Clown society is a term used in anthropology and sociology for an organization of comedic entertainers (Heyoka or "clowns") who have a formalized role in a culture or society.
Description and function
Sometimes clown societies have a sacred role, to represent a trickster character in religious ceremonies.[citation needed] Other times the purpose served by members of a clown society is only to parody excessive seriousness, or to deflate pomposity.[1]
In the sense of how clowns function in their culture:[citation needed]
- A clown shows what is wrong with the ordinary way of doing things.
- A clown shows how to do ordinary things the "wrong way".
By doing ordinary things "the wrong way" the clown reveals what would otherwise be perceived as the serious or true state of things in a different fashion.
Members of a clown society may dress in a special costume reserved for clowns, which is often a ridiculously extreme or improper form of normal dress.[citation needed] Some members paint their body with horizontal black and white stripes, which represents a skeleton.[2][3][a]
In the case of the Zuni clown society of the Puebloans,[4] "one is initiated into the Ne'wekwe order by a ritual of filth-eating" where "mud is smeared on the body for the clown performance, and parts of the performance may consist of sporting with mud, smearing and daubing it, or drinking and pouring it onto one another".[5][6]
The sacred clown and his apparently antisocial behavior is condoned in Native American ceremonies.[7][b]
While in their costume, clowns have special permission from their society to parody or criticize defective aspects of their own culture. They are always required to be funny.
In the case of the jester at the English Royal Court with his cap of bells and pig's bladder stick he was allowed to make fun of, be indelicate and sometimes downright rude to members of the royal family and their entourage without fear of reprisal.
Other persons living within the same culture nearly always recognize a clown when they see one, but seldom consciously understand what the clowns do for their society. The typical explanation is "He's just a funny man."[citation needed]
Clown societies usually train new members to become clowns. The training normally takes place by an apprentice system, although there may be some rote schooling as well.[citation needed] Sometimes the training is improvisational comedy, but usually a clown society trains members in well known forms of costume, pantomime, song, dance, and common visual gags. On rare occasions the training includes scripted performances, or skits, which are part of a standard repertoire that "never gets old", and is expected by members of the culture that the clown society is embedded in.
Humor assumes "a sacred position within ceremonials" in many Native North American societies;[8] examples are found in Trickster traditions, Pueblo clown societies, Cherokee "Booger" dances, and aspects of the Northwest Coast potlatch.[9] Humor is a fundamental aspect of Native American life, and has many purposes related to sacred rituals and social cohesion.[9]
