Claude Ruggieri
Born
Claude-Eugène-Fortuné Ruggieri

1777
Paris, France
Died30 August 1841(1841-08-30) (aged 63–64)
Paris, France
Known forFireworks, Rockets
SpouseCatherine Antoinette Lagrange

Claude Ruggieri (1777 – 30 August 1841) was a pyrotechnician in Paris, France, who developed and wrote about innovations in fireworks design. He and others in his family were renowned and patronized by royalty for their creation of great fireworks extravaganzas.[1]: 79–83 [2] They also opened a public pleasure garden where fireworks displays could be enjoyed by the people of Paris.[3]: 220–226 [1]: 86  The Ruggieris introduced a style of fireworks that was theatrical rather than being based on military gunnery.[1]: 79–83 

Following a disastrous fireworks accident on 30 May 1770, the Ruggieris fell from favor.[4] Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri was primarily responsible for restoring the family to its position of prominence. He used the new science of chemistry to develop novel fireworks, in particular colored fireworks that distinguished the Ruggieris from their rivals.[1]: 77–88  He discovered a way to reliably create a vivid "green fire" observed in Russian fireworks.[3]: 220–231  In his writings, Claude Ruggieri discussed "aerial philosophy",[1]: 85  the composition and reactions of gases or "airs".[5] He emphasized the importance of chemistry as a form of theoretical knowledge and connected it to the artisanal practices of pyrotechnics.[1]: 85 

Claude Ruggieri was a friend of André-Jacques Garnerin,[1]: 85  the Official Aeronaut of France, and experimented with both balloons and rockets.[2]: 89–91 [6] Ruggieri is credited with being the first person to use rockets to transport living passengers aloft. His passengers were mostly mice and rats, but also sheep. He used parachutes to return them safely to the earth.[7]

Family

Claude-Eugène-Fortuné Ruggieri was born in 1777, to Petronio and Jeanne-Elizabeth Ruggieri.[3]: 226  The Ruggieris were an Italian family who had become naturalized citizens of France. The five Ruggieri brothers (Antonio, Francesco, Gaetano, Petronio and Pietro) left Bologna, Italy, for Paris, France, in 1743. They came from a tradition in which fireworks were used as part of theatre, and accompanied the Comédie Italienne to Paris.[3]: 139–142  Their spectacles pyriques, fireworks mounted on fixed and moving iron armatures, were set off between acts of the theatrical performance. Soon the displays became entertainments in their own right, carefully crafted presentations that referenced history and mythology.[1]: 77–79 

Royal Fire-workes and Illuminations in Whitehall and on the River Thames, for King George II of Great Britain, May 15, 1749

The Ruggieris were appointed artificiers du Roi to King Louis XV. The family thrived as fireworks pyrotechnicians under the patronage of royalty. Louis XV (1710–1774) patronized the elder Ruggieri brothers. Gaetano Ruggieri served King George II of Great Britain. Petronio Ruggieri (−1794) had two sons, Michel-Marie (−1849) and Claude-Fortuné.[1]: 77–78  Michel-Marie and Claude-Fortuné designed and exploded elaborate fireworks displays for Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, and Charles X.[1]: 85–86 

In August 1764, Giovani Battista Torre (aka Jean-Baptiste Torré) established a pleasure garden on the boulevard Saint-Martin in Paris. It was known as the Waux-hall de Torré, or Waux-hall d'été, after Vauxhall Gardens in London. Torré held public fireworks displays that included artificial volcanoes.[8][3]: 212–217  In 1766,[1]: 86  Pietro Ruggieri became the "dignified rival" of Torre by opening his own Jardin Ruggieri at 20, rue Neuve-Saint-Lazare, catering to the Parisien public. After his death in 1778, ownership passed to his brother Petronio.[3]: 220–223  It was taken over by Michel-Marie and Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri in 1794.[1]: 86 

In subsequent generations, Michel's son François Ruggieri (1796–1862) served as a pyrotechnician to Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt.[9] Claude-Fortuné's son, Désiré-François Ruggieri (1818–1885) became the head of the family business in France, acting as a pyrotechnician for Napoleon III.[10] The Ruggieri family business is still in operation in France.[11]

