Cloverly Formation
Stratigraphic range: Valanginian-Cenomanian PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Brightly colored strata of the Himes Member of the Cloverly Formation near Shell, Wyoming
Type	Geological formation
Sub-units	Pryor Conglomerate, Little Sheep Member, Himes Member
Underlies	Thermopolis Shale
Overlies	Morrison Formation
Thickness	150–400 ft (46–122 m)
Lithology
Primary	Mudstone
Other	Conglomerate, sandstone
Location
Region	Wyoming,  Montana,  Colorado,  Utah
Country	USA
Type section
Named for	Cloverly post office, Wyoming
Named by	Nelson Horatio Darton, 1904[1]

The Cloverly Formation is a geological formation of Early and Late Cretaceous age (Valanginian to Cenomanian stage) that is present in parts of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah in the western United States. It was named for a post office on the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming by N.H. Darton in 1904.^[1][2] The sedimentary rocks of formation were deposited in floodplain environments and contain vertebrate fossils, including a diverse assemblage of dinosaur remains. In 1973, the Cloverly Formation Site was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.^[3]

Stratigraphy

The Cloverly Formation rests disconformably on the Morrison Formation and is conformably overlain by the Thermopolis Shale. It is subdivided into a variety of members, depending on the location.^[2][4] In the Bighorn Basin along the Montana-Wyoming border, Moberly (1960) divided the Cloverly into the following three members:

• The Pryor Conglomerate lies at the base and contains abundant black chert. It is named from thick beds exposed on the west side of the Pryor Mountains.
• The Little Sheep Member lies in the middle and is composed of pale-purple, gray to almost white, bentonitic mudstone.
• The uppermost unit is the Himes Member, which contains some coarse-grained channel sandstone deposits, but consists primarily of brightly multicolored (variegated) mudstones.

In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:

• Unit IV equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
• Unit V, overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized chalcedony and barite concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
• Unit VI is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
• Unit VII, the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of silica.^[5]

Age

A stratigraphic revision of the Cloverly Formation using new uranium lead dates reinterpret the formation as spanning the Valanginian-Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The individual ages of the members are listed below:^[6]

• Pryor Conglomerate; 140-130 Ma (Valanginian-Hauterivian)
• Little Sheep Member; 130-124 Ma (marine section) (Hauterivian-Barremian) and 124-109 Ma (terrestrial section) (Barremian-Albian)
• Himes Member; 109-98 Ma (Albian-Cenomanian)

Depositional environment

The sediments of the Cloverly Formation were deposited in alluvial and floodplain environments. The basal conglomerates probably represent braided river deposits, while the sandstones were deposited in fluvial channels. The mudstones that contain most of the fossils represent overbank, lacustrine, and pedogenic deposits.^[2][4][7]

Vertebrate fauna

Animals recovered include the dinosaurs Deinonychus, Microvenator, Tenontosaurus, Zephyrosaurus and Sauropelta as well as fragmentary remains of Titanosaurs, Ankylosaurs and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle Naomichelys and Glyptops and the lungfish Ceratodus.^[8] Dinosaur eggs have been found in Montana.^[9]

References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible goniopholidid remains are known from the formation.

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Aquilops[10]	A. americanus	Montana	Cloverly VII; Himes Member[10]		A basal neoceratopsian.
Sauropelta[11]	S. edwardsorum[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[11]		Known from "several articulated skeletons" and common armor plates.[11] Only one partial skull is known.[12]	Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.[11]
Tatankacephalus[13]	T. cooneyorum[13]	Montana[13]	Cloverly VII[13]	Partial cranium, rib fragments, and osteoderms.[13]	Originally described as an ankylosaurid but has since been reclassified as a nodosaurid.[14]
Tenontosaurus[11]	T. tilleti[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[15]		Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.[11]	Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young Tenontosaurus lived in sibling groups. Deinonychus teeth are sometimes associated with Tenontosaurus remains suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.[11]
Zephyrosaurus[11]	Z. schaffi[11]	Montana[11]	Himes Member	Its remains are "very rare."[11]

Saurischians

Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.^[11] Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by John Ostrom as Ornithomimus are suspected by Jack Horner to be of a new ornithomimid genus.^[11] Possible remains of a microraptorian, a troodontid, and a basal tyrannosauroid similar to Moros have also been found here as well.

Saurischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrocanthosaurus[16]	A. atokensis[16]	Wyoming[16]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member[16]
Deinonychus[11]	D. antirrhopus[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[15]		Its remains are "very rare."[11]	Tenontosaurus remains have been recovered in association with Deinonychus teeth on several occasions suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.[11]
Microvenator[11]	M. celer[11]	Montana[11] Wyoming[15]	Himes Member	Its remains are "extremely rare."[11] Known only from a "[p]artial skeleton with partial skull."[17] The specimen lacks feet and is catalogued as AMNH 3041.[18]	The type specimen AMNH 3041[11] was recovered by Barnum Brown from Cloverly strata in Montana in 1933.
Ornithomimus[19]	O. velox[19]	Montana[9] Wyoming[15]			Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.[19]
Rugocaudia[20]	R. cooneyi[20]	Montana[20]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member[20]
Sauroposeidon[21]	S. proteles	Wyoming[16]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member[16]

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Astroconodon	A. sp.[22]				Previously referred as "Cloverly triconodont"
cf. Atokatheridium	Indeterminate
Bryceomys	B. sp.
Corviconodon	C. montanensis
Gobiconodon	G. ostromi
Janumys	J. sp.
Montanalestes	M. keeblerorum
cf. Oklatheridium	Indeterminate
cf. Paracimexomys	Indeterminate
Spalacotheriidae	Indeterminate

Crocodyliforms

Turtles

Lepidosaurs

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albanerpeton	A. ektopistikon[23]
Anura	Indeterminate
Batrachosauroididae	Indeterminate
cf. Scapherpetontidae	Indeterminate
cf. Scotiophryne	Indeterminate

Bony fish

Osteichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus[11]	C. frazieri[11]
	C. nirumbee[24]
aff. Lepidotes	Indeterminate
aff. Pycnodontidae	Indeterminate
Vidalamiinae	Indeterminate

Cartilaginous fish