Cheyenne Mountain is a triple-peaked mountain in El Paso County, Colorado, southwest of downtown Colorado Springs. The mountain serves as a host for military, communications, recreational, and residential functions. The underground operations center for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) was built during the Cold War to monitor North American airspace for missile launches and Soviet military aircraft. Built deep within granite, it was designed to withstand the impact and fallout from a nuclear bomb. Its function broadened with the end of the Cold War, and then many of its functions were transferred to Peterson Air Force Base in 2006.
Homesteading on the mountain began in 1867 and the mountain was the site of resorts and retreats beginning in the 1880s. Spencer Penrose, who built The Broadmoor in 1918, bought many of the properties on the mountain and built the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Cheyenne Mountain Highway, Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun, a lodge on one of the mountain peaks, and a retreat at Emerald Valley. The site of the lodge has become a wilderness Cloud Camp and Emerald Valley is now the site of The Broadmoor's Ranch at Emerald Valley. Land on Cheyenne Mountain that had once been owned by The Broadmoor is now the site of luxury homes. A community, Overlook Colony, that began in 1911 still resides on the mountain.
The two parks on and at the base of Cheyenne Mountain are Cheyenne Mountain State Park and North Cheyenne Cañon Park. A noticeable feature on the top of one of Cheyenne Mountain's peaks is an antenna farm with transmitters for cellular phone, radio, television, and law enforcement purposes.
Cheyenne Mountain has three peaks. The southern peak is Cheyenne Mountain's summit at 9,200 feet (2,800 m) in elevation. It was formerly called Mount Albrecht. The antenna farm sits on the middle peak. The northern peak, The Horns, may look to some like the head of a dragon or horns.[3][a] The peak is 9,200 feet (2,800 m) in elevation.[3]
The mountain's boundaries are Rock Creek, which flows from Mount Big Chief through Cheyenne Mountain to the town of Fountain, to the south and Cheyenne Cañon to the north.[3][5] The western side of Cheyenne Mountain is in Pike National Forest,[6][7] within the Pikes Peak Ranger District.[8] Colorado Springs' skyline features Cheyenne Mountain and Pikes Peak. Other mountain peaks are Mount Arthur, Mount Baldy, Mount Rosa, Cameron's Cone, and Mount Garfield.[9]
History
Early history
Cheyenne Mountain was named for the Cheyenne people. Native Americans found that Cheyenne Mountain was a good source of wood for teepee poles. It was visited by Cheyenne and Arapaho people, who may have sought spiritual inspiration from the mountain's waterfalls.[10] Cheyenne Mountain was used by Ute Native Americans to cross from the plains and benefit from the "steep slopes and hidden valleys" to safely travel from enemy tribes that had their horses stolen by the Utes.[11]: 1
Late 19th century
William Dixon, a rancher, claimed a homestead in the Cheyenne Mountain foothills in 1867. He built a tavern along a trail up Cheyenne Mountain and turned the trail into a toll road, now called Old Stage Road, to Cripple Creek. The road begins as a paved road and is then a dirt road through Pike National Forest. His homestead ultimately became part of The Broadmoor resort.[3]
The Cheyenne Mining District was located on Cheyenne Mountain.[12] The Little Suzie gold mine was built by a group of prospectors in the 1870s.[13] Silver and minerals were mined on Cheyenne Mountain in 1883.[14][15] Towns or resorts built on Cheyenne Mountain included the original Bruin Inn (1884),[16][b] Watsonville (town named in 1884)[17] and Wade City, also called Wade's Resort, (1885).[16][18][c] The first mining claims granted for El Paso County were for the Manganese and Rio Grande lodes on Cheyenne Mountain by January 31, 1885.[20]
