Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Other names	CMC[1]
This condition is due to T-cells(immune) disorder
Specialty	Infectious diseases, dermatology
Symptoms	Skin ulcer[2]
Types	CANDF1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9j
Diagnostic method	Thyroid function test, Liver function test[3][4]
Treatment	Systemic antifungal therapy[4]

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is an immune disorder of T cells.^[4] It is characterized by chronic infections with Candida that are limited to mucosal surfaces, skin, and nails.^[5]: 310 It can also be associated with other types of infections, such as human papilloma virus. An association with chromosome 2 has been identified.^{[medical citation needed]}

Types

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of this condition are thickened skin, skin ulcer, dyspareunia, endocardium abnormality, vision problems, hepatitis, seizures, bloody urine, and meningitis.^[2]

Associated Diseases or Conditions

There are a number of disorders associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis including endocrine dysfunctions, vitiligo, malabsorption syndromes, neoplasms, and others. In most patients, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is correlated to abnormalities in cell-mediated immunity (T-lymphocyte mediated response)^{[citation needed]}. The T-lymphocytes fail to produce the necessary cytokines that are required for immunity against Candida. Current effective treatments include anti-fungal drugs and, for long-term remissions, restoration of cellular immunity.^[6]

Patients with autosomal-dominant mucocutaneous candidiasis may be at risk for epidermoid esophageal cancer due to the nitrosamine compounds produced by chronic candida infections.^{[citation needed][7]}

Cause

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis can be inherited either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive.^[1] There are 9 types of this condition with the first CANDF1 being located at 2p22.3-p21 (cytogenetically).^[8]

Mechanism

The mechanism the human immune system has is normally to fight an infection (like Candida). Initially, Th17 cells are made by the immune system, which in turn produces interleukin-17 (IL-17). This induces inflammation and white blood cells confront infection.^[9]

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis mutations affect IL-17 by inhibiting its pathway. This in turn affects the human immune system's ability to fight infection, in total there are 9 possible types of this condition.^[9][10]

• 

  Stat1(CANDF7 mutation on Chromosome 2q32)

• 

  CHR 2

Diagnosis

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis can be diagnosed in an affected individual via the following methods/tests:^[3][4]

Treatment

Management for an individual with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis consists of the following (relapse occurs once treatment is ceased, in many cases):^[4][11]

• Systemic anti-fungal therapy (e.g., Fluconazole)
• Transfer factor
• Combination therapy
• Screening (annually)