Work

Fireworks

On 30 May 1770, a display planned by Petronio Ruggieri to celebrate the marriage of the future Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette ended in a disastrous accident.[3]: 221–223 [2]: 75 [4][12] In response, the City of Paris slashed its budget for fireworks, cutting off the Ruggieri family's main source of income.[1]: 77 

Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri was primarily responsible for restoring the family to a position of prominence, by using the new science of chemistry to develop novel fireworks that distinguished the Ruggieris from their rivals.[1]: 77–88  Ruggieri was a leader in prioritizing color as an important element of fireworks displays,[13][14] and emphasized the importance of chemistry as a theoretical basis for creating colored fireworks:[15]

Pyrotechny... is a dark chaos which one cannot penetrate without the torch of chemistry – Claude-Fortuné Ruggieri[1]: 87 

Before Ruggieri, the default color for fireworks was a brilliant "white fire", also known as "natural fire". Practitioners sometimes attempted to color their fireworks, generally by adding materials of the target color (e.g. indigo for blue), achieving at best a faint coloration.[14] The Ruggieris first attempted to develop colored fire in 1766 with the help of chemist Antoine Lavoisier. Lavoisier reported only very limited success in his attempts to make yellow, blue, and green fire.[3]: 220–221 [1]: 86 [15]

There were reports that a brilliant "green fire" had been created in the 1700s, most successfully by Mikhail Vasil'evich Danilov and Matvei Martynov at the Russian court. However, other practitioners found it difficult to recreate such effects.[16] In 1804, after hearing a first-person account of Russian green fire, Claude Ruggieri began to experiment with the addition of metallic salts to create colored flames.[15][3]: 226–231 

Ruggieri took four parts of verdigris (copper carbonate) and two parts blue vitriol (copper sulphate) and one part sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride). He mixed them together and added alcohol, then dipped cotton threads into the wet paste and hung them on the figure of a palm tree to make the leaves appear to burn green. The sal-ammoniac volatilized the metal salts to increase the intensity of the colour. – Simon Werrett[15]

Ruggieri claimed to first use green fire publicly in June 1810, as part of a fireworks display for the marriage of Napoleon I and Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma.[3]: 230 

Drawing for the temple of Hymen, a firework display to celebrate the marriage of Napoleon and Marie Louise at the Residence of Princess Pauline Borghèse, the Palais De Neuilly, 1810

Ruggieri wrote a number of works which were translated into English and German as well as being published in French. Ruggieri's first book, Elémens De Pyrotechnie (1801, 1811, 1821)[17] was dedicated to Jean-Antoine Chaptal, the author of Elémens De Chimie, and a minister in Napoleon's government. In this way, Ruggieri aligned himself with a post-revolutionary view of science. Chaptal was a proponent of a "new man" who connected theoretical knowledge and artisanal skills.[1]: 85 

Elémens De Pyrotechnie was filled with discussions of chemistry and physics.[1]: 85  Ruggieri discussed "aerial philosophy",[1]: 85  drawing on some of Joseph Priestley's ideas about the composition and reactions of gases or "airs".[5] However, Ruggieri did not identify key differences between Phlogiston theory and Lavoisier's Caloric theory of combustion.[3]: 228 

At the same time, the book is filled with practical descriptions and detailed diagrams about the construction and use of fireworks. Writing in 1922, Alan Brock describes Ruggieri as "the first author to deal with the subject in such a way as to convince the professional reader of the practical knowledge of the subject."[18]: 142 

Balloons, rockets and parachutes

Claude Ruggieri was a friend of André-Jacques Garnerin,[1]: 85  the Official Aeronaut of France, who held balloon ascensions in the Ruggieri's pleasure garden. In 1801, Garnerin and Ruggieri celebrated Bastille Day with a combined balloon ascension and fireworks display.[2]: 89–91 

In addition to experimenting with balloons, Claude Ruggieri used rockets to transport living passengers aloft and parachutes to return them safely to the earth. As early as 1806, Ruggieri sent mice and rats up in rockets, recovering them through the use of parachutes. He also apparently sent a sheep about 600 feet up in the air, bringing it back down with parachutes.[7] As a result, Ruggieri is credited with being the first person to use rockets to carry living creatures.[19][20]

In 1830, Ruggieri announced that he would use a large cluster of rockets to lift a larger animal, a ram, into the air. A young man (perhaps as young as 11) apparently offered to replace the ram as a passenger in the test. Plans were made for him to ascend from the Champ de Mars. However, French authorities intervened and canceled the flight, apparently due to the volunteer's youth.[7]

