Clevosaurus Temporal range: Late Triassic - Early Jurassic Carnian–Sinemurian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skulls of Clevosaurus hudsoni (left) and C. cambrica (right)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Rhynchocephalia
Family:	†Clevosauridae
Genus:	†Clevosaurus Swinton, 1939
Species
See text
Synonyms
Dianosaurus Young, 1982

Clevosaurus (meaning "Gloucester lizard") is an extinct genus of rhynchocephalian reptile from the Late Triassic and the Early Jurassic periods. Species of Clevosaurus were widespread across Pangaea, and have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica.^[1] Five species of Clevosaurus have been found in ancient fissure fill deposits in south-west England and Wales, alongside other sphenodontians, early mammals and dinosaurs. In regards to its Pangaean distribution, C. hadroprodon is the oldest record of a sphenodontian from Gondwana,^[2] though its affinity to Clevosaurus has been questioned.^[3]

History of discovery

The first species of Clevosaurus to be described was C. hudsoni, which was described by William Elgin Swinton in 1939 from a fissure fill deposit in Cromhall Quarry (Magnesian Conglomerate Formation) in the county of Gloucestershire, England, with the name of the county lending its name to the genus.^[4]

Another notable specimen was discovered in 1953 in Cromhall Quarry alongside the holotype of Cryptovaranoides microlanius.^[5]

Description

Species of Clevosaurus varied in body size, with Clevosaurus sectumsemper having an estimated total length of 12 centimetres (4.7 in), while C. hudsoni had a total length of around 25 centimetres (9.8 in). The skull length could range from as little as 1.4 centimetres (0.55 in) in C. sectumsemper and up to 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in C. hudsoni.^[6] Notable for their greatly reduced number of teeth (3-6 per jaw quadrant), broad skulls and shortened snouts. The teeth of european clevosaurs tended to be mesio-distally elongated, blade-like, and occluded precisely with the opposite pair of teeth, leaving conspicuous diagonal wear facets and acting as a self-sharpening cutting surface.^[7] However, the teeth of C. brasiliensis have a very different morphology with no diagonal wear facets, the teeth of the dentary are all conical excluding the posterior-most tooth which can be up to three-times bigger than any of the other teeth, they also have a unique form of implantation, where the base of the teeth sit deeply within the jaw bones, which is not known of in any other rhynchocephalian.^[3]

Paleobiology

Species of Clevosaurus were likely insectivorous. Biomechanical modelling suggests that they had high enough tooth pressures and strong enough bite force to crush chitin, indicating that they had the ability to feed on thick-shelled beetles as well as possibly small vertebrates.^[7]

Taxonomy

At least 9 species of Clevosaurus are considered valid:

• †Clevosaurus bairdi Sues et al. 1994 McCoy Brook Formation, Canada, Hettangian
• †Clevosaurus brasiliensis Bonaparte and Sues 2006^[8] Caturrita Formation, Brazil, Norian
• †Clevosaurus cambrica Keeble et al. 2018^[6] Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissure fill, Wales, Rhaetian
• †Clevosaurus convallis Saila 2005^[9] St. Bride's Island fissure fill, Wales, Hettangian
• †Clevosaurus hadroprodon Hsiou et al. 2019^[10] Santa Maria Formation, Brazil, Carnian
• †Clevosaurus hudsoni Swinton 1939 Cromhall Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
• †Clevosaurus minor Fraser 1988 Cromhall Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
• †Clevosaurus sectumsemper Klein et al. 2015^[11] Woodleaze Quarry fissure fill, England, Rhaetian
• †Clevosaurus nicholasi Bhat et al. 2023^[12] Tiki Formation, India, late Carnian-middle Norian

The three species known from the Sinemurian aged Lufeng Formation of China (C. mcgilli, C.wangi and C. petilus) are now considered indeterminate within the genus.^[13] Indeterminate remains are also known from the Stormberg Group (either Elliot or Clarens Formation) of South Africa, dating to the Hettangian.^[1]

Below is a cladogram of the relationships within Clevosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis of Hsiou et al. (2015):^[14]

"Clevosaurus" latidens was recovered outside of Clevosauridae, as the sister taxon of Opisthodontia.^[14] It was subsequently assigned to a new genus, Fraserosphenodon, in 2018.^[15]

Clevosaurus is considered to be a member of the group Eusphenodontia by the groups definition, due to it possessing characters not shared with more primitive sphenodontians. By definition, it is excluded from Neosphenodontia.^[15]

Position of Clevosaurus within Rhynchocephalia, after DeMar et al. 2022.^[16]