp. 215–218]</ref> Operating under the auspices of [[North-Western Area Command (RAAF)|North-Western Area Command]] (NWA), Darwin, Eaton's forces participated in the [[New Guinea campaign|New Guinea]] and [[North-Western Area Campaign]]s during 1944, in which he regularly flew on missions himself.<ref name="Odgers"/><ref name="Farram pp.48-49">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 48–49</ref> Through March–April, his Beaufighters attacked enemy shipping, while the Mitchells and Beauforts bombed Timor on a daily basis as a prelude to [[Operation Reckless|Operations Reckless]] and [[Operation Persecution|Persecution]], the invasions of [[Jayapura|Hollandia]] and [[Aitape]]. On 19&nbsp;April, he organised a large raid against [[South Central Timor Regency|Su]], Dutch Timor, employing thirty-five Mitchells, Beauforts and Beaufighters to destroy the town's barracks and fuel dumps, the results earning him the personal congratulations of the [[Air Officer Commanding]] NWA, Air Vice Marshal [[Adrian Cole (RAAF officer)|"King" Cole]], for his "splendid effort".<ref name="Odgers"/><ref name="Farram pp.48-49"/> On the day of the Allied landings, 22&nbsp;April, the Mitchells and Beaufighters made a daylight raid on [[Dili]], Portuguese Timor. The ground assault met little opposition, credited in part to the air bombardment in the days leading up to it.<ref name="Odgers"/> In June–July, No.&nbsp;79 Wing supported the [[Battle of Noemfoor|Allied attack on Noemfoor]].<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/15.pdf Odgers, ''Air War Against Japan'', pp. 243–244]</ref> Eaton was recommended to be [[mentioned in despatches]] on 28&nbsp;October 1944 for his "Gallant and distinguished service" in NWA; this was promulgated in the ''London Gazette'' on 9&nbsp;March 1945.<ref>[http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/AWM192/00311/003110022.pdf Recommendation: Mention in Dispatches] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134713/https://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/AWM192/00311/003110022.pdf |date=5 March 2016 )) at Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 16 March 2013.</ref><ref>((London Gazette|issue=36975 |supp=y|page=1326|date=9 March 1945))</ref>

Completing his tour with No.&nbsp;79 Wing, Eaton was appointed Air Officer Commanding [[Southern Area Command (RAAF)|Southern Area]], Melbourne, in January 1945. The ((GS|U-862)) operated off southern Australia during the first months of 1945, and the few combat units in Eaton's command were heavily engaged in [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine patrols]] which sought to locate this and any other [[U-boat]]s in the area. The Air Officer Commanding [[RAAF Command]], Air Vice Marshal [[William Bostock|Bill Bostock]], considered the sporadic attacks to be partly "nuisance value", designed to draw Allied resources away from the front line of the South West Pacific war. In April, Eaton complained to Bostock that intelligence from [[British Pacific Fleet]] concerning its ships' movements eastwards out of [[Western Area Command (RAAF)|Western Area]] was hours out of date by the time it was received at Southern Area Command, leading to RAAF aircraft missing their rendezvous and wasting valuable flying hours searching empty ocean. There had been no U-boat strikes since February, and by June the naval authorities indicated that there was no pressing need for air cover except for the most important vessels.<ref>Odgers, [http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/21.pdf ''Air War Against Japan'', pp. 351–354] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164044/https://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/histories/27/chapters/21.pdf |date=2 April 2015 ))</ref>

==Post-war career and legacy==
[[File:P03531.001EatonSukarno1947.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Eaton as Australian Consul-General to Indonesia, with [[Sukarno]] in 1947|alt=Two men in light-coloured clothing, seated on a couch]]
Eaton retired from the RAAF on 31&nbsp;December 1945.<ref name="WW2"/> In recognition of his war service, he was appointed a [[Order of Orange-Nassau|Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords]] by the Dutch government on 17&nbsp;January 1946.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.awm.gov.au/people/rolls/R1532083/?query=&section%5B0%5D=people&op=Search&filter%5Brcdb_id%5D=360933&format=tile |title=Award: Dutch Order of Orange-Nassau&nbsp;– Commander|publisher= Australian War Memorial|access-date=2 January 2016))</ref> The same month, he became Australian [[Consul (representative)|consul]] in Dili. He had seen an advertisement for the position and was the only applicant with experience of the area. While based there, he accompanied the provincial governor on visits to townships damaged in Allied raids during the war, taking care to be circumspect about the part played by his own forces from No.&nbsp;79 Wing.<ref name="Farram pp.52-53">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 52–53</ref> In July 1947, Dutch forces launched a "[[Operation Product|police action]]" against territory held by the fledgling [[Indonesian National Revolution|Indonesian Republic]], which had been declared shortly after the end of the war. Following a ceasefire, the [[United Nations]] set up a commission, chaired by Eaton as Consul-General, to monitor progress. Eaton and his fellow commissioners believed that the ceasefire was serving the Dutch as a cover for further penetration of republican enclaves. His requests to the Australian government for military observers led to deployment of the first peacekeeping force to the region; the Australians were soon followed by British and US observers, and enabled Eaton to display a more realistic impression of the situation to the outside world. The Dutch administration strongly opposed the presence of UN forces and accused Eaton of "impropriety", but the Australian government refused to recall him.<ref name="Air Power">RAAF, ''The Australian Experience of Air Power'', pp. 142–143</ref> Following the transfer of sovereignty in December 1949, he became Australia's first secretary and [[chargé d'affaires]] to the [[United States of Indonesia|Republic of the United States of Indonesia]].<ref name="Farram pp.52-53"/> In 1950, he returned to Australia to serve with the [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of External Affairs]] in Canberra.<ref name="ADB"/> After retiring from public service in 1951, he and his wife farmed at [[Metung]], Victoria, and cultivated [[orchid]]s.<ref name="Farram pp.52-53"/><ref name="Farram pp.54-55">Farram, ''Charles "Moth" Eaton'', pp. 54–55</ref> They later moved to [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]], where Eaton was involved in promotional work.<ref name="ADB"/>

