Charles Jones Soong (Chinese: 宋嘉澍; pinyin: Sòng Jiāshù; Wade–Giles: Sung Chia-shu; October 17, 1861 – May 3, 1918), also known by his courtesy name Soong Yao-ju (Chinese: 宋耀如; pinyin: Sòng Yàorú; Wade–Giles: Sung Yao-ju), was a Chinese businessman who first achieved prominence as a publisher in Shanghai. His children became some of the most prominent politicians of Kuomintang China.

Early life

Charlie Soong was born Han Jiao Zhun (traditional Chinese: 韓教準; simplified Chinese: 韩教准; pinyin: Hán Jiàozhǔn; Wade–Giles: Han Chiao-chun) into a Hainanese of Hakka ancestry family,^[1] in the western suburbs of Wenchang City in Hainan province, the son of Han Hung-i (traditional Chinese: 韓鴻翼; simplified Chinese: 韩鸿翼; pinyin: Hán Hóngyì; Wade–Giles: Han Hung-i) on October 17, 1861.^[2] At about the age of seventeen a childless maternal relative adopted him, changing his family name to Soong, and took him to Boston, Massachusetts where he owned a tea and silk shop. After working as an apprentice in the shop for a time, Soong ran away and signed up as a cabin boy in the U.S. Revenue Marine (the forerunner of the U.S. Coast Guard) on board the USS Albert Gallatin under the command of Captain Eric Gabrielson. After approximately a year of service, Gabrielson was transferred to Wilmington, North Carolina. Soong followed Gabrielson to North Carolina not long afterwards to work on the USS Schuyler Colfax. After arriving in Wilmington, Soong eventually converted to the Christian faith and was baptized as Charles Jones Soon. In later years he changed the spelling of the family name to Soong.^[3]

Soon after Soong's arrival, the Fifth Street Methodist Church in Wilmington, led by the Rev. Thomas Ricaud, began making preparations to train and educate Soong for the purpose of sending him back to China to work as a Christian missionary. These plans included the Durham, North Carolina philanthropist, fellow Methodist, and tobacco magnate Julian S. Carr (of "Bull Durham tobacco" fame), who volunteered to serve as Soong's benefactor and sponsor. Carr had been a great contributor to Trinity College (now Duke University), and was subsequently able to get his Chinese protégé into the school in 1880, even though he met none of the qualifications for entry to university. The prospect of having a native Chinese as a missionary in China thrilled some of the ministers there. They set him to mastering the English language and studying the Bible. One year later, Soong transferred to Vanderbilt University,^[4] from which he received a degree in theology in 1885. In 1886, he was sent to Shanghai on a Christian mission after spending almost half of his life to that point abroad.^[5]

From missionary to revolutionary

Soong's career as a missionary proved to be a short one. In the late 1880s, Charlie had begun to tire of the mission and felt that he could do more for his people if he was not bound to the restrictions and methods that came with working for the church. When he founded his first businesses—a small printing establishment and in 1892 a publishing house, the Sino American Press (he would also later co-found The Commercial Press)^[6]—he seemingly found it appropriate to resign from preaching. Instead, another society required his time and loyalty. Around this time, Charlie had secretly been initiated into Shanghai, Shenzhen and Canton's thriving revolutionary movement, more specifically an organization that went by the name of Hung P'ang, or the Red gang. This organization had its roots in the movements to reinstate the Ming dynasty in the latter part of the 17th century, but had since transformed into a republican revolutionary force.^[7]

In 1894, Charlie Soong made the arguably most important connection in his life when he met Sun Yat-sen at a Sunday service in a Methodist church in Shanghai. The two men were kindred spirits of sorts, sharing their Western education, region of birth, dialect, the Christian faith and a burning ambition and craving for change in China. Perhaps most importantly, they were both members of entwined anti-Qing triads. They quickly became good friends and Charlie started funding Sun's campaigns. A political body was set up, and the plan was to connect the triads into a network of opposition. When their first uprising failed in 1895, Sun fled China, and would not come back until sixteen years later. Charlie had remained incognito during the resistance and deemed it safe to remain in Shanghai, as his name had not yet been connected to the failed coup. In the coming years, Charlie Soong funded Sun Yat-sen's travels in search of support and major financial backing.^[8]

