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((Short description|7th Taoiseach from 1970s to 1990s))
((Use Hiberno-English|date=March 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2016))
((Infobox officeholder
| image          = Charles Haughey 1989.png
| alt            = colour photograph of a 64-year-old Haughey
| caption        = Haughey in 1989
| order          = 7th
| office         = Taoiseach
| president      = ((ubl |[[Patrick Hillery]] |[[Mary Robinson]]))
| 2blankname     = [[Tánaiste]]
| 2namedata      = ((ubl |[[Brian Lenihan Snr]] |[[John Wilson (Irish politician)|John Wilson]]))
| term_start     = 10 March 1987
| term_end       = 11 February 1992
| predecessor    = [[Garret FitzGerald]]
| successor      = [[Albert Reynolds]]
| president1     = Patrick Hillery
| 2blankname1    = Tánaiste
| 2namedata1     = [[Ray MacSharry]]
| term_start1    = 9 March 1982
| term_end1      = 14 December 1982
| predecessor1   = Garret FitzGerald
| successor1     = Garret FitzGerald
| president2     = Patrick Hillery
| 1blankname2    = Tánaiste
| 1namedata2     = [[George Colley]]
| term_start2    = 11 December 1979
| term_end2      = 30 June 1981
| predecessor2   = [[Jack Lynch]]
| successor2     = Garret FitzGerald
| office3        = [[Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth|Minister for the Gaeltacht]]
| taoiseach3     = ''Himself''
| term_start3    = 10 March 1987
| term_end3      = 11 February 1992
| predecessor3   = [[Paddy O'Toole]]
| successor3     = [[John Wilson (Irish politician)|John Wilson]]
| office4        = [[Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| president4     = Patrick Hillery
| taoiseach4     = Garret FitzGerald
| term_start4    = 14 December 1982
| term_end4      = 10 March 1987
| predecessor4   = Garret FitzGerald
| successor4     = [[Alan Dukes]]
| president5     = Patrick Hillery
| taoiseach5     = Garret FitzGerald
| term_start5    = 30 June 1981
| term_end5      = 9 March 1982
| predecessor5   = Garret FitzGerald
| successor5     = Garret FitzGerald
| office6        = [[Leader of Fianna Fáil]]
| deputy6        = ((ubl |George Colley |Ray MacSharry |Brian Lenihan Snr |John Wilson))
| term_start6    = 7 December 1979
| term_end6      = 6 February 1992
| predecessor6   = Jack Lynch
| successor6     = Albert Reynolds
| office7        = [[Minister for Social Protection|Minister for Social Welfare]]
| taoiseach7     = Jack Lynch
| term_start7    = 5 July 1977
| term_end7      = 12 December 1979
| predecessor7   = [[Brendan Corish]]
| successor7     = [[Michael Woods (Irish politician)|Michael Woods]]
| office8        = [[Minister for Health (Ireland)|Minister for Health]]
| taoiseach8     = Jack Lynch
| term_start8    = 5 July 1977
| term_end8      = 11 December 1979
| predecessor8   = Brendan Corish
| successor8     = Michael Woods
| office9        = [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]]
| taoiseach9     = Jack Lynch
| term_start9    = 10 November 1966
| term_end9      = 7 May 1970
| predecessor9   = Jack Lynch
| successor9     = George Colley
| office10       = [[Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine|Minister for Agriculture]]
| taoiseach10    = [[Seán Lemass]]
| term_start10   = 8 October 1964
| term_end10     = 10 November 1966
| predecessor10  = [[Patrick Smith (politician)|Paddy Smith]]
| successor10    = [[Neil Blaney]]<br />&nbsp;(Agriculture & Fisheries)
| office11       = [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]]
| taoiseach11    = Seán Lemass
| term_start11   = 11 October 1961
| term_end11     = 8 October 1964
| predecessor11  = [[Oscar Traynor]]
| successor11    = Brian Lenihan Snr
| office12       = [[Minister of State (Ireland)|Parliamentary Secretary]]
| suboffice12    = [[Minister of State at the Department of Justice|Justice]]
| subterm12      = 1959–1961 
| office13       = [[Teachta Dála]]
| term_start13   = [[1981 Irish general election|June 1981]]
| term_end13     = [[1992 Irish general election|November 1992]]
| constituency13 = [[Dublin North-Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-Central]]
| term_start14   = [[1977 Irish general election|June 1977]]
| term_end14     = [[1981 Irish general election|June 1981]]
| constituency14 = [[Dublin Artane (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Artane]]
| term_start15   = [[1957 Irish general election|March 1957]]
| term_end15     = [[1977 Irish general election|June 1977]]
| constituency15 = [[Dublin North-East (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-East]]
| birth_date     = ((birth date|1925|9|16|df=y))
| birth_place    = [[Castlebar]], [[County Mayo]], Ireland
| death_date     = ((death date and age|2006|6|13|1925|9|16|df=y))
| death_place    = [[Kinsealy]], [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_cause    = <!--[[Prostate cancer]]-->
| resting_place  = [[St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton]]
| nationality    = [[Irish people|Irish]]
| party          = [[Fianna Fáil]]
| spouse         = ((marriage |[[Maureen Haughey|Maureen Lemass]]|1951))
| children       = 4, including [[Seán Haughey|Seán]]
| relatives      = [[Seán Lemass]] (father-in-law)
| education      = [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|St. Joseph's School]]
| alma_mater     = ((Ubl|[[University College Dublin]]|[[King's Inns]]))
| occupation     = ((Hlist|[[Accountant]]|[[barrister]]|[[Irish politician|politician]]))
| signature      =
| website        = ((official website))
<!--Military service-->
| branch         = ((army|Ireland))
| unit           = [[Army Reserve (Ireland)|Army Reserve]]
| serviceyears   = 1941–1957
| rank           = 
))

'''Charles James Haughey''' (((IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɔː|h|i));<ref>((cite EPD|18))</ref> 16 September 1925 – 13 June 2006) was an Irish [[Fianna Fáil]] politician who led four governments as Taoiseach: December 1979 to June 1981, March to December 1982, March 1987 to June 1989, and June 1989 to February 1992. He was also [[Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth|Minister for the Gaeltacht]] from 1987 to 1992, [[Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)|Leader of the Opposition]] from 1981 to 1982 and 1982 to 1987, [[Leader of Fianna Fáil]] from 1979 to 1992, [[Minister for Social Protection|Minister for Social Welfare]] and [[Minister for Health (Ireland)|for Health]] from 1977 to 1979, [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]] from 1966 to 1970, [[Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine|Minister for Agriculture]] from 1964 to 1966, [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]] from 1961 to 1964 and [[Minister of State at the Department of Justice|Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice]] from 1959 to 1961. He served as a [[Teachta Dála]] (TD) from 1957 to 1992.<ref name=oireachtas_db>((cite web |title=Charles J. Haughey |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Charles-J-Haughey.D.1957-03-20/ |work=Oireachtas Members Database |access-date=1 June 2009 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107185637/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Charles-J-Haughey.D.1957-03-20 |url-status=live ))</ref>

Haughey was first elected to [[Dáil Éireann]] as a Fianna Fáil [[Teachta Dála|TD]] in 1957 and was re-elected at every election until 1992, representing successively the [[Dublin North-East (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-East]], [[Dublin Artane (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Artane]] and [[Dublin North-Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-Central]] constituencies.

Haughey was the dominant Irish politician of his generation,<ref>((cite news |title=The death of Charles Haughey |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24834754.html |url-status=dead |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=17 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163558/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-24834754.html |archive-date=5 November 2012))</ref> as well as the most controversial.<ref name=bbc-obit>((cite news |title=Ex-Irish Taoiseach Haughey dies |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3001775.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 June 2006 |access-date=17 February 2011 |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3001775.stm |url-status=live ))</ref> Upon entering government in the early 1960s, Haughey became the symbol of a new vanguard of Irish Ministers.<ref name=it-3/> As Taoiseach, he is credited by some economists with starting the positive transformation of the economy in the late 1980s.<ref name=economist>((Cite news|date=2006-06-22|title=Charles Haughey|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/obituary/2006/06/22/charles-haughey|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0013-0613|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905155243/https://www.economist.com/obituary/2006/06/22/charles-haughey|url-status=live))</ref> However, his career was also marked by several major scandals. Haughey was implicated in the [[Arms Crisis]] of 1970, which nearly destroyed his career. His political reputation revived, his tenure as Taoiseach was then damaged by the sensational [[GUBU]] Affair in 1982; his party leadership was challenged four times, each time unsuccessfully, earning Haughey the nickname "The Great [[Houdini]]".<ref name=bbc-obit /> Revelations about his role in [[Irish phone tapping scandal|a phone tapping scandal]] forced him to resign as Taoiseach and retire from politics in 1992.

