The Chongzhen calendar (Chinese: 崇禎曆; pinyin: Chóngzhēn lì; Wade–Giles: Ch‘ung2-chên1 Li4) or Shixian calendar (Chinese: 時憲曆; pinyin: Shíxiàn lì; Wade–Giles: Shih2hsian4 Li4) was a historical edition of the lunisolar Chinese calendar from 1645 to 1913.[1] It was developed by the lead of Xu Guangqi with the assistance of the Jesuit scholars Johann Schreck and Johann Adam Schall von Bell[2] from 1624 to 1644, and was dedicated to the Chongzhen Emperor. When he died a year after it was released, it was propagated in the first year of the Qing dynasty by the Shunzhi Emperor, who changed its name to Shíxiàn calendar.

This calendar is notable for systematically introducing the concepts and development of European mathematics and astronomy to China for the first time, and constituted the first major collaboration between scientists from Europe and from the Far East.[2] Documented in more than 100 volumes of books, It offered an encyclopedic account of Euclidean geometry, spherical geometry and trigonometry, with extensive translations and references to Euclid's Elements and the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Tycho Brahe, whose Tychonic system was used its main theoretical basis.[3][4] In addition, a comprehensive set of mathematical tables and astronomical ephemerides was included.

The main changes introduced by the calendar are:

This calendar was used from the early Qing period into the early modern era, but was modified and replaced in 1914 and again in 1928,[1] with various minor modifications since then. In 1928, it was put under the management of Purple Mountain Observatory (Zijinshan Astronomical Observatory), thus the present version is popularly referenced to as the Zijin calendar. All of these editions were based on modern astronomical data. In the People's Republic of China, it has been officially standardized as GB/T 33661-2017, "Calculation and Promulgation of the Chinese Calendar", issued by the Standardization Administration of China on May 12, 2017.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b "Rules for the Chinese Calendar". ytliu0.github.io. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  2. ^ a b Stone, Richard (2007). "Scientists Fete China's Supreme Polymath". Science. 318 (5851): 733. doi:10.1126/science.318.5851.733. PMID 17975042. S2CID 162156995.
  3. ^ "明版《崇祯历书》原貌再现" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  4. ^ 徐光启和《崇祯历书》 Archived 2011-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ^ "GB/T 33661-2017 Calculation and promulgation of the Chinese calendar". 国家标准全文公开系统. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2023-01-23.


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