Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a particular location.[2]Okta is the usual unit for measurement of the cloud cover. The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine duration as the least cloudy locales are the sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are the least sunny places, as clouds can block sunlight, especially at sunrise and sunset where sunlight is already limited.
Partial cloud cover over the North Atlantic Ocean.Complete cloud coverage over France
The global cloud cover averages around 67-68%, though it ranges from 56% to 73% depending on the minimum optical depth considered (lower when optical depth is large, and higher when it is low, such that subvisible cirrus clouds are counted).[3] Average cloud cover is around 72% over the oceans, with low seasonal variation, and about 55% above land, with significant seasonal variation.[4]
Role in the climate system
Clouds play multiple critical roles in the climate system and diurnal cycle. In particular, being bright objects in the visible part of the solarspectrum, they efficiently reflect light to space and thus contribute to the cooling of the planet, as well as trapping remaining heat at night. Cloud cover thus plays an important role in the energetic balance of the atmosphere and a variation of it is a factor and consequence of and to the climate change expected by recent studies.[5]
Variability
The average cloud cover of the Earth, 2005-2013. Colors range from blue (no clouds) to white (totally cloudy).[6] (click for more detail)
Cloud cover values only vary by 3% from year to year averages, whereas the local, day to day variability in cloud amount typically rises to 30% over the globe. Most data sets agree on the fact that the land is covered by 10-15% less cloud than the oceans. This is due to the seas being covered with water, meaning much more evaporation is possible.[3]
Lastly, there is a latitudinal variation in the cloud cover, such that around 20°N there are regions with 10% lower cloudiness than the global mean. Similar variation (15%) is found at 20°S. This is because of the absence of equatorial effects and strong winds reducing cloud formation.[specify] On the other hand, in the storm regions of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes were found to have with 15–25% more cloudiness than the global mean at 60°S.[3] On average, about 67% of the entire Earth is cloud-covered at any moment.[7]
On a continental scale, it can be noticed based upon a long-term satellite recording of cloudiness data that on a year-mean basis, Europe, North America, South America and Asia are dominated by cloudy skies due to the westerlies, monsoon or other effects. On the other hand, Africa, the Middle East and Australia are dominated by clear skies due to their continentality and aridity.[8]
On a regional scale, some exceptionally humid areas of Earth experience cloudy conditions virtually all time such as South America's Amazon Rainforest while some highly arid areas experience clear-sky conditions virtually all the time such as Africa's Sahara Desert.[8]
Altitude of typical cloud cover
Although clouds can exist within a wide range of altitudes, typical cloud cover has a base at approximately 4,000m and extends up to an altitude of about 5,000m.[9] Clouds height can vary depending on latitude; with cloud cover in polar latitudes being slightly lower and in tropical regions the cloud cover may extend up to 8,000m. The type of cloud is also a factor, with low cumulus clouds sitting at 300–1,500m while high cirrus clouds at 5,500-6,500m.
^Brun, P., Zimmermann, N.E., Hari, C., Pellissier, L., Karger, D.N. (preprint): Global climate-related predictors at kilometre resolution for the past and future. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-212