Grace Lutheran Church built a retreat in Emerald Valley in 1904. It is now The Broadmoor's Ranch at Emerald Valley.[22][d] In 1905, Dr. August McKay homesteaded on 120 acres on the east slope of Cheyenne Mountain. He developed a series of trails and rest houses that led to The Sunshine Inn that he built as a health resort above Old Stage Road. The property was purchased by Spencer Penrose, who had the inn torn down.[3][23]
The Overlook Colony was started in 1911 by a group of Colorado College professors. It first started as a summer retreat for the educators, and grew to include musicians, doctors, artists, generals, oilmen, and an ambassador to India. The Cheyenne Mountain Zoo was built just below and the Will Rogers Shrine built just above this community. Residents manage the Overlook Colony Mutual Water Company that governs water conservation, maintenance, and testing of the water supply from deep within the former Little Susie gold mine.[13]
Bert Swisher and Thomas Dixon homesteaded on Cheyenne Mountain in 1917. Dixon resided with his family in a cabin near the top of the mountain in the middle of three valleys. Swisher's cabin was near the present site of the antenna farm at the top of the mountain, which was accessed by Old Stage Road.[11]: 1 : 2
In the 1920s, Penrose began to develop on Cheyenne Mountain property on the northern peak that he bought in 1915. He built the Cheyenne Mountain Highway in 1925.[3] In 1926, the Cheyenne Mountain Lodge opened at the top of Cheyenne Mountain. It had a restaurant, a suite for Penrose on the third floor, four guest rooms, and living quarters for servants.[26] Visitors could make the trip up the Cheyenne Mountain Highway on the backs of elephants.[3] The lodge closed in 1961. It was razed in 1976 following years of destruction by vandals. It is now the site of The Broadmoor's Cloud Camp lodge and cabins.[26]
The Broadmoor resort, with Cheyenne Lake in the foreground and Cheyenne Mountain in the left half of the background
Penrose developed the country's highest zoo at 6,800 feet (2,100 m) in elevation,[27] the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo (1926) on the mountain and Will Rogers Shrine of the Sun (1937) on the northern promontory of the mountain.[28][11]: 1 [e] The Cheyenne Mountain Highway was built for transport to the zoo, shrine, and top of the mountain.[31]: 222 The Broadmoor built a ski area on Cheyenne Mountain in 1959. In 1986, the resort closed Ski Broadmoor, but the city of Colorado Springs and Ski Vail stepped in to keep it open. It closed in 1991.[28] The land was sold to the Broadmoor Resort Community Association.[3] Land that had once been owned by The Broadmoor on the mountain was sold and is now the site of luxury homes.[29]: 92
In the 1950s, during the Cold War, the interior of the mountain became a site for the operations center for the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD).[11]: 1 The center, deep within Cheyenne Mountain, was completed in 1966 after spending $142 million and using 500 tons of explosives. The result was an underground city operated by the Air Force.[3]Popular Science wrote in 1965, before the dedication of the facility, that Cheyenne Mountain would be the only mountain to have buildings constructed within its interior. It was built to withstand being bombed: eleven multiple-story buildings stand on coil springs to absorb the shock of a blast, and care was taken to make sure that up to 800 people could survive a nuclear exchange. The buildings are encased in steel, surrounded by granite, and the facility is behind blast-proof doors. It was designed to be the "nerve center" for NORAD.[32]