After Haughey's forced retirement, further revelations of [[political corruption]], [[embezzlement]], [[tax evasion]] and a 27-year [[adultery|extra-marital affair]] further tarnished his already crumbling reputation and legacy.<ref name="reporttext"/> He died of [[prostate cancer]] in 2006, aged 80.<ref name=rte-obituary>((cite news |title=Charles Haughey (1925–2006) |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/ob_cjhaughey.html |publisher=[[RTÉ News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231075102/http://www.rte.ie/news/ob_cjhaughey.html |archive-date=31 December 2012))</ref>
<!-- =========Note to editors: Please cite sources and avoid Points of View ========= !-->

==Early life==
He was born in [[Castlebar]], [[County Mayo]] in 1925, the third of seven children, of Seán Haughey and Sarah McWilliams, both natives of [[Swatragh]], <!-- If you change County Londonderry to County Derry, IT WILL BE PROMPTLY REVERTED -->[[County Londonderry]].<!--
=== NOTE to editors: Read this first regarding Derry/Londonderry===
To avoid constant renaming of articles (and more), and to keep a neutral point of view, promote consistency in the encyclopaedia, and avoid Stroke City-style terms perplexing to those unfamiliar with the dispute, a compromise solution was proposed and accepted by many users regarding the Derry name dispute. Use Derry for the city and County Londonderry for the county in articles. See also [[WP:IMOS]] and [[WP:DERRY]].
-->  Haughey's father was in the [[Irish Republican Army]] during the [[Irish War of Independence]], then in the [[National Army (Ireland)|National Army]] of the [[Irish Free State]]. Seán Haughey left the army in 1928 and the family moved to [[County Meath]]; he subsequently developed [[multiple sclerosis]] and the family moved again to [[Donnycarney]], a northern working class suburb of Dublin, where Charles Haughey spent his youth.<ref>The other six children were Pádraig, Seán, Eoghan, Bridget, Maureen and Eithne.</ref><ref name=IrTimes14June06>Carl O'Brien, "Green roots and new shoots – The Family", A supplement with ''[[The Irish Times]]'', 14 June 2006.</ref>

Haughey was educated by the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Irish Christian Brothers]] at [[St Joseph's, Fairview|St Joseph's secondary school]] in [[Fairview, Dublin|Fairview]], where one of his classmates was [[George Colley]], subsequently his cabinet colleague and rival in [[Fianna Fáil]]. In his youth he was an active amateur sportsman, playing [[Gaelic football]] with the [[Parnells GAA]] Club in Donnycarney; he won a [[Dublin Senior Football Championship]] medal in 1945. Haughey studied commerce at [[University College Dublin]] (UCD), where he took a first class Honours degree in 1946. It was at UCD that Haughey became increasingly interested in politics and was elected Auditor of the [[Commerce & Economics Society]]. He also met there one of his future political rivals, [[Garret FitzGerald]].<ref>Joan O'Farrell, later FitzGerald's wife, had at one stage dated Haughey.</ref>

He joined the [[An Fórsa Cosanta Áitiúil#Local Defence Force|Local Defence Force]] during "[[The Emergency (Ireland)|The Emergency]]" in 1941 and considered a permanent career in the [[Irish Army|Army]]. He continued to serve in the reserve [[FCÁ]] force, until entering [[Dáil Éireann]] in 1957.<ref>Haughey served with the North Dublin Battalion, becoming commanding officer of the Donnycarney Platoon FCÁ</ref><ref>Local Defence Force (later FCA): 1941 – 1957.  ((cite web|url=http://charlesjhaughey.ie/|title=Charles J Haughey|publisher=charlesjhaughey.ie|access-date=22 March 2016|archive-date=23 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323142123/http://www.charlesjhaughey.ie/|url-status=live))</ref>

On [[Victory in Europe Day|VE-day]] Haughey and other UCD students burnt the British [[Union Jack]] on [[College Green, Dublin|College Green]], outside [[Trinity College Dublin]], in response to a perceived disrespect afforded the [[Irish tricolour]] among the flags hung by the college in celebration of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory which ended [[World War II]].
<ref name=it-3>[http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story3.htm A young Turk full of overweening ambition] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023094639/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story3.htm |date=23 October 2010 )) – ''The Irish Times'' obituary</ref><ref>((cite book|first=Ian S.|last=Wood|title=Ireland During the Second World War|date=2003|page=100|publisher=Caxton Editions |isbn=1-84067-418-0))</ref>

Haughey qualified as a [[chartered accountant]] and also attended [[King's Inns]]. He was subsequently called to the [[bar (law)|Irish Bar]]. Shortly afterwards, he set up the accountancy firm of Haughey, Boland & Company with Harry Boland, son of Fianna Fáil Minister [[Gerald Boland]].

On 18 September 1951, he married [[Maureen Haughey|Maureen Lemass]], the daughter of the Fianna Fáil Minister and future [[Taoiseach]] [[Seán Lemass]], having been close to her since their days at UCD, where they first met.<ref name="IrTimes14June06"/> They had four children together: Eimear, Conor, Ciarán and [[Seán Haughey|Seán]].<ref name=IrTimes14June06/>

After selling his house in [[Raheny]] in 1969, Haughey bought [[Abbeville, Dublin|Abbeville]] and its estate of approximately ((Convert|250|acre|abbr=on)), located at [[Kinsealy]], north [[County Dublin]].  This historic house, once owned by [[Anglo-Irish]] politician [[John Beresford (statesman)|John Beresford]], had been extensively re-designed by the architect [[James Gandon]] in the late 18th century and it became the Haughey family home, where he lived for the rest of his life.<ref>((cite news|first=Sam|last=Smyth|title=Four Haughey children will inherit a fortune – €30m (and Blasket island) to be shared|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=17 June 2006))</ref> This marked the beginning of a long period when Haughey's spending was well beyond his apparent income level. For the rest of his life Haughey would refuse to say where the extra money came from.

==Early political career==
He started his political career as a local councillor, being a member of [[Dublin Corporation]] from 1953 to 1955.<ref>Kenny, S. and Keane, F., "Irish Politics Now: 'This Week' Guide to the 25th Dáil", Brandon/RTÉ (Dingle, 1987), p. 132</ref> Haughey's first attempt at election to Dáil Éireann came in June 1951, when he unsuccessfully contested [[1951 Irish general election|the general election]].<ref>[[The Irish Times]], 14 June 2006.</ref> While living in Raheny, Haughey was first elected to the Dáil as a Fianna Fáil TD at the [[1957 Irish general election|1957 general election]] for the [[Dublin North-East (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-East]] constituency;<ref name=elecs_irl>((cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=2403|title=Charles Haughey|publisher=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=10 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610213745/http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=2403|url-status=live))</ref> it was his fourth attempt.

Haughey was re-elected in every election until 1992, representing [[Dublin North-East (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-East]] from 1957 to 1977, [[Dublin Artane (Dáil constituency)|Dublin Artane]] from 1977 to 1981, and [[Dublin North-Central (Dáil constituency)|Dublin North-Central]] from 1981 until his retirement in 1992 (moving constituencies in line with boundary changes).

In 1959, Haughey obtained his first government position, that of [[Minister of State at the Department of Justice|Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Justice]], serving under his constituency colleague [[Oscar Traynor]], appointed by the [[9th government of Ireland|first government]] of his father-in-law [[Seán Lemass]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1959-06-30/26/|title=Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries: Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (16th Dáil) – Vol. 176 No. 2|date=30 June 1959|access-date=31 May 2022|website=Houses of the Oireachtas))</ref> It is unclear whether the choice was made by Lemass directly as [[Taoiseach]], or by the cabinet against his wishes. Lemass had advised Haughey;
<blockquote>As Taoiseach it is my duty to offer you the post of parliamentary secretary, and as your father-in-law I am advising you not to take it.<ref>T. Ryle Dwyer, ''Short Fellow: A Biography of Charles J. Haughey'' (Marino, 1995) p.31.</ref></blockquote>
Haughey ignored Lemass's advice and accepted the offer. Although officially junior to Traynor, Haughey was the ((lang|la|de facto)) minister, as Traynor, a minister in all Fianna Fáil governments since 1936, was elderly and in poor health, and only nominally running the department.

Haughey came to epitomise the new style of politician – the "men in the mohair suits". He regularly socialised with other younger cabinet colleagues, such as [[Donogh O'Malley]] and [[Brian Lenihan Snr|Brian Lenihan]].<ref name=it-3/>
((blockquote|By day he impressed the Dáil. By night he basked in the admiration of a fashionable audience in the Russell Hotel. There, or in Dublin's more expensive restaurants, the company included artists, musicians and entertainers, professionals, builders and business people.

His companions, Lenihan and O'Malley, took mischievous delight in entertaining the Russell with tales of the Old Guard. O'Malley in turn entertained the company in Limerick's Brazen Head or Cruise's Hotel with accounts of the crowd in the Russell. On the wings of such tales Haughey's reputation spread.))