Charles Eaton died in Frankston on 12&nbsp;November 1979. Survived by his wife and two sons, he was cremated. In accordance with his wishes, his ashes were scattered near Tennant Creek, site of his 1929 forced landing during the search for the ''Kookaburra'', from an RAAF [[de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribou]] on 15&nbsp;April 1981.<ref name="Air Force News"/><ref name="Farram pp.54-55"/> His name figures prominently in the Northern Territory, where he is commemorated by Lake Eaton in Central Australia, Eaton Place in the Darwin suburb of [[Karama, Northern Territory|Karama]], the suburb of [[Eaton, Northern Territory|Eaton]] that includes [[Darwin International Airport]] and RAAF Base Darwin,<ref name="Farram"/><ref name="suburb">((cite web| title=Search results for 'Eaton (Suburb)' |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22292 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|access-date= 22 February 2019))</ref> Charles Eaton Drive on the approach to Darwin International Airport,<ref name="road">((cite web| title=Search results for 'Charles Eaton Drive'|url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=5620 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|access-date= 22 February 2019))</ref>  and the Charles Moth Eaton Saloon Bar in the Tennant Creek Goldfields Hotel. He is also honoured with a display at the [[Northern Territory Parliament]], and a [[National Trust of Australia|National Trust]] memorial at [[Tennant Creek Airport]].<ref name="Farram"/> At the RAAF's 2003 History Conference, [[Air Commodore]] Mark Lax, recalling Eaton's search-and-rescue missions between the wars, commented:
((blockquote|Today, we might think of Eaton perhaps as the pioneer of our contribution to assistance to the civil community—a tradition that continues today. Perhaps I might jog your memory to a more recent series of rescues no less hazardous for all concerned—the amazing location of missing yachtsmen Thierry Dubois, [[Isabelle Autissier]] and [[Tony Bullimore]] by our [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3s]] that guided the [[Royal Australian Navy|Navy]] to their eventual rescue. My observation is that such activities remain vital for our relevance in that we must remain connected, supportive and responsive to the wants and needs of the Australian community.<ref name="Lax"/>))

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
((Commons category))
* ((cite book|editor-last=Alexander| editor-first=Joseph A. | year=1950| title=[[Who's Who in Australia|Who's Who in Australia 1950]]|location= Melbourne|publisher= Colorgravure|oclc=458407057))
* ((cite book|last=Coulthard-Clark| first=Chris|year=1991| title=The Third Brother: The Royal Australian Air Force 1921–39| location=North Sydney| publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/437/The-Third-Brother-The-Royal-Australian-Air-Force-1921–39.aspx|isbn=0-04-442307-1))
* ((cite book|last=Farram| first=Steven| year=2007| title=Charles "Moth" Eaton: Pioneer Aviator of the Northern Territory|location=Darwin| publisher=[[Charles Darwin University|Charles Darwin University Press]] |isbn=978-0-9803846-1-1))
* ((cite book|last=Gillison |first=Douglas |year=1962 |title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume I&nbsp;– Royal Australian Air Force 1939–1942 |location=Canberra |publisher=[[Australian War Memorial]] |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67912 |oclc=2000369 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607140547/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67912 |archive-date=7 June 2011 ))
* ((cite book|last=Grose| first=Peter|year=2009| title=An Awkward Truth: The Bombing of Darwin, February 1942| location=Crows Nest, New South Wales| publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74175-643-2))
* ((cite conference | author = Lax, Air Commodore Mark | date = 4–5 August 2003 | title = Key Events in RAAF History | conference = 100 Years of Aviation: The Australian Military Experience&nbsp;– The Proceedings of the 2003 RAAF History Conference  | url = http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/209/RAAF-History-Conference-2003-100-Years-of-Aviation-The-Australian-Military-Experience.aspx| editor = Wing Commander Keith Brent| publisher = The Aerospace Centre | location = Fairbairn, Australian Capital Territory | isbn = 0-642-26587-9 ))
* ((cite book|last=Odgers |first=George |author-link=George Odgers |orig-year=1957 |year=1968 |title=Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series Three (Air) Volume II&nbsp;– Air War Against Japan 1943–1945 |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian War Memorial |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67913 |oclc=246580191 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014171352/http://www.awm.gov.au/histories/second_world_war/volume.asp?levelID=67913 |archive-date=14 October 2013 ))
* ((cite book|author=RAAF Historical Section|year=1995|title=Units of the Royal Australian Air Force: A Concise History. Volume 1: Introduction, Bases, Supporting Organisations|location=Canberra| publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service| isbn=0-644-42792-2))
* ((cite book|last=Royal Australian Air Force | year=2008 | title=The Australian Experience of Air Power | location=Tuggeranong, Australian Capital Territory| publisher=Air Power Development Centre | url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/admin/ProductFiles/Publication/Materials/373/HISTORY_Reprint%20MAY08sm.pdf| isbn=978-1-920800-14-7))
* ((cite book|last=Stephens| first=Alan|orig-year=2001|year=2006| title=The Royal Australian Air Force: A History|location=London| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-555541-4))
* ((cite book|last=Wilson| first=David|year=2005| title=The Brotherhood of Airmen| location=Crows Nest, New South Wales| publisher=Allen & Unwin |isbn=1-74114-333-0))

==Further reading==
* ((cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Charles Stuart |title=The Cross in the Sky |date=2021 |publisher=Superscript Publishing |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-1-922603-03-6))

((featured article))

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