The NORAD center has been staffed by Canadian and United States military personnel to monitor North American air space for intercontinental ballistic missiles and incoming Soviet military aircraft.[33][31]: 194–195 Locally, this military boom during the Cold War included the establishment of the United States Air Force Academy, Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson.[11]: 1 After the Cold War, NORAD monitored objects orbiting the Earth and aircraft without flight plans. It is also known for monitoring the Christmas Eve orbit of Santa Claus.[33][34][35]
NORAD used to offer public tours, but due to security concerns they were suspended in 1999. The off-ramp on NORAD road has been staffed by Air Force Security Police since September 11, 2001.[3] Most of the center's operations were moved to Peterson Air Force Base in Colorado Springs in 2006,[33] then in April 2015, the Pentagon reported that a few operations would be moving back in.[citation needed]
Aerial photograph of the NORAD parking lot, NORAD Road, and the antenna farm, 2011
NORAD Entrance, Cheyenne Mountain,1968
NORAD Command Center, United States Air Force photograph
Antenna farm
During the 1950s, an antenna farm was built on the middle peak of the mountain[3][11]: 1 when Bert Swisher deeded ten acres to Bud Edmonds and several backers and Swisher signed a non-compete agreement.[3][11]: 2 Edmonds, John Browne, and Buck Ingersoll agreed to replace the trails to the area with a real road, which was opened in 1960 by the Cheyenne Propagation Company.[3] There are 700 cell phone, television, radio, and law enforcement transmitters on the antenna farm.[3] The Cheyenne Mountain radio site 145.160 repeater covers south central and southeast Colorado along the Interstate 25 corridor from Monument nearly to the New Mexico border.[36] In 2002, it was operated by the Cheyenne Propagation Company.[3]
Parks and recreation
Cheyenne Mountain State Park
The City of Colorado Springs and Colorado State Parks purchased 1,680 acres of land to preserve the "southeastern flank" of the mountain and its wildlife habitat in 2000.[37] The land, originally the JL Ranch,[f] was slated for development of 2,500 houses.[37][11]: 1 [g] The land was purchased to create the Cheyenne Mountain State Park,[11]: 3 which is the only state park in El Paso County. An additional 1,021 acres at the top and east side of Cheyenne Mountain were acquired from 2007 to 2009. The park is now a total of 2,701 acres, part of which is at the base of the mountain and part of which is on Cheyenne Mountain.[37][38] It has 20 miles of trails.[37]
North Cheyenne Cañon Park was started when the city of Colorado Springs bought 640 acres in North Cheyenne Cañon from Colorado College in 1885. An additional 480 acres was donated by General William Jackson Palmer. That land included High Drive, Silver Cascade Falls, and Helen Hunt Falls. In 1909 the Park Commission called it "by far the grandest and most popular of all the beautiful cañons near the city" for its evergreen trees, waterfalls, Cheyenne Creek, and rock formations.[10] Moderate hikes in the canon include Mount Cutler and Columbine trails.[27]
The two creeks meet and form Cheyenne Creek near the intersection of North Cheyenne Canyon Road, South Cheyenne Canyon Road, and Cheyenne Boulevard.[45][46]
North Cheyenne Cañon Park
Starsmore Discovery Center, North Cheyenne Canon Park
Helen Hunt Falls
Historic trails
Two historic trails, only shown on the Pikes Peak Atlas, lead to the summit top of Cheyenne Mountain: the unofficial and faintly visible Swisher and the MacNiel trails. At the top of the Swisher trail is a meadow and ruins of an old cabin.[47][h]
In popular culture
Cheyenne Mountain was featured at the beginning of 1992 miniseries Intruders
In Robert Heinlein's 1966 The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth included the complete destruction of Cheyenne Mountain by rocks catapulted from the Moon.
The Mountain is a possible choice for the location of XCOM HQ in XCOM Long War, which offers the benefit of already being partially developed.