Haughey's status by 1961 was such that Leader of the Opposition [[James Dillon (Fine Gael politician)|James Dillon]] complimented him lavishly on the floor of the Dáil, remarking on his opponent's "skill with which he has had recourse to his brief," as well as his "extraordinary erudition" and "his exceptional and outstanding ability."<ref>T. Ryle Dwyer, ''Haughey's Forty Years of Controversy'' (2003), p.33.</ref>

== Ministerial office ==

===Minister for Justice===
When Traynor retired in 1961, Haughey succeeded him as [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]]. As such, he initiated an extensive scale of legislative reforms. He introduced new legislation including the Adoption Act; the Succession Act, which protected the inheritance rights of wives and children;<ref name=it-8>[http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story8.htm  'Irish solutions for Irish problems'] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107212106/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story8.htm |date=7 November 2010 )) – ''The Irish Times'' obituary.</ref> the Criminal Justice Act, which severely restricted the application of capital punishment; and the Extradition Act, which virtually prevented extradition for IRA offences. Haughey also introduced the Special Military Courts which helped to defeat the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Irish Republican Army]]'s [[Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)|Border Campaign]].<ref name=it-3/>

===Minister for Agriculture: 1966 Farmers' Strike===
In 1964, Lemass appointed Haughey as [[Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine|Minister for Agriculture]].<ref>The previous Minister for Agriculture, [[Patrick Smith (politician)|Paddy Smith]], had resigned over a policy dispute.</ref> Criticism was voiced from the [[Irish Farmers' Association|National Farmers Association]] (NFA) of the appointment of a non-rural person to the position, and there was increased antagonism from farmers towards the government. Haughey became embroiled in a series of controversies with the NFA and with another organisation, the Irish Creamery Milk Suppliers Association (ICMSA).<ref name=it-3/> Twenty-seven ICMSA picketers outside [[Leinster House]], were arrested on 27 April 1966 under the [[Offences Against the State Act]], an act originally intended for use against the IRA. 78 were arrested the following day, and 80 a day later as the dispute escalated. The general public was supportive of the farmers, who were not in a position to hold a strike to air their grievances, and who were clearly only posing a problem to the Minister, rather than the state. The farmers then began a national solidarity campaign, and even farmers who supported Fianna Fáil turned against the government. Haughey, who did not rely on rural voters, was under intense pressure from fearful members of his own party to negotiate a deal and reduce the tension. It was Haughey's first alienation of a significant voting block, and probably damaged him electorally in later years as many farmers remembered the events, known in folk memory as the "Farmers' Strike".

===Minister for Finance and 1966 presidential election===
[[File:Charles Haughey 1967 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|200px|Haughey in 1967]]
Haughey was appointed by Fianna Fáil to run President [[Éamon de Valera]]'s re-election campaign for the [[1966 Irish presidential election|1966 presidential election]]. His interventions proved highly controversial. [[Fine Gael]] chose a comparatively young [[Teachta Dála|TD]] and [[barrister]], [[Tom O'Higgins]] (nephew of [[Kevin O'Higgins]]), to run against de Valera. By then, de Valera was 84 years old and almost totally blind. Haughey knew this might compare unfavourably to O'Higgins, whose campaign drew comparisons with the equally youthful [[US President]] [[John F. Kennedy]], and launched what was seen as a political stroke. He insisted that it was beneath the presidency to actively campaign, meaning that de Valera would have a low profile. Therefore, in the interests of fairness the media was asked to give O'Higgins an equally low profile, ignoring his speeches and publicity campaign. The print media, both nationally and locally, ignored Haughey's suggestion. But the state-run [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]], facing criticism from Lemass' government for being too radical in other areas, agreed and largely ignored the O'Higgins campaign.

De Valera got a high media profile from a different source, the fiftieth anniversary commemoration of the [[Easter Rising]], of which he was the most senior survivor. While O'Higgins's campaign was ignored by RTÉ, de Valera appeared in RTÉ coverage of the Rising events regularly. To add further to de Valera's campaign, Haughey as Agriculture Minister arranged<ref name=dib>((cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/haughey-charles-james-c-j-a9531 |title=Haughey, Charles James (C.J.)|work=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]] |last1=Maume |first1=Patrick |access-date=12 January 2023))</ref> for milk price increases to be given to farmers on the eve of polling, as a way of reducing farmer disquiet after they had effectively become an opposition movement to the government.

These tactics should have ensured an easy de Valera victory. Instead O'Higgins came within less than one percent of winning the vote, with de Valera re-elected by a narrow margin of ten thousand votes out of a total of nearly one million. De Valera came to distrust Haughey; [[Frank Aiken]], [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] under de Valera and his lifelong political confidant, dismissed Haughey's political motives as being entirely selfish, and believed he was motivated to hold power for its own sake and not duty.

In 1966, the [[Taoiseach]] [[Seán Lemass]] retired. Haughey declared his candidature to succeed Lemass in the consequent [[1966 Fianna Fáil leadership election|leadership election]], and [[George Colley]] and [[Neil Blaney]] did likewise. As this meant that there were three strong candidates who held strong and divisive views on the future of the party, the party elders sought to find a compromise candidate. Lemass himself encouraged his [[Minister for Finance]] [[Jack Lynch]], to contest the party leadership, and encouraged Colley, Haughey and Blaney to withdraw in favour of Lynch, arguing that they would not win a contest against him. However, Colley refused the Taoiseach's request and insisted on remaining in the race, but he was defeated by Lynch. Upon Lynch's election as Taoiseach, Haughey was appointed Minister for Finance by Lynch, in a cabinet reshuffle, which indicated that Haughey's withdrawal was a gain at the expense of Colley. The inexpensive and socially inclusive initiatives that Haughey made caught the public imagination; these included popular decisions to introduce free travel on public transport for pensioners, subsidise electricity for pensioners, the granting of special tax concessions for the disabled and tax exemptions for artists. They increased Haughey's populist appeal and his support from certain elements in the media and artistic community.

As Minister for Finance, Haughey on two occasions arranged foreign currency loans for the government which he then arranged to be left on deposit in foreign countries ([[Germany]] and the [[United States]]), in the local currencies, instead of immediately changing the loans to [[Irish pound]]s and depositing them in the exchequer. These actions were unconstitutional, because it effectively meant that the Minister for Finance was making a currency speculation against his own currency. When this was challenged by the Comptroller and Auditor General [[Eugene Francis Suttle]], Haughey introduced a law to retrospectively legalise his actions. The debate was very short and the record shows no understanding of the issue by the Opposition Spokesperson for Finance, O'Higgins for Fine Gael and Tully for Labour. The legislation was passed on 26 November 1969.

===Arms crisis===
((More citations needed section|date=March 2007))
((Main|Arms Crisis))
The late 1960s saw the old tensions boil over into an eruption of violence in [[Northern Ireland]]. Haughey was generally seen as coming from the pragmatist wing of the party, and was not believed to have strong opinions on the matter, despite having family links with [[Derry]]. Indeed, many presumed that he had a strong [[antipathy]] to [[physical force Irish republicanism]]; during his period as Minister for Justice he had followed a tough anti-IRA line, including using [[internment]] without trial against the IRA. The ((em|hawks)) in the cabinet were seen as [[Kevin Boland]] and [[Neil Blaney]], both sons of founding fathers in the party with strong [[Irish Republican Army|Old IRA]] pasts. Blaney was also a TD for [[Donegal (town)|Donegal]]; a staunchly [[Irish Republicanism|Republican]] area which bordered [[Derry]]. They were opposed by those described as the "doves" of the cabinet; [[Tánaiste]] [[Erskine Hamilton Childers|Erskine Childers]], [[George Colley]] and [[Patrick Hillery]]. A fund of £100,000 was set up to give to the Nationalist people in the form of aid. Haughey, as Finance Minister would have a central role in the management of this fund.<ref name=it-obituary>[http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story12.htm Arms and the man] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107212155/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story12.htm |date=7 November 2010 )) — Charles Haughey obituary, from ''[[The Irish Times]]'' newspaper.</ref>

There was general surprise when, in an incident known as the [[Arms Crisis]], Haughey, along with Blaney, was sacked from Lynch's cabinet amid allegations of the use of the funds to import arms for use by the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|IRA]]. The Garda [[Special Detective Unit|Special Branch]] informed the Minister for Justice [[Mícheál Ó Móráin]] and Taoiseach Jack Lynch that a plot to import arms existed and included government members, however Lynch took no action until the Special Branch made Leader of the Opposition [[Liam Cosgrave]] aware of the plot.<ref name=it-obituary/> Cosgrave told Lynch he knew of the plot and would announce it in the Dáil the next day if he didn't act. Lynch subsequently requested Haughey and Blaney to resign from cabinet. Both men refused, saying they did nothing illegal. Lynch then asked President de Valera to dismiss Haughey and Blaney from the government, a request that de Valera was required to grant by convention. Boland resigned in sympathy, while Mícheál Ó Móráin was sacked one day earlier in a preemptive strike to ensure a subservient Minister for Justice was in place when the crisis broke. Lynch chose government chief whip Desmond O'Malley for the role. Haughey and Blaney were subsequently tried in court along with an army Officer, Captain [[James Kelly (Irish Army officer)|James Kelly]], and [[Albert Luykx]], a former Flemish [[National Socialist]] and businessman, who allegedly used his contacts to buy the arms.<ref name=dib /><ref>((cite book |last1=Dillon |first1=Martin |author-link1=Martin Dillon |year=2012 |title=The Dirty War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=er3HfXL7CKQC&q=charles+haughey+neil+blaney+james+kelly+albert+luykx+trial&pg=PA20 |publisher=[[Random House]] |page=20 |isbn=9781407074801 |access-date=24 October 2013 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531053342/https://books.google.com/books?id=er3HfXL7CKQC&q=charles+haughey+neil+blaney+james+kelly+albert+luykx+trial&pg=PA20 |url-status=live ))</ref> After trial all the accused were acquitted but many refused to recognise the verdict of the courts. Although cleared of wrongdoing, it looked as if Haughey's political career was finished. Blaney and Boland eventually resigned from Fianna Fáil but Haughey remained. He spent his years on the backbenches – the wilderness years – building support within the grassroots of the party; during this time, he remained loyal to the party and served the leader, but after the debacle of the "arms crises" neither man trusted the other.