Death

Ruggieri died at number 88, Rue de Clichy, Paris, France, on 30 August 1841. His widow was Catherine Antoinette Lagrange,[21] whom he had married in 1819.[22]

Publications

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Werrett, Simon (2008). "Explosive affinities: Pyrotechnic knowledge in early modern Europe". In Smith, Pamela H.; Schmidt, Benjamin (eds.). Making knowledge in early modern Europe : practices, objects, and texts, 1400–1800. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 68–88. ISBN 978-0-226-76329-3.
  2. ^ a b c d Lynn, M. R. (April 1, 2006). "Sparks for Sale: The Culture and Commerce of Fireworks in Early Modern France". Eighteenth-Century Life. 30 (2): 74–97. doi:10.1215/00982601-2005-004. S2CID 143693446.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Werrett, Simon (2010). Fireworks : pyrotechnic arts and sciences in European history. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89377-8. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Guy-Ryan, Jessie (July 4, 2016). "Inside the World's Deadliest Fireworks Accident". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  5. ^ a b McEvoy, John G. (July 18, 2013). "Joseph Priestley, "Aerial Philosopher": Metaphysics and Methodology in Priestley's Chemical Thought, from 1772 to 1781. Part III". Ambix. 25 (3): 153–175. doi:10.1179/amb.1978.25.3.153. PMID 11615706.
  6. ^ Lynn, Michael R. (2015). The sublime invention : ballooning in Europe, 1783–1820. Routledge. pp. 90–91, 136, 139. ISBN 978-1-317-32416-4.
  7. ^ a b c Caswell, Kurt (October 30, 2018). Laika's window : the legacy of a Soviet space dog. Trinity University Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-1-59534-862-3. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  8. ^ "Waux Hall d'été boulevard St Martin". Les Musées de la ville de Paris. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  9. ^ "artifices". Grande Encyclopédie Larousse. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  10. ^ Chennevières, Henry (1887). "Les Ruggieri, artificiers: 1730–1885". Gazette des Beaux-Arts: La Doyenne des Revues d'Art. 36 (2): 132–140. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  11. ^ "A Creative Spirit". Ruggieri. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  12. ^ Swaby, Rachel (July 3, 2013). "Sky Flowers: The Explosive and Deadly History of Fireworks". Gizmodo. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  13. ^ Baker, Tawrin; Dupre, Sven; Kusukawa, Sachiko; Leonhard, Karin (September 23, 2016). Early modern color worlds. Leyden, Boston: Brill. pp. 186–188. ISBN 9789004316584. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Kalba, Laura Anne (April 21, 2017). Color in the age of impressionism : commerce, technology, and art. Penn State University Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-271-07700-0. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d Werrett, Simon (November 5, 2013). "Full Colour Fireworks" (PDF). Viewpoint (102). British Society for the History of Science: 4–5. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  16. ^ Werrett, Simon (July 18, 2013). "Green is the Colour: St. Petersburg's Chemical Laboratories and Competing Visions of Chemistry in the Eighteenth Century" (PDF). Ambix. 60 (2): 122–138. doi:10.1179/0002698013Z.00000000027. S2CID 95048807.
  17. ^ Daly, Nicholas (December 1, 2017). "Fire on Stage". 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century. 2017 (25). doi:10.16995/ntn.793.
  18. ^ Brock, Alan St. H. (Alan St. Hill) (1922). Pyrotechnics : the history and art of firework making. London: D. O'Connor. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  19. ^ Bjurstedt, Hilding (December 6, 2012). Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Basic Environmental Problems of Man in Space: Paris, 29 October — 2 November 1962. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-7091-5560-8. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  20. ^ Drozd, Anne; Drozd, Jerzy (2018). Rockets : defying gravity (First ed.). Science Comics. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-1-62672-825-7.
  21. ^ "Inventaire après décès: Ruggieri, Claude-Eugène-Fortuné. Clichy (rue de), n° 88". Archives de France. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  22. ^ "Mariage de Claude Eugène Fortuné Ruggieri, artificier du roi, rue de Clichy, n° 3, et de Catherine Antoinette Lagrange, rue de Clichy, n° 17". Archives de France. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
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