Christine Ross Barker
1908
Born
Christine Ross

(1866-01-02)2 January 1866
Little Bras d'Or, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
Died25 June 1940(1940-06-25) (aged 74)
London, Ontario, Canada
NationalityCanadian
Other namesChristine R. Barker
Occupation(s)suffragist, pacifist, and tax reformer
Years active1904–1938

Christine Ross Barker (2 January 1866 – 25 June 1940) was a Canadian pacifist and suffragist, active in the interwar period. She was a member of the Georgist Movement, serving as president of the Women's Henry George League in Manhattan and was one of the founders and first president of the radical Women's Peace Union.

Early life

Christine Ross was born on 2 January 1866[1] in Little Bras d'Or on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada[2] to Christina Isabella (née MacKay/McKay) and John Ross.[3][4] Little is known of her early life, but she moved to New York City and married Wesley E. Barker on 23 December 1903 in Manhattan.[4] Barker was the son of Hersey (née Knowlton) and Wesley E. Barker, Sr. of Springfield, Massachusetts.[5] Her husband, known as "Will" was a journalist and a member of the Manhattan Single Tax Club.[6] In 1905 in Manhattan, the couple had a daughter, Mary Ross Barker,[7] who would later become an educator and be honored with the Order of Canada.[2]

Career

Barker became involved in the women's suffrage movement as well as the Women's Henry George League (WHGL) of Manhattan. By 1904, she was speaking on behalf of the league, making presentations with Carrie Chapman Catt and Maud Nathan.[8] By 1905, she had become president of the WHGL, whose object was to replace all forms of taxation with a single tax on resources, i.e. a form of ground rent.[9] She participated in the Progressive Women's Suffrage Union's Parade on Wall Street in Manhattan in 1908, and was one of the members of the organization's executive board.[10] Around 1910, the family moved to North Cambridge, Massachusetts[11] and the following year, they returned to Canada, moving to Toronto.[12] As she had in the United States, Barker became involved in suffragist causes, joining the Canadian Woman Suffrage Association.[13]

During World War I, Barker broke ranks with the business women's club in Toronto, which she headed, because they favored war. Instead, she actively supported the women meeting at The Hague, who would form the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF).[13] Though a member of WILPF,[14] Barker felt that they lacked resolve to maintain the fight as pacifists and made compromises for the war by buying war bonds, knitting goods and wrapping bandages. When in 1921, Barker proposed that conference be held in Niagara, Ontario between American and Canadian women to discuss their pacifist aims, she approached the Women's Peace Society (WPS) rather than WILPF to help her organize it.[15][16] The WPS had split from the WILPF over the same lack of commitment to the cause that troubled Barker.[17] Out of the conference, held between 19 and 21 August, came the creation of the Women's Peace Union, to unite women from Canada, Latin America and the United States to work for peace.[15][18] Barker served as the first chair, along with Margaret Long Thomas of New York City, who was appointed secretary, and Gertrude Franchot Tone of Niagara Falls, New York, who served as treasurer.[19] The single-purpose of the organization was to pass a constitutional amendment in the United States to outlaw war.[20]

In September 1927, Barker was one of the featured speakers at the Henry George Congress, held in New York City.[21] She not only participated in the Congresses of the society, attending 1934, 1936, and 1938 meetings, but was actively involved in the Henry George School in Toronto.[22][6][23] Her husband died on 26 June 1936 two weeks after they had attended the 1936 School Dinner in New York City.[6]