==Leadership years==
((More citations needed section|date=February 2007))

=== Opposition to Jack Lynch ===
In 1975, Fianna Fáil was in opposition and Haughey had achieved enough grassroots support to warrant a recall to [[Jack Lynch]]'s opposition front bench. Haughey was appointed Spokesman on Health and Social Welfare, a fairly minor portfolio at the time, but Haughey used the same imagination and skill he displayed in other positions to formulate innovative and far-reaching policies. Two years later in 1977, Fianna Fáil returned to power with a massive parliamentary majority in [[Dáil Éireann]], having had a very populist campaign (spearhead by Colley and O'Malley) to abolish rates, vehicle tax and other extraordinary concessions, which were short-lived. Haughey returned to the [[Irish Government|cabinet]], after an absence of seven years, as [[Minister for Health (Ireland)|Minister for Health]] and [[Minister for Social Protection|Social Welfare]].

In this position he continued the progressive policies he had shown earlier by, among others, beginning the first government anti-smoking campaigns and legalising contraception, previously banned. In ''[[McGee v. The Attorney General]]'' (1973), the [[Supreme Court of Ireland]] had held that the use of contraception was protected by a right of marital privacy. Haughey was responsible for the introduction of the [[Health (Family Planning) Act 1979]] which allowed a pharmacist to sell contraceptives on presentation of a medical prescription. Haughey called this bill "[[an Irish solution to an Irish problem]]". It is often stated that the recipient of the prescription had to be married, but the legislation did not include this requirement.

The fallout from the giveaway concessions that had re-elected the government under Lynch, led to a succession race to succeed Lynch. As well as this a group of backbenchers began to lobby in support of Haughey. This group, known as the "gang of five," consisted of [[Jackie Fahey]], [[Tom McEllistrim (1926–2000)|Tom McEllistrim]], [[Seán Doherty (Roscommon politician)|Seán Doherty]], [[Mark Killilea Jnr]] and [[Albert Reynolds]]. Haughey was also helped by the [[Teachta Dála|TD]] [[Síle de Valera]], who was highly critical of [[Jack Lynch]]'s policy regards to Northern Ireland. In a speech at the Liam Lynch commemoration at [[Fermoy]] on 9 September, de Valera made a series of thinly veiled attacks on Lynch.<ref name="autogenerated182">Down Down Deeper and Down – Ireland in the 70's and 80's – Eamon Sweeney – pg 182</ref> Although Lynch quickly tried to impose party discipline, attempting to discipline her for opposing party policy at a parliamentary party meeting held at the 28 September, de Valera correctly pointed out that she had not opposed the party policy regarding Northern Ireland which called for the declaration of the British intent to withdraw from Northern Ireland.<ref name="autogenerated182"/> Lynch left for a trip to the United States on 7 November. On the same day the government lost two by-elections to [[Fine Gael]] in [[Cork (city)|Cork]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1977B&cons=51%20&ref=101|title=21st Dail By Elections – Cork City First Preference Votes|publisher=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=28 December 2010|archive-date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221193313/http://www.electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1977B&cons=51%20&ref=101|url-status=live))</ref> and in [[Cork North-East (Dáil constituency)|Cork North-East]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1977B&cons=58&ref=102|title=21st Dail By Elections – Cork North-East First Preference Votes|publisher=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=28 December 2010|archive-date=30 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130171217/http://electionsireland.org/result.cfm?election=1977B&cons=58&ref=102|url-status=live))</ref> During the trip Lynch claimed in an interview with ''[[The Washington Post]]'' that a five-kilometer air corridor between the border was agreed upon during the meeting with [[British Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], to enhance security co-operation.<ref>Ireland in the 20th Century – Tim Pat Coogan</ref><ref>Down Down Deeper and Down – Ireland in the 70's and 80's – Eamon Sweeney – p. 186</ref> This was something highly unsavoury to many in [[Fianna Fáil]]. When Lynch returned he was questioned on this by a [[County Clare]] backbencher [[Bill Loughnane]], along with [[Tom McEllistrim (1926–2000)|Tom McEllistrim]] at a parliamentary party meeting.<ref>Down Down Deeper and Down – Ireland in the 70's and 80's – Eamon Sweeney – pg 186 -187</ref> Lynch stated that the British did not have permission to overfly the border. Afterwards, Loughnane went public with the details of the meeting and accused Lynch of deliberately misleading the party. An attempt to remove the whip from Loughnane failed. At this stage, Lynch's position had become untenable, with supporters of Haughey and George Colley caucusing opinion within the party.

In December 1979, Lynch announced his resignation as [[Taoiseach]] and leader of [[Fianna Fáil]]. The [[1979 Fianna Fáil leadership election|leadership contest]] that resulted was a two-horse race between Haughey and the [[Tánaiste]], [[George Colley]]. Colley had the support of the entire cabinet, except for [[Michael O'Kennedy]], and felt that this popularity would be reflected within the parliamentary party as a whole.

Haughey on the other hand was distrusted by a number of his cabinet colleagues, but was much more respected by new backbenchers who were worried about the safety of their Dáil seats. When the vote was taken Haughey emerged as the victor by a margin of 44 votes to 38, a very clear division within the party. In a conciliatory gesture, Colley was re-appointed as [[Tánaiste]] and had a veto over whom Haughey would appoint as Ministers for Justice and for Defence. This was due to his distrust of Haughey on security issues (because of the Arms Crisis). However, he was removed from the important position of Minister for Finance.

Nonetheless, on 11 December 1979, Charles Haughey was elected [[Taoiseach]] and leader of [[Fianna Fáil]], almost a decade after the Arms Crisis set back his political career. In 2010, a founder of the [[Saatchi & Saatchi]] advertising firm, said that Haughey had asked for "a new image" similar to the one provided for [[Margaret Thatcher]] for the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election]].<ref>((cite news |last=Coyle |first=Colin |title=Haughey 'wanted a new image' |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article7017966.ece |work=The Times |date=7 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604184540/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article7017966.ece |archive-date=4 June 2011 ))</ref>

===Taoiseach (1979–1981)===
When Haughey came to power, the country was sinking into a deep economic crisis, following the [[1979 energy crisis]]. Haughey effectively acted as his own Minister for Finance, ignoring the views of his Minister. One of his first functions as Taoiseach was a televised address to the nation – only the third such address in the Republic's history – in which he outlined the bleak economic picture:<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/haughey-1-14m-in-debt-went-on-tv-to-lecture-the-nation-on-overspending-1.1258709 |title=Haughey, £1.14m in debt, went on TV to lecture the nation on overspending |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116111658/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/haughey-1-14m-in-debt-went-on-tv-to-lecture-the-nation-on-overspending-1.1258709 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=30 January 1999))</ref>

((cquote|I wish to talk to you this evening about the state of the nation's affairs and the picture I have to paint is not, unfortunately, a very cheerful one. The figures which are just now becoming available to us show one thing very clearly. ((em|As a community we are living away beyond our means)). I don't mean that everyone in the community is living too well, clearly many are not and have barely enough to get by, but taking us all together we have been living at a rate which is simply not justified by the amount of goods and services we are producing. To make up the difference we have been borrowing enormous amounts of money, borrowing at a rate which just cannot continue. A few simple figures will make this very clear ... we will just have to reorganise government spending so that we can only undertake those things we can afford… |14px|14px|Charles Haughey, 9 January 1980))

[[File:1981 Europese Top Maastricht, Oud-Gouvernement (3).jpg|thumb|Haughey (left) arriving in [[Maastricht, Netherlands]], for the 1981 Top Conference of the [[European Council]] ]]

While Haughey had identified the problem with the economy, his actions made the problem worse. He increased public spending, which soon became out of control, and led to increases in borrowing and taxation at an unacceptable level. By 1981, Haughey was still reasonably popular and decided to call a general election. However, the timing of the election was thwarted twice by external events, in particular the [[hunger strike]]s of [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] volunteers for political status. The [[Anti H-Block|Anti H-Block Committee]] announced that they would field abstentionist candidates which many predicted correctly would take Republican votes away from [[Fianna Fáil]]. This coincided with the [[Stardust Disaster]], where a fire destroyed a night club in Haughey's constituency and claimed the lives of 48 young people; these caused Haughey to delay the Ard Fheis and the election. The [[1981 Irish general election|poll was eventually held in June]], much later than Haughey wanted. In the hope of winning an overall Dáil majority Haughey's campaign took a populist line with regard to taxation, spending and Northern Ireland. The campaign was enhanced and hyped up by a live debate on [[RTÉ]] between Haughey and the Leader of the Opposition [[Garret FitzGerald]], of Fine Gael, over the major issues. On the day of the vote Fianna Fáil won 45.5%, failing to secure a majority in the 166-seat Dáil. A [[Fine Gael]]–[[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] coalition came to power, under FitzGerald and Haughey went into opposition.