The founding of the Soong family

In the years leading up to the revolution in 1911, Charlie Soong started a family in Shanghai with his wife from there Ni Kwei-Tseng (倪桂珍 Ní Guìzhēn). The couple had their first child in 1888—a girl whom they named Soong Ai-ling. Their next daughter, Soong Ching-ling was born in 1893, followed by their first son, T. V. Soong (Soong Tse Ven), a year later. Their last daughter, Soong Mei-ling came in 1898 and was followed by the brothers T. L. Soong (Soong Tse Liang, 宋子良 Sòng Zǐliáng) and T. A. Soong (Soong Tse An, 宋子安 Sòng Zǐ'ān).^[9]

Charlie intended to send all of his children to be educated in the United States. Ai-ling, at the early age of thirteen, was the first to go, becoming a special student at Wesleyan College in Georgia. All three sisters attended Wesleyan, with Ching-ling and Mei-ling moving to Georgia in 1907. (Mei-ling left Wesleyan, however, and graduated from Wellesley College in Massachusetts.) Ai-Ling graduated in 1909, and moved back to China. Charlie installed her as Sun Yat-sen's secretary, in charge of handling his correspondence and of decoding messages to him from the republicans. A few years later in 1911, Sun Yat-sen was successful in bringing about the Xinhai Revolution, and the Qing State fell to be replaced by the short-lived presidency of Sun Yat-sen.^[10]

In 1912, Ching-ling returned to China, just in time to see the republic collapse under the leadership of Yuan Shikai. The connection between Charlie Soong and Sun Yat-sen was now widely known, and Charlie felt that his family would not be safe in China. In 1913, they fled with Sun to Tokyo. They remained there until 1916, when Charlie deemed the situation in Shanghai to be safe enough to return.^[11]

Soong sisters with their mother.
The three Soong sisters in their youth, with Soong Ching-ling in the middle, and Soong Ai-ling and Soong Mei-ling on her left and right.
Soong Ching-ling and Sun Yat-sen wedding photo (1915).
Soong Mei-ling and General Chiang Kai-shek wedding photo (1927); he was a successor to Sun Yat-sen as President of the Republic of China and a descendant of the third son of the 12th century BC Duke of Zhou's (Duke of Chou). She was known as "Madame Chiang Kai-shek" and lived from 1898 to 2003.

Dispute with Sun Yat-sen

While in Tokyo, Soong Ai-ling had married H. H. Kung, a wealthy banker (and 75th generation descendant of Confucius), and it was no longer suitable for her to work as Sun Yat-sen's secretary. Instead, Soong Ching-ling took the job in 1914 while in Tokyo. The relationship between Ching-ling and Sun soon turned romantic, and when Charlie Soong moved his family back to Shanghai in 1916, they secretly kept in touch. It was however problematic to pursue this relationship, as Sun was already married. Thus, Charlie was outraged when Ching-ling asked to go back to Japan to join Sun. When she then defied him and escaped on a boat to Tokyo in the middle of the night, it was enough for Charlie to break all ties with Sun and disown his daughter.^[12]

Death

Charlie Soong died on May 4, 1918.^[13] The cause was Bright's disease, known today as chronic nephritis (a type of kidney disease).^[14] Neither Sun Yat-Sen nor the rest of the Kuomintang showed any public mourning, as the clash over Ching-Ling was still fresh in the public memory.^[15]

Family tree

Charlie Soong family tree^[16]

Solid lines indicate descendants.
Dashed lines indicate marriages. In each marriage, the wife is on the left.
For notability reasons, the family tree is truncated at the grandchild/spouse level. Multiple great-grandchildren of Charlie Soong are not depicted.

'Katherine' Ni Kwei-tseng
倪桂珍

Charles Jones Soong
宋嘉樹