In the video game Horizon Zero Dawn, Cheyenne Mountain is known as All-Mother Mountain to the Nora Tribe and the modern-day Cheyenne Mountain Complex serves as the site of the Eleuthia-9 cradle facility
The mountain serves as NASA's secret headquarters in the 2014 film Interstellar
^An old Native American legend is that the mountain is the remains of a dragon that drank water from a flood, could not move from the weight, and died, leaving his image captured in the mountain's profile.[3] Legends of the lizard dragon with the great thirst were relayed to Spanish priests, recorded in manuscripts, and delivered to and stored in New Spain's capital and Madrid, Spain's archives. Another legend tells of a devil who lost a fight over land to the god Manitou, who took his dead body to a Cheyenne Mountain canyon, and the devil's horns are the only visible feature.[4]
^E. P. Tenney, a professor and the first president of Colorado College built a cabin in 1881 and the original Bruin Inn in North Cheyenne Cañon in 1884. There is a legend that the original building is incorporated within the current Bruin Inn.[16]
^Wade's Resort was also called Wade City. It was built by Joel H Wade about 1885 on the old Cripple Creek stage road (now Old Stage Road) along South Cheyenne Creek. Wade was the grandfather of Fred Barr. The town, a scheduled stop on the stage route to Cripple Creek, was torn down or burned down by 1934.[16][19]
^It was next used beginning 1910 by the Girl Scouts of America. It was named Camp Vigil by Penrose after he bought the property and had more buildings constructed as a retreat for himself and his friends. After he died in 1939, it was left to the community and was used by the Boy Scouts and YMCA. It became the Emerald Valley Ranch in 1946. Buildings were purchased The Broadmoor from the Turley Family and land is leased from the Pike National Forest.[22]
^Thomas Jacob Noel stated in his book Revisited: The History Behind the Images that the Shrine opened in 1927,[29]: 88 but it opened in 1937.[30]
^The 1,500 acre JL Ranch was a cattle ranch operated by Lloyd and Dorothy Jones until the mid-1900s. The NORAD entrance is near the site of the Jones' former house.[33]
^At the time, the acquisition and preservation of the JL Ranch land was considered a partial victory by the Colorado State Parks, City of Colorado Springs, and others. The ultimate vision was also to preserve land west of the ranch property, which would have connected the grass and shrublands at the base of the mountain to the forests on Cheyenne Mountain. It would have also protected unique geology in that area.[11]: 1–2
^The McNeil trail begins over the crest of a hill from the Broadmoor Stables, which is a 5.7 miles (9.2 km) drive up Old Stage Road. It meets on a ridge with the Swisher Trail. Most of the land at the top is public land; restricted areas are the antenna farm, private property, the road, and the eastern half of the summit. There is an 800 feet (240 m) elevation gain over the combined trails, which are 6.5 miles (10.5 km) round trip.[47]
^Henry Russell Wray (July 31, 1904). "The Legends of Cheyenne Mountain"(PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs. pp. 13:1, 2, 3. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 5, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^"Cheyenne Mountain"(PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs. August 11, 1883. pp. 5:4, 8:1. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
^"Boom on Cheyenne Mountain"(PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs. November 17, 1883. pp. 2:6. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
^"Town of Watsonville"(PDF). The Gazette. Colorado Springs. September 11, 1884. Archived from the original(PDF) on February 2, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
^Glenn R. Scott, with Denver Public Library, Western History and Genealogy Department (1999). "Historic Trail Map of the Denver 1° × 2° Quadrangle, Central Colorado"(PDF). Geologic Investigations Series I-2639 pamphlet. US Geological Survey, US Department of the Interior. p. 30. Retrieved February 1, 2015.((cite web)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Duehr, Nate (September 2, 2005). "Cheyenne Mountain Site". Colorado Repeater Association. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
Albertype Co. The Broadmoor and Pike's Peak Region. Brooklyn, NY: Albertype Company. OCLC39474569.
William R. Conte (1988). The Cheyenne Mountain Story: Its Legend, Its History, and Its People. Century One Press. ISBN978-0-937080-21-4.
William R. Conte; Suzanne K. Conte (March 1, 1984). The Old Cripple Creek Stage Road. Little London Press. ISBN978-0-936564-30-2.
William R. Conte; Erling J. Foss (1993). The Overlook Colony: An Historical Account a Handbook and a Guide. Overlook Colony. OCLC32496301.
William R. Conte (1996). Rolling Rock and Rushing Waters on Cheyenne Mountain: Their Impact on People, Property and the Environment. Colorado Springs, CO: William R. Conte. OCLC424055316.
Helen Hunt Jackson (1994). Westward to a High Mountain: The Colorado Writings of Helen Hunt Jackson. Colorado Historical Society. ISBN978-0-942576-35-1.
