Denarius of Titus Cloelius, 128 BC. On the obverse is the head of Roma, on the reverse is Victoria driving a biga, with a corn-ear below.

The gens Cloelia, originally Cluilia, and occasionally written Clouilia or Cloulia, was a patrician family at ancient Rome. The gens was prominent throughout the period of the Republic. The first of the Cloelii to hold the consulship was Quintus Cloelius Siculus, in 498 BC.[1]

Origin

The Cluilii were one of the noble families of Alba Longa, where they succeeded the royal house of the Silvii. According to legend, Numitor, the grandfather of Romulus and Remus, was deposed by his brother, Amulius, and his sons were slain. When the princes had grown to manhood, they killed Amulius and restored their grandfather to the throne. As he had no surviving sons, it may be that upon Numitor's death the throne passed to the Cluilii. The last king of Alba Longa, and the only one following Numitor whose name has survived in tradition, was Gaius Cluilius.[2]

During his reign, Tullus Hostilius, the third King of Rome (traditionally reigned from 673 to 641 BC), declared his intention to destroy Alba Longa and remove its inhabitants to Rome. Cluilius marched an army to Rome, where according to legend he constructed the Fossa Cluilia, an earthen trench, to fortify his position. During his siege, Cluilius died, and in his place, Mettius Fufetius was appointed dictator. Despite enlisting the help of the Fidenates, Fufetius and the Alban forces were defeated, and their ancient city was destroyed. Its inhabitants were transferred to Rome, where several of the noble families of Alba Longa, including the Cluilii, were enrolled in the senate, and subsequently numbered amongst the patricians.[3][4][5]

In later times, when it became fashionable for Roman families to claim mythological origins, it was said that the gens was descended from Clolius, a companion of Aeneas. From an early date, the Cloelii bore the cognomen Siculus, perhaps referring to the legend that the people of Alba Longa was a mixture of two ancient Italic peoples, the Siculi and the Prisci. Whatever the origin of the family, it may be noted that during the first century of the Republic, two leaders of the Aequi, an Oscan people of central Italy, bore the nomen Cloelius.[6][7][8][9]

Praenomina

The principal names of the Cloelii were Titus, Quintus, and Publius, all of which were very common throughout Roman history. Gaius was borne by the earliest Cloelius whose name is known, and at least one respected member of the gens bore the ancient praenomen Tullus.[10][11]

Branches and cognomina

The only major family of the Cloelii bore the cognomen Siculus, apparently referring to one of the Siculi, an ancient Italic people who had been expelled from the mainland, and subsequently lived in Sicily. Some trade links with Sicily could explain the adoption by the family of this very rare cognomen.[12] The Cloelii Siculi appear at the very beginning of the Roman Republic, and filled the highest offices of the state until the 2nd century BC. The first of the family to achieve prominence is sometimes called Vocula, probably referring to a low or quiet voice.[13][14] Another patrician cognomen was Tullus.[15] The only other known cognomen was Gracchus, held by one of the Aequian Cloelii. The Cloelii recorded at the end of the Republic were plebeian.

Members

Quinarius of Titus Cloelius. 98 BC. Jupiter is portrayed on the obverse. The reverse depicts Victoria crowning a trophy with a captive at its feet, and a carnyx behind. It commemorates the victories of Marius against the Teutons. This coin may have been minted for Marius' veterans.[16]

Early Cluilii

Cloelii Siculi

Others

See also

References

  1. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
  2. ^ Livy, i. 3-5, 22.
  3. ^ Livy, i. 22, 23, 26-30.
  4. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, iii. 2-4, 29.
  5. ^ Sextus Pompeius Festus, epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus, De Verborum Significatu, s.v. Cloeliae Fossae.
  6. ^ Sextus Pompeius Festus, epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus, De Verborum Significatu, s.v. Cloelia.
  7. ^ Livy, iii. 25-28, iv. 9, 10.
  8. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, x. 22-24.
  9. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
  10. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
  11. ^ Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
  12. ^ Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, p. 542.
  13. ^ D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
  14. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
  15. ^ a b Broughton, vol. I, p. 58.
  16. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 331, 332, 629, 630.
  17. ^ Livy, ii. 21.
  18. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, v. 59, 71, 72, 75, 76.
  19. ^ Livy, vi. 31.
  20. ^ Livy, vi. 31.
  21. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 107.
  22. ^ Livy, xl. 42.
  23. ^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, iii. 25-28.
  24. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia, x. 22-24.
  25. ^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, iv. 9, 10.
  26. ^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, iv. 17.
  27. ^ Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
  28. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 285.
  29. ^ Wiseman, "T. Cloelius of Tarracina", pp. 263–264.
  30. ^ Plutarchus, Pompeius, 7.
  31. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 65. Broughton spells his name as T. Cluilius.
  32. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 331, 332.
  33. ^ On the questions surrounding the identification, see Christopher Tuplin, "Coelius or Cloelius? The Third General in Plutarch Pompey 7," in Chiron 9, 137–145 (1979).
  34. ^ Marcus Tullius Cicero, Pro Sexto Roscio, 64; Valerius Maximus 8.1. abs. 13; Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, pp. 174–175.
  35. ^ Shackleton Bailey, "Ecce iterum Cloelius", p. 383.
  36. ^ Damon, "Sex. Cloelius, Scriba", pp. 227–244.
  37. ^ Listed in the Senatus consultum de Panamareis (Viereck no. 20); Broughton, vol. II, pp. 465, 489.
  38. ^ CIL, VI, 24628.
  39. ^ Rowland, "The Importance of Being Cloelius", p. 45.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. ((cite encyclopedia)): Missing or empty |title= (help)

Sources

Ancient sources

Modern sources

  • Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
  • T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
  • Robert Maxwell Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, books 1–5, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965.
  • Robert J. Rowland, Jr., "The Importance of Being Cloelius", in The Classical World, Vol. 61, No. 2 (Oct., 1967).
  • T. P. Wiseman, "T. Cloelius of Tarracina," Classical Review 17, pp. 263–264, (1967).
  • Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
  • D. R. Shackleton Bailey, "Ecce iterum Cloelius", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Bd. 30, H. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1981), p. 383.
  • Michael C. Alexander, Trials in the Late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC, University of Toronto Press (1990).
  • Cynthia Damon, "Sex. Cloelius, Scriba," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 94 (1992), pp. 227–244.
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