Death and legacy

Barker died on 25 June 1940 in London, Ontario, Canada[24] and was buried in Brookside Cemetery, New Glasgow, Pictou County, Nova Scotia.[1]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Stillman 2008.
  2. ^ a b Pooley 2004.
  3. ^ Canadian Marriage Records 1868.
  4. ^ a b New York Marriage Records 1903.
  5. ^ Parshall 1897, p. 26.
  6. ^ a b c Land and Freedom 1936, p. 126.
  7. ^ New York City Birth Records 1905.
  8. ^ The New York Times 1904, p. 3.
  9. ^ Club Women of New York 1905.
  10. ^ The Anaconda Standard 1908, p. 23.
  11. ^ Sessional papers of the Dominion of Canada 1910, p. 565.
  12. ^ Sessional papers of the Dominion of Canada 1911, p. 571.
  13. ^ a b Roberts 1996, p. 130.
  14. ^ Campbell 2010, p. 131.
  15. ^ a b Campbell 2010, pp. 131–132.
  16. ^ Alonso 1996, pp. 15, 18.
  17. ^ Alonso 1996, p. 15.
  18. ^ The Morning News 1921, p. 8.
  19. ^ The Survey 1921, p. 721.
  20. ^ Campbell 2010, pp. 130, 136.
  21. ^ Land and Freedom 1927, p. 136.
  22. ^ Land and Freedom 1934, p. 173.
  23. ^ Land and Freedom 1938, p. 146.
  24. ^ Land and Freedom 1940, p. 127.

Bibliography

  • Alonso, Harriet Hyman (1996). The Women's Peace Union and the Outlawry of War, 1921–1942. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-0417-4.
  • Campbell, Peter (2010). Rose Henderson: A Woman for the People. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-8116-6.
  • Parshall, James C. (1897). The Barker Genealogy: giving the names and descendants of several ancestors who settled in the United States previous to the Declaration of Independence, A.D. 1776. Middletown, New York: unidentified. p. 26. OCLC 913500491.
  • Pooley, Erin (31 July 2004). "Mary Ross Barker". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • Roberts, Barbara (1996). Reconstructed World: A Feminist Biography of Gertrude Richardson. Montreal, Quebec, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-1394-5.
  • Stillman, Andrew (2008). "Brookside Cemetery: Christina (Ross) Barker". Geneofun.on.ca. Canada: CanadaGenWeb Cemetery Project. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • "Best Peace Surety". The Morning News. Wilmington, Delaware. 20 August 1921. p. 8. Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Canada Marriages, 1661–1949: John Ross/Isabella McKay". FamilySearch. Salt Lake City, Utah: Family History Library of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 23 June 1868. FHL microfilm #1570990, Pg 186, Cn 216. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • "Women's Henry George League". Club Women of New York: 1905–1906. New York City, New York: Club Women of New York Company. 1905. p. 78.
  • "For Independent Teachers". The New York Times. New York City, New York. 24 April 1904. p. 3. Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via Newspaperarchive.com. Open access icon
  • "Henry George Congress". Land and Freedom. XXVII (5). New York City, New York: Land and Freedom Journal of the Henry George Movement: 134–136. September–October 1927. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  • "Henry George Congress". Land and Freedom. XXXIV (6). New York City, New York: Land and Freedom Journal of the Henry George Movement: 172–173. November–December 1934. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  • "New York Marriages, 1686–1980: Wesley E. Barker/Chrisine Ross". FamilySearch. Salt Lake City, Utah: Family History Library of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 23 June 1868. FHL microfilm #1298666, Pg 186, Cn 216. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • "New York City Births, 1846–1909: Mary Barker". FamilySearch. New York City, New York: New York Municipal Archives. 8 January 1905. FHL microfilm #1984406. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • "Jottings". The Survey. XLVI (20). New York City, New York: Survey Associates Inc. for Charity Organization Society of the City of New York: 721. 24 September 1921. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  • "News, Notes, and Personals". Land and Freedom. XL (4). New York City, New York: Land and Freedom Journal of the Henry George Movement: 127. July–August 1940. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  • "Shareholders in Chartered Banks: The Metropolitan Bank". Sessional Papers Volume 2: Second Session of the Eleventh Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. XLIV. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Government Printer: 565. 1910.
  • "Shareholders in Chartered Banks: The Metropolitan Bank". Sessional Papers Volume 2: Third Session of the Eleventh Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. XLV. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Government Printer: 571. 1911.
  • "Thirteenth Annual Henry George Congress". Land and Freedom. XXXVIII (5). New York City, New York: Land and Freedom Journal of the Henry George Movement: 143–146. September–October 1938. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  • "Wesley Barker". Land and Freedom. XXXVI (4). New York City, New York: Land and Freedom Journal of the Henry George Movement: 126. July–August 1936. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  • "Women Planning Campaign for Electoral Franchise". Anaconda, Montana: The Anaconda Standard. 22 March 1908. p. 23. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

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