Within days of his becoming Taoiseach, [[Allied Irish Banks]] forgave Haughey £400,000 of a £1,000,000 debt. No reason was given for this. ''[[The Economist]]'' obituary on Haughey (24 June 2006) asserted that he had warned the bank "I can be a very troublesome adversary".

===Opposition (1981–1982)===
FitzGerald's government lasted until January 1982, when it collapsed due to a controversial budget which proposed the application of Value Added Tax to children's shoes, previously exempt. FitzGerald, no longer having a majority in the Dáil, went to [[Áras an Uachtaráin]], to advise [[President of Ireland|President]] [[Patrick Hillery|Hillery]] to dissolve the Dáil and call a general election. However, the night the government collapsed the Fianna Fáil Front Bench issued a statement encouraging the President not to grant the dissolution and to allow Fianna Fáil to form a government. Phone calls were also made to the President by [[Brian Lenihan Snr|Brian Lenihan]].<ref>This attempted contact with the President proved a major embarrassment to Lenihan subsequently in 1990.</ref> Haughey, on attempting to contact his former colleague, the President, and on failing to be put through to him, was reported to have threatened the president's [[aide de camp]] by telling him that he would be Taoiseach one day and when that happened, "I intend to roast your fucking arse if you don't put me through immediately".<ref>Finlay, Fergus ''Snakes and Ladders'' pub:New Island Books 1998. Haughey told the Dáil that he never insulted an army officer and he never would. Lenihan in his subsequent account noted that no-one ever claimed Haughey had insulted an army officer but that he had threatened him, a subtle but important difference, and that Haughey never denied threatening the army officer, merely denied ever insulting an army officer.</ref> Hillery considered such pressure to be gross misconduct, and granted the dissolution.

A biography of [[Patrick Hillery|Hillery]] blames Haughey for the sex scandal rumours which almost destroyed the presidency of Hillery in 1979.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/haughey-blamed-for-sex-smear-against-hillery-1573729.html|title=Haughey blamed for sex smear against Hillery|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]|date=13 December 2008|access-date=2 December 2010|archive-date=16 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016203022/http://www.independent.ie/national-news/haughey-blamed-for-sex-smear-against-hillery-1573729.html|url-status=live))</ref>

===Second term as Taoiseach (1982)===
[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan with Charles Haughey.jpg|thumb|right|Haughey with [[President of the United States|President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] in March 1982]]
After the [[February 1982 Irish general election|February 1982 election]], when Haughey failed to win an overall majority again, questions were raised about his leadership. Some of Haughey's critics in the party suggested that an alternative candidate should stand as the party's nominee for [[Taoiseach]]. [[Desmond O'Malley]] emerged as the likely alternative candidate and was ready to challenge Haughey for the leadership. However, on the day of the vote O'Malley withdrew and Haughey went forward as the nominee. He engineered [[confidence and supply]] agreements with the Independent Socialist TD, [[Tony Gregory]] (in return for £100 million of investment in the Dublin North Inner City; a deal dubbed the Gregory Deal), the [[Independent Fianna Fáil]] TD [[Neil Blaney]] and three [[Workers' Party (Ireland)|Workers' Party]] TDs, which saw him return as Taoiseach for a second time.

Haughey's second term was dominated by even more economic mismanagement, based on Haughey's policy of using government policy and money, in an effort to induce a sufficiently large share of the electorate to vote him his elusive 'overall majority' in the Dáil. With Haughey and his supporters taking a dangerously populist line in every area of policy, and refusing to address serious shortcomings in the performance of the state, a growing minority in his own party were becoming increasingly concerned. The issue of his leadership cropped up again when in October the backbench TD, [[Charlie McCreevy]], put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey. Desmond O'Malley disagreed with the timing but supported the hasty motion of no confidence all the same. O'Malley resigned from the cabinet prior to the vote as he was going to vote against Haughey. A campaign now started that was extremely vicious on the side of Haughey's supporters, with threats made to the careers of those who dissented from the leadership. After a marathon 15-hour party meeting, Haughey, who insisted on a roll-call as opposed to a secret ballot, and won the open ballot by 58 votes to 22. Not long after this, Haughey's government collapsed when the Workers' Party TD's and [[Tony Gregory]] withdrew their support for the government over a Fianna Fáil policy document called "The Way Forward," which would lead to massive spending cuts. Fianna Fáil lost the [[November 1982 Irish general election|November 1982 election]] and FitzGerald once again returned as Taoiseach at the head of a Fine Gael-Labour coalition with a comfortable Dáil majority. Haughey found himself back in opposition.

In August 1982, the [[Attorney General of Ireland|Attorney General]] [[Patrick Connolly]] was the subject of controversy when a man in his house was arrested for murder. At a press conference on the affair, Haughey was paraphrased as having described the affair as "grotesque, unbelievable, bizarre and unprecedented", from which journalist and former politician [[Conor Cruise O'Brien]] coined the term [[GUBU]].

===Return to opposition (1982–1987)===
Haughey's leadership came under scrutiny for a third time when a report linked Haughey with the [[Irish phone tapping scandal (1983)|phone tapping of political journalists]]. In spite of huge pressure Haughey refused to resign and survived yet another vote of no-confidence in early 1983, albeit with a smaller majority. Haughey's success was partly due to the death of the Fianna Fáil TD [[Clement Coughlan]], a supporter of O'Malley. Haughey's supporters managed to have the meeting moved to the following week after the funeral, which gave him more time to manoeuver. Having failed three times to oust Haughey, most of his critics gave up and returned to normal politics.

In May 1984, the [[New Ireland Forum]] Report was published. Haughey was involved in the drafting of this at the time he was in office and had agreed to potential scenarios for improving the political situation of Northern Ireland. However, on publication, Haughey rejected it and said the only possible solution was a United Ireland. This statement was criticised by the other leaders who forged the New-Ireland Forum, [[John Hume]], Garret FitzGerald and [[Dick Spring]]. Desmond O'Malley supported the Forum report and criticised Haughey's ambiguous position, accusing him of stifling debate. At a Fianna Fáil Parliamentary Party meeting to discuss the report, the whip was removed from O'Malley, which meant he was no longer a Fianna Fáil TD. Ironically, when Haughey returned to power he embraced the [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]] that had developed from the New Ireland Forum Report.

In early 1985, a bill was introduced by the Fine Gael–Labour government to liberalise the sale of contraceptives in the country. [[Fianna Fáil]] in opposition opposed the bill. O'Malley supported it as a matter of principle rather than a political point to oppose for opposition's sake. On the day of the vote O'Malley spoke in the Dáil chamber stated:
((blockquote|But I do not believe that the interests of this State or our Constitution and of this Republic would be served by putting politics before conscience in regard to this ... I stand by the Republic and accordingly, I will not oppose this Bill.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1985-02-20/speech/89/|title=Dáil Éireann – Volume 356|website=Houses of the Oireachtas|date=20 February 1985|access-date=5 January 2021|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211221056/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1985-02-20/3/|url-status=live))</ref>))

He abstained rather than vote with the government. Despite this Haughey moved against O'Malley and in February 1985, O'Malley was charged with "conduct un-becoming". At a party meeting, even though O'Malley did not have the party whip, he was expelled from the Fianna Fáil organisation by 73 votes to 9 in roll-call vote. With [[George Colley]] dead, O'Malley expelled and other critics silenced, Haughey was finally in full control of Fianna Fáil.

O'Malley decided to form a new political party and 21 December 1985, Desmond O'Malley announced the formation of the [[Progressive Democrats]]. Several Fianna Fáil TDs joined including [[Mary Harney]] and [[Bobby Molloy]].

