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((short description|Statutory local time in some given area))
((More citations needed|date=July 2015<!--Possibly the reference added 3My17 sources the entire text, not checked-->))
In modern usage, '''civil time''' refers to statutory time as designated by civilian authorities. Modern civil time is generally national [[standard time]] in a [[time zone]] at a [[UTC offset|fixed offset]] from [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), possibly adjusted by [[daylight saving time]] during part of the year.  UTC is calculated by reference to atomic clocks and was adopted in 1972.<ref name="CCTF09-32">((cite web |title=Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (CCTF/09-32) |url=https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/28435864/working-document-ID-3644/2a6ce17c-7b50-4164-9bee-64f77bfad895 |format=PDF |website=Bureau International des Poids et Mesures |access-date=5 October 2022 |page=3))</ref>  Older systems use [[telescope]] observations.

In traditional astronomical usage, civil time was [[mean solar time]] reckoned from [[midnight]]. Before 1925, the astronomical time 00:00:00 meant noon, twelve hours after the civil time 00:00:00 which meant midnight. [[HM Nautical Almanac Office]] in the [[United Kingdom]] used [[Greenwich Mean Time]] (GMT) for both conventions, leading to ambiguity((Clarify|date=January 2012)), whereas the Nautical Almanac Office at the [[United States Naval Observatory]] used GMT for the pre-1925 convention and Greenwich Civil Time (GCT) for the post-1924 convention until 1952. In 1928, the [[International Astronomical Union]] introduced the term [[Universal Time]] for GMT beginning at midnight.<ref>((Cite book |last1=McCarthy |first1=Dennis D. |author1-link = Dennis McCarthy (scientist) |last2=Seidelmann |first2=P. Kenneth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/429605165 |title=Time : from Earth rotation to atomic physics |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley-VCH |others=P. Kenneth Seidelmann |isbn=978-3-527-40780-4 |location=Weinheim |oclc=429605165 |page =17))</ref>

In modern usage, GMT is no longer a formal standard reference time: it is now a name for the [[time zone]]  [[UTC+00:00]]. Universal Time is now determined by reference to distant celestial objects: UTC is derived from [[International Atomic Time]] (TAI), and is adjusted by [[leap second]]s to compensate for variations in the rotational velocity of the Earth.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/tf/R-REC-TF.460-6-200202-I!!PDF-E.pdf|title=Standard-frequency and time-signal emissions|id=Rec. ITU-R TF.460-6|at=Coordinated universal time (UTC)))</ref> Civil Times around the world are all defined by reference to UTC. [In many jurisdictions, legislation has not been updated and still refers to GMT: this is taken to mean UTC+0.]

== History ==
The division of the day into times of day has existed since the beginning of the calendar.

=== Twelve hours: Babylonian and Roman division of the day ===
People in [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] divided the day into twelve [[hour]]s, but these were reckoned from sunrise rather than midnight. [[Babylonian hour]]s were of equal length, while Roman [[Unequal hours|temporal hours]] varied depending on the season.

The [[Horae]], literally "the hours," were the original Greek goddesses who oversaw regulated life. They were the patron goddesses of the various times of day. In Greek tradition, the twelve hours were counted from just before sunrise to just after sunset.

Roman daytimes were called ''hora'' (hours), with the morning hour as ''hora prima''. The night was divided into four sections called ''vigilia'' (night watch), two before midnight and two after.<ref>[http://www.die-roemer-online.de/verschiedenes/kalender.html The Roman Calendar] - www.die-roemer-online.de, after: [[Johannes Irmscher]], [[Renate Johne]] (eds.): ''[[Lexicon of Antiquity]]''. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1962.</ref> The Romans originally counted the morning hours backwards: "3&nbsp;a. m." or "3 hours ante meridiem" meant "three hours before noon", in contrast to the modern meaning "three hours after midnight".

This ancient division has survived in the [[Liturgy of the Hours]]: [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]], [[Terce]], [[Sext]], and [[Nones (liturgy)|Nones]] are named after the first, third, sixth and ninth hours of the day. The [[Matins]], the nocturnal prayer is, according to the [[Rule of Saint Benedict]], to be prayed at the "eighth hour of the night", which corresponds to about 2&nbsp;am. 

The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[siesta]] derives its name from the Latin ''hora sexta'' for the sixth hour (noon).

=== Middle East ===
In [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]] cultures, the day traditionally begins at nightfall. This is still important today for the beginning of [[Shabbat]] and [[Islamic holiday]]s. 

A division of days has survived from Persian, following the Babylonian beginning of the day: The rōsgār (times of day) are hāwan (morning), uapihwin (afternoon), usērin (evening), ēbsrūsrim (sunset to midnight), and ushahin (midnight to dawn). The last two are collectively called shab (night).

=== Middle Ages and early modern times ===
The modern division of the day into twenty-four hours of equal length (''Italian hours'') first appeared in the 14th century with the invention of the mechanical wheel clock and its widespread use in [[turret clock]]s.

With the onset of [[industrialization]], working hours became tied to the clock rather than to daylight.<ref name="Andrej/BlM">((Citation |last=Andrej |first=Isabella  |year=1993 |title=Der 'blaue Montag' – Eine Form des Widerstandes gegen die industrielle Arbeitszeitdisziplinierung |language=de |trans-title=The 'blue monday' – a form of resistance to industrial disciplining of working hours |work=Seminar Neue Geschichte WS 1993/94: Arbeit und Arbeiterkämpfe in Europa 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert |trans-work=Labor and Workers' Struggles in Europe, 18th to 20th Century |publisher=Institute for Advanced Studies Vienna |url=https://docplayer.org/48757278-Seminar-neue-geschichte-ws-1993-94-univ-prof-edithsaurer-arbeitundarbeiterkaeampfeineuropa18-bis20-jahrhundert.html |mode=cs1))</ref>

==See also==
* ((anli|Local time))
* ((anli|Solar time))
* ((anli|Civil calendar))
* [[:Category:Time by country]]
* [[:Category:Time zones]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*[http://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html Time Scales]

((Time measurement and standards))
((Time Topics))

[[Category:Time scales]]

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