In November 1985, the [[Anglo-Irish Agreement]] was signed between Garret FitzGerald and British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]. The agreement gave [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] a formal say in [[Northern Ireland]] and its affairs. As was the case with the New Ireland Forum Report, the Anglo-Irish Agreement was harshly criticised by Haughey, who said that he would re-negotiate it, if re-elected. FitzGerald called a general election for February 1987. The campaign was dominated by attacks on the government over severe cuts in the budget and the general mismanagement of the economy. When the results were counted Haughey had failed once again to win an overall majority for Fianna Fáil. When it came to electing a Taoiseach in the Dáil Haughey's position looked particularly volatile. When it came to a vote the Independent TD [[Tony Gregory]] voted against Fitzgerald but abstained on Haughey, seeing Haughey as the "lesser of two evils" (the reason for this was Gregory's opposition to the Anglo-Irish agreement as well as his personal dislike of Garret FitzGerald and Fine Gael). Haughey was elected Taoiseach on the casting vote of the [[Ceann Comhairle]].

===Final term as Taoiseach (1987–1992)===
((More citations needed section|date=December 2006))
Haughey now headed a minority [[Fianna Fáil]] government. [[Fine Gael]] under leader [[Alan Dukes]], made the unprecedented move, with its [[Tallaght strategy]], of supporting the government and voting for it when it came to introducing tough economic policies. The national debt had doubled under previous administrations, so the government introduced severe budget cuts in all departments. The taxation system was transformed to encourage enterprise and employment. One of the major schemes put forward, and one which would have enormous economic benefits for the country, was the establishment of the [[International Financial Services Centre, Dublin|International Financial Services Centre]] (IFSC) in [[Dublin]].

In late April 1989, Haughey returned from a trip to [[Japan]], to the news that the government was about to be defeated in a Dáil vote, on a private members' motion regarding provision of funds for [[HIV/AIDS]] sufferers. The government lost the vote, which was seen as merely embarrassing, but Haughey, buoyed by opinion polls which indicated the possibility of winning an overall majority, called a general election for 15 June. [[Fianna Fáil]] however ended up losing four seats and the possibility of forming another minority government looked slim. For the first time in history a nominee for [[Taoiseach]] failed to achieve a majority when a vote was taken in the Dáil, on 29 June 1989.<ref name=IrishTimes27Feb2016a>((cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/1989-a-road-map-for-fine-gael-fianna-f%C3%A1il-deal-1.2550069|title=1989 a road map for Fine Gael-Fianna Fáil deal|newspaper=The Irish Times|author=Stephen O'Byrnes|date=27 February 2016|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-date=12 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512093910/http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/1989-a-road-map-for-fine-gael-fianna-f%C3%A1il-deal-1.2550069|url-status=live))</ref> Constitutionally Haughey was obliged to resign, however he refused to, for a short period. He eventually tendered his resignation to President [[Patrick Hillery|Hillery]] and remained on as Taoiseach, albeit in an acting capacity.<ref name=IrishTimes27Feb2016a/> A full 27 days after the election had taken place a coalition government was formed between Fianna Fáil and the [[Progressive Democrats]]. It was the first time that Fianna Fáil had entered into a coalition, abandoning one of its "core values" in the overwhelming need to form a government.<ref name=rte-obituary/>

[[File:Rueda de prensa de Felipe González y el primer ministro de Irlanda. Pool Moncloa. 25 de abril de 1990.jpeg|thumb|Haughey (left) and Spanish Prime Minister [[Felipe González]] (right) in the [[Moncloa Palace]], 1990]]
Haughey in 1990 had more difficulties than successes. The first half of the year saw Haughey in a leading role as European statesman, when Ireland held the presidency of the [[European Community]], which rotated semi-annually between the member states of the [[European Union]]. Haughey supported [[German Reunification]] and during the extraordinary [[List of European Council meetings|Dublin Summit]], which he called for in April, he pressed this viewpoint forward.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/1397/1/Dublin_april_1990.pdf|title=The European Council, Dublin, 28 April 1990|access-date=2021-09-07|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201205/http://aei.pitt.edu/1397/1/Dublin_april_1990.pdf|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite press release |title=Press corner |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_DOC-90-1_en.htm?locale=en |publisher=European Commission |access-date=7 September 2021 |date=28 April 1990 |archive-date=11 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211221126/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/DOC_90_1 |url-status=live ))</ref><ref>((Cite news|last=Scally|first=Derek|title=Germany will 'never forget' Ireland's help|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/germany-will-never-forget-ireland-s-help-1.658399|access-date=2021-09-05|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=Apr 29, 2010|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193746/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/germany-will-never-forget-ireland-s-help-1.658399|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite web |title=Presidency of the Council of the European Union |url=http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/how_the_eu_works/presidency/index_en.htm |publisher=European Commission |access-date=2015-07-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711144901/http://ec.europa.eu/ireland/how_the_eu_works/presidency/index_en.htm |archive-date=11 July 2015 |df=dmy ))</ref> He believed both [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Germany]] were similar in that both countries were divided. During a [[Dáil]] debate on [[German Reunification]], Haughey stated "I have expressed a personal view that coming as we do from a country which is also divided many of us would have sympathy with any wish of the people of the two German States for unification".<ref>((cite web |title=Ceisteanna—Questions Oral Answers – German Reunification – Dáil Éireann (26th Dáil)|date=13 December 1989 |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1989-12-13/12/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119004720/http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/1989/12/13/00007.asp |archive-date=19 November 2012))</ref>

The [[1990 Irish presidential election|presidential election]] was disappointing for Haughey with Brian Lenihan, the [[Tánaiste]], who was nominated as the party's candidate, being defeated by [[Mary Robinson]]. During the campaign the controversy over the phone calls made to the [[Áras an Uachtaráin]] in 1982, urging the then President not to dissolve the Dáil resurfaced. Lenihan was accused of calling and attempting to influence the President, who as [[Head of State]] is above politics. The Progressive Democrats threatened to pull out of the coalition and support a Fine Gael no-confidence motion unless Haughey forced Lenihan out. Haughey tried to force Lenihan to resign, and sacked him when he refused to do so. Lenihan's dismissal damaged Haughey's standing in the Fianna Fáil organisation.

Haughey's grip on political power began to slip in the autumn of 1991. There was a series of resignations by chairmen of semi-state companies, followed by an open declaration by [[Minister for Finance (Ireland)|Minister for Finance]] [[Albert Reynolds]], that he had every intention of standing for the party leadership if Haughey resigned. Following a heated parliamentary party meeting, [[Seán Power (politician)|Seán Power]], one of Reynolds's supporters, put down a motion of no-confidence in Haughey. Reynolds and his supporters were sacked from the government by Haughey, who went on to win the no-confidence motion by 55 votes to 22.

[[File:Plaque at former Hells Kitchen pub Castlerea (2018).jpg|thumb|Plaque at the [[Castlerea Railway Museum]] in [[Castlerea]] ]]
Haughey's victory was short-lived, as a series of political errors would lead to his demise as [[Taoiseach]]. Controversy erupted over the attempted appointment of [[Jim McDaid]] as Minister for Defence, which saw him withdraw his nomination under pressure from O'Malley. Worse was to follow when [[Seán Doherty (Roscommon politician)|Seán Doherty]], who as [[Minister for Justice (Ireland)|Minister for Justice]] had taken the blame for the [[Irish phone tapping scandal (1983)|phone-tapping scandal]] of the early 1980s, went on [[RTÉ]] television, and after ten years of insisting that Haughey knew nothing of the tapping, claimed that Haughey had known and authorised it.<ref name=rte-obituary/> Haughey denied this, but the [[Progressive Democrats]] members of the government stated that they could no longer continue in government with Haughey as Taoiseach. Haughey told Desmond O'Malley, the Progressive Democrats leader, that he intended to stand down shortly, but wanted to choose his own time of departure. O'Malley agreed to this and the government continued.

On 30 January 1992, Haughey resigned as leader of Fianna Fáil at a parliamentary party meeting. He remained as [[Taoiseach]] until 11 February 1992, when he was succeeded by the former Finance Minister, [[Albert Reynolds]]. During his final address to the Dáil he quoted [[Othello]], saying "I have done the state some service, they know it, no more of that". Haughey then returned to the backbenches before retiring from politics at the [[1992 Irish general election|1992 general election]]. His son, [[Seán Haughey]], was elected at the election that followed, in his father's old constituency. Seán Haughey was appointed as a [[Minister of State at the Department of Education|Minister of State at the Department of Education and Science]] in December 2006.

==Retirement, tribunals and scandal==
((Main|McCracken Tribunal|Moriarty Tribunal))

===Financial scandals===
Haughey's personal wealth and extravagant lifestyle (he owned racehorses,<ref>Haughey's horse ''Flashing Steel'' won the [[Irish Grand National]] in 1995.</ref> a large motor sailing yacht ''Celtic Mist'', [[Inishvickillane]] island and a [[James Gandon|Gandon]]-designed mansion) had long been a point of speculation. He refused throughout his career to answer any questions about how he financed this lifestyle on a government salary.<ref name=bbc-report>((Cite news|date=2006-12-19|title=Ex-Irish PM Haughey 'took bribes'|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6193513.stm|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203054758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6193513.stm|url-status=live))</ref> Despite his professed desire to fade from public attention, these questions followed him into retirement, eventually exploding into a series of political, financial and personal scandals that tarnished his image and reputation.

In 1997, a [[McCracken Tribunal|government-appointed tribunal]], led by Judge [[Brian McCracken]], first revealed that Haughey had received substantial monetary gifts from businessmen and that he had held secret [[offshore bank]] accounts in the [[Ansbacher Bank]] in the [[Cayman Islands]]. Haughey faced criminal charges for obstructing the work of the McCracken tribunal.<ref name=bbc-charge>((Cite news|title=Europe &#124; Former PM in court|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/187550.stm|access-date=2021-09-05|work=BBC News|date=6 October 1998|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116073051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/187550.stm|url-status=live))</ref><ref>((Cite news|date=1999-07-09|title=Haughey to stand trial for obstructing McCracken Tribunal|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/1999/0709/2445-moriarty/|publisher=RTÉ News|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929070100/http://www.rte.ie/news/1999/0709/moriarty.html|url-status=live))</ref> His trial on these charges was postponed indefinitely after the judge in the case found that he would not be able to get a fair trial following prejudicial comments by the then PD leader and [[Tánaiste]] [[Mary Harney]].<ref>((Cite news|date=2000-11-03|title=High Court upholds ruling on Haughey trial|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2000/1103/9793-haughey/|publisher=RTÉ News|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929070203/http://www.rte.ie/news/2000/1103/haughey.html |archive-date=29 September 2012))</ref>

Also in 1997, the public were shocked by allegations that Haughey had embezzled money destined for the Fianna Fáil party, taxpayers' money taken from government funds earmarked for the operation of a political party, and that he had spent large portions of these funds on [[Charvet (shirtmaker)|Charvet]] shirts and expensive dinners in a top Dublin restaurant, while preaching belt-tightening and implementing budget cuts as a national policy.<ref name=guardian-moriarty>((Cite web|date=2006-12-19|title=Former taoiseach Haughey took millions for favours, report finds|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/19/1|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Guardian|quote=Mr Haughey was lambasted for having spent huge sums on tailored shirts and expensive restaurant meals while simultaneously urging Irish people to tighten their belts amid economic gloom.|archive-date=15 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115234554/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/19/1|url-status=live))</ref>

The subsequent [[Moriarty Tribunal]] delved further into Haughey's financial dealings. In his main report<ref name="reporttext">((cite web|url=http://www.moriarty-tribunal.ie/images/sitecontent_26.pdf |title=Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry into Payments to Politicians and Related Matters Part I |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519021238/http://www.moriarty-tribunal.ie/images/sitecontent_26.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2011 |df=dmy ))</ref> on Charles Haughey released on 19 December 2006, Mr Justice Moriarty made the following findings:

*Haughey was paid more than [[Irish pound|IR£]]8 million between 1979 and 1986 from various benefactors and businessmen, including £1.3 million from the [[Dunnes Stores]] supermarket tycoon [[Ben Dunne (entrepreneur)|Ben Dunne]].<ref name=bbc-report/> The tribunal described these payments as "unethical".<ref name=it-moriarty>((Cite news|title=Haughey payments 'devalued' democracy|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/haughey-payments-devalued-democracy-1.800884|access-date=2021-09-05|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=19 December 2006|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905155243/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/haughey-payments-devalued-democracy-1.800884|url-status=live))</ref>
*In May 1989 one of Haughey's lifelong friends, former government minister Brian Lenihan, underwent a liver transplant which was partly paid for through fundraising by Haughey. The Moriarty tribunal found that of the £270,000 collected in donations for Brian Lenihan, no more than £70,000 ended up being spent on Lenihan's medical care. The tribunal identified one specific donation of £20,000 for Lenihan that was surreptitiously appropriated by Haughey,<ref name="betrayal">((cite news |title=Focus: Betrayal of a friend and of us |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/focus-betrayal-of-a-friend-and-of-us-3k6cgfg676t |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 September 2021 |work=The Sunday Times |date=2006-12-24 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908003356/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/focus-betrayal-of-a-friend-and-of-us-3k6cgfg676t |url-status=live ))</ref> who took steps to conceal this transaction.<ref name=rte-moriarty>((Cite news|date=2006-12-19|title=Haughey severely criticised by Moriarty|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1219/83791-moriarty/|publisher=RTÉ News|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905155245/https://www.rte.ie/news/2006/1219/83791-moriarty/|url-status=live))</ref><ref name=it-mori-lenihan>((Cite news|title=Haughey 'misused Lenihan funds'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/haughey-misused-lenihan-funds-1.800894|access-date=2021-09-05|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=19 December 2006|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306180100/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/haughey-misused-lenihan-funds-1.800894|url-status=live))</ref>
*The tribunal found evidence of favours performed in return for money (bribes): Saudi businessman Mahmoud Fustok paid Haughey £50,000 to support applications for [[Irish nationality law|Irish citizenship]].<ref name=it-moriarty/>
* In other evidence of favours performed, the tribunal reported that Haughey arranged meetings between Ben Dunne and civil servant Seamus Pairceir of the [[Revenue Commissioners]]. These discussions resulted in an outstanding [[capital gains tax]] bill for Dunne being reduced by £22.8 million. Moriarty found that this was "not coincidental", and that it was a substantial benefit conferred on Dunne by Haughey's actions.<ref name=moriarty-report-pairceir>Moriarty Tribunal report, chapter 16: Dunnes Settlement.</ref>
*[[Allied Irish Banks]] settled a million-pound overdraft with Haughey soon after he became Taoiseach in 1979; the tribunal found that the lenience shown by the bank in this case amounted to an indirect payment by the bank to Haughey.<ref name=it-moriarty/>

The tribunal rejected Haughey's claims of ignorance of his own financial affairs<ref name=guardian-moriarty/> and Haughey was accused by the tribunal of "devaluing democracy".<ref name=it-moriarty/>

Haughey eventually agreed a settlement with the revenue and paid a total of €6.5 million in back taxes and penalties to the [[Revenue Commissioners]] in relation to these donations.<ref name=tax-settlement>((Cite news|date=2003-03-18|title=Haughey to pay Revenue €5m in tax|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0318/36338-haugheyc/|publisher=RTÉ News|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905155243/https://www.rte.ie/news/2003/0318/36338-haugheyc/|url-status=live))</ref> In August 2003 Haughey was forced to sell his large estate, Abbeville, in Kinsealy in north [[County Dublin]] for €45 million to settle legal fees he had incurred during the tribunals.<ref>[http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/front/2003/0814/3448259928HM1ABBEV.html Haugheys raise €45m from sale of Kinsealy home, land] – ''The Irish Times'' newspaper article, 14 August 2003.</ref> He continued to live at Abbeville and own the island of [[Inishvickillane]] off the coast of [[County Kerry]] until his death.

===Terry Keane affair===
In May 1999, [[Terry Keane]], gossip columnist and once wife of former [[Chief Justice of Ireland]] [[Ronan Keane]], revealed on ''[[The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)|The Late Late Show]]'' that she and Haughey had conducted a 27-year extramarital affair.<ref name="affair">[http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story13.htm A Very Public Affair] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023094631/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story13.htm |date=23 October 2010 )) Irish Times article on speculation about Charles Haughey's private life before Terry Keane revealed all.</ref> In a move that she subsequently said she deeply regretted, Keane confirmed that the man she had been referring to for years in her newspaper column as "sweetie" was indeed Haughey. The revelation on the television programme shocked at least some of the audience, including Haughey's son [[Seán Haughey|Seán]] who was watching the show. Haughey's wife [[Maureen Haughey|Maureen]] was also said to have been deeply hurt by the circumstances of the revelation.((citation needed|date=June 2021))

==Death and funeral==
Haughey's attendance before the tribunals had repeatedly been disrupted by illness.<ref name=rte-illness>((Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2000/1016/moriarty.html|title=Moriarty refuses to accept Haughey cannot continue to give evidence|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|date=16 October 2000|access-date=19 December 2006|archive-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504065855/http://www.rte.ie/news/2000/1016/moriarty.html|url-status=live))</ref> He died from [[prostate cancer]], from which he had suffered for a decade, on 13 June 2006, at his home in [[Kinsealy]], [[County Dublin]], aged 80.<ref name="RTÉ-Haughey">((Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0613/haugheyc.html|title=Haughey to get State funeral on Friday|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|date=13 June 2006|access-date=13 June 2006|archive-date=4 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070504101957/http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0613/haugheyc.html|url-status=live))</ref>

Haughey received a [[List of Irish state funerals|state funeral]] on 16 June 2006.<ref name="RTÉ-Haughey"/> He was buried in [[St. Fintan's Cemetery, Sutton]] in [[County Dublin]], following mass at [[Donnycarney]]. The then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern delivered the graveside oration.<ref name=ahern-speech>((Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0616/haughey.html|title=Charles Haughey laid to rest in Dublin|publisher=[[RTÉ News]]|date=16 June 2006|access-date=3 January 2008|archive-date=4 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004084434/http://www.rte.ie/news/2006/0616/haughey.html|url-status=live))</ref>

The funeral rites were screened live on [[RTÉ One]] and watched by a quarter of a million people. It was attended by President [[Mary McAleese]], the [[Taoiseach]], [[Bertie Ahern]], members of the [[Oireachtas]], many from the world of politics, industry and business.<ref name=it-funeral>((Cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/newsstory1.htm|title=Haughey laid to rest after sombre State funeral|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=16 June 2006|access-date=23 September 2008|archive-date=23 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023094802/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/newsstory1.htm|url-status=live))</ref> The chief celebrant was Haughey's brother, Father Eoghan Haughey.

==Legacy==
Former [[Taoiseach]] [[Garret FitzGerald]] said that Haughey had the potential to be one of the best Taoisigh that the country ever had, had his preoccupation with wealth and power not clouded his judgement:<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story2.htm|title=A lifelong obsession with the pursuit of political power|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=2 December 2010|archive-date=28 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128054626/http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ITstories/story2.htm|url-status=live))</ref> ((cquote|Charles Haughey spent much energy fending off leadership challenges, chasing an elusive Dáil majority and dealing with [[GUBU]]-like events."))
((cquote|He comes with a flawed pedigree. ... His motives can ultimately only be judged by God, but we cannot ignore the fact that he differs from his predecessors in that these motives have been widely impugned, most notably by those in his own party who have observed him over many years. |15px|15px))

A number of social measures were carried out during Haughey's various terms as Taoiseach, including a National Fuel Scheme, a Lone Parent's Allowance, a Carer's allowance, a Back to School Clothing Scheme,<ref>Ideologues, Partisans, and Loyalists Ministers and Policymaking in Parliamentary Cabinets By Despina Alexiadou, 2016, P.181</ref> and a Program for Economic and Social Progress (area-based partnerships in 12 pilot areas).<ref>Ideologues, Partisans, and Loyalists Ministers and Policymaking in Parliamentary Cabinets By Despina Alexiadou, 2016, P.182</ref>

Taoiseach [[Bertie Ahern]] said,<ref>((Cite news|date=2006-06-13|title=Reaction to ex-Taoiseach's death|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/5075096.stm|access-date=2021-09-05|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221024047/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/5075096.stm|url-status=live))</ref>
((cquote|He had an immense ability to get things done and he inspired great loyalty amongst many of his followers both inside and outside Fianna Fáil.
In recent times, these achievements have become clouded by the revelations that are the subject of inquiry by the Moriarty Tribunal.
History will have to weigh up both the credit and the debit side more dispassionately than may be possible today, but I have no doubt its ultimate judgement on Mr Haughey will be a positive one.|15px|15px))

Historian [[Diarmaid Ferriter]] said,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2008/may/04/arise-mr-cowen-taoiseach-no-12/THE|title='Controversial' Taoiseach|work=Sunday Tribune|date=28 November 2010|access-date=2 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523163537/http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2008/may/04/arise-mr-cowen-taoiseach-no-12/THE|archive-date=23 May 2011|df=dmy-all))</ref> ((cquote| He was a very promising minister in the '60s, but once he became leader all he was concerned with was staying leader. It was always about the cult of leadership. His sense of himself was much more important than any vision he had for the country. People say he discovered fiscal rectitude in '87, and people talk about his contribution to Anglo-Irish affairs, but really if you try and look for any consistency in his affairs after the late '70s you can't find it because it's just about him.|15px|15px))
Historian [[John A. Murphy]] said,<ref>((cite web|author=Patrick Freyne |url=http://www.tribune.ie/archive/article/2008/may/04/arise-mr-cowen-taoiseach-no-12/ |title=Arise Mr Cowen, Taoiseach No 12 |work=Sunday Tribune |date=4 May 2008 |access-date=2 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308075924/http://tribune.ie/archive/article/2008/may/04/arise-mr-cowen-taoiseach-no-12 |archive-date= 8 March 2016 ))</ref> ((cquote|His vision was one of personal vanity. I don't think history's assessment will be the one Bertie uttered over his grave.|15px|15px))

Haughey was characterised in a 2012 novel ''Ratlines'', by [[Stuart Neville]].<ref>((cite book |last=Neville |first=Stuart |title=Ratlines |year=2013 |publisher=Soho Crime |location=New York |isbn=978-1-61695-204-4))</ref> A three-part television drama<ref>((cite web |title=Charlie |url=http://www.rte.ie/drama/tv/featured/charlie/ |website=RTÉ Drama |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102030328/http://www.rte.ie/drama/tv/featured/charlie/ |archive-date=2 January 2015))</ref> ''[[Charlie (TV series)|Charlie]]'', covering Haughey between 1979 and 1992, débuted on [[RTÉ]] in January 2015, with [[Aidan Gillen]] in the title role .<ref>((cite news|last1=McGreevy|first1=Ronan|title=RTÉ Charles Haughey series a 'fair reflection of the man'|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/rté-charles-haughey-series-a-fair-reflection-of-the-man-1.2025767|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=4 January 2015|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107034912/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/rt%C3%A9-charles-haughey-series-a-fair-reflection-of-the-man-1.2025767|url-status=live))</ref>

==Governments==
The following governments were led by Haughey:
*[[16th government of Ireland]] (December 1979 – June 1981)
*[[18th government of Ireland]] (March 1982 – December 1982)
*[[20th government of Ireland]] (March 1987 – July 1989)
*[[21st government of Ireland]] (July 1989 – February 1992)

==See also==
*[[Families in the Oireachtas]]
*[[Haughey]]
*[[Haughey (TV series)|''Haughey'' (TV series)]]

==References==
((Reflist|2))

==Sources==
* ((cite book|first=Frank|last=Dunlop|author-link=Frank Dunlop (civil servant)|title=Yes Taoiseach: Irish politics from behind closed doors|publisher=Penguin Ireland|date=2004|isbn=1-84488-035-4))
* T. Ryle Dwyer, ''Short Fellow: A Biography of Charles J. Haughey'' (Marino, 1994) ((ISBN|1-86023-142-X))
* T. Ryle Dwyer, ''Nice Fellow: A Biography of Jack Lynch'' (Marino, 2004) ((ISBN|1-85635-401-6))
* T. Ryle Dwyer, ''Charlie: The political biography of Charles Haughey'' (1987) ((ISBN|0-7171-1449-X))
* ((cite book|first=Brian|last=Lenihan|author-link=Brian Lenihan Snr|title=For the Record|publisher=Blackwater|date=1991|isbn=0-86121-362-9))
* ((cite book|first=P. J.|last=Mara|author-link=P. J. Mara|title=The Spirit of the Nation|publisher=Fianna Fáil))
* Raymond Smith, ''Garret: The Enigma'' (Aherlow, 1986)

==Further reading==
* ((cite book|author-link=Stephen Collins (journalist)|last=Collins|first=Stephen|title=The Haughey file: The unprecedented career and last years of the boss|publisher=O'Brien Press|date=1992))
* Kelly, Stephen. "'The Totality of Relationships': The Haughey-Thatcher Relationship and the Anglo-Irish Summit Meeting, 8 December 1980." ''Eire-Ireland'' 51.3 (2016): 244–273.
* Kelly, Stephen, '''A failed political entity': Charles Haughey and the Northern Ireland question, 1945-1992'' (Kildare: Merrion Press, 2016). ((ISBN|9781785370984)), a standard scholarly biography
* ((cite thesis|last=O'Connor|first=Philip|title=A very political project: Charles Haughey, social partnership and the pursuit of an Irish economic miracle, 1969–92|type=PhD|publisher=Dublin City University|date=2020|url=http://doras.dcu.ie/24122/1/Philip%20O%27Connor%20PhD.%20ID%20No.%2054160707.%20Jan.%202020.pdf))
* ((cite journal|last=O'Donnell|first=Catherine|title=Fianna Fáil and Sinn Féin: the 1988 talks reappraised|journal=Irish Political Studies|volume=18|issue=2|year=2003|pages=60–81|doi=10.1080/1364298042000227659 |s2cid=144826967 ))
* Wilsford, David, ed. ''Political leaders of contemporary Western Europe: a biographical dictionary'' (Greenwood, 1995) pp.&nbsp;188–95.
* [http://www.irishtimes.com/focus/haughey/ ''The most controversial of them all''] – Irish Times

==External links==
*((commons category-inline))
*((Wikiquote-inline))
* [http://www.charlesjhaughey.ie/ charlesjhaughey.ie] "The official memorial website ... established with the consent of his family"

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