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((Short description|Aspect of agriculture))
((redirect|Ethiopian Coffee|the football club|Ethiopian Coffee F.C.))((Update|date=July 2023))
[[File:Coffee berry sorting process, near Hawassa.jpg|alt=Person sorting coffee beans in Ethiopia|thumb|An example of the coffee bean sorting process in [[Hawassa]], [[Sidama Region]]]]
'''Coffee production in Ethiopia''' is a longstanding tradition which dates back dozens of centuries. [[Ethiopia]] is where ''[[Coffea arabica]]'', the [[coffee]] plant, originates.<ref name=historical/> The plant is now grown in various parts of the world; Ethiopia itself accounts for around '''17%''' of the global coffee market. Coffee is important to the [[economy of Ethiopia]]; around '''30-35%''' of foreign income comes from coffee, with an estimated '''15''' million of the population relying on some aspect of coffee production for their livelihood.<ref name=historical>((cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ep7__RWqq4IC&pg=PA92 |page=92|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|author=Thomas P. Ofcansky, David H. Shinn|publisher=Scarecrow Press|date= 29 Mar 2004|isbn=9780810865662))</ref>  In 2013, coffee exports brought in $300 million,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.allcountries.org/wfb2007/ethiopia/ethiopia_economy.html|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=20 July 2010))</ref> equivalent to '''24%''' of that year's total exports.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/|title=CIA World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=20 July 2010))</ref>

==History==
The coffee plant originates in Kaffa Ethiopia. According to legend, the 9th-century goat herder [[Kaldi]] in the region of [[Kaffa Province|Kaffa]] discovered the coffee plant after noticing the energizing effect the plant had on his flock, but the story did not appear in writing until 1671. After originating in Ethiopia, coffee was consumed as a beverage in Yemen, possibly around the 6th century, even though the origin of coffee drinking is obscure.  <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8jEFDAAAQBAJ Equity Capital From Ancient Partnerships to Modern Exchange Traded Funds By Geoffrey Poitras  page  217]</ref>  From Yemen, coffee spread into Istanbul, Cairo, and Damascus. Ethiopian Christians refrained from drinking coffee due to its perceived association with Muslims until the 19th century.<ref>((Cite book |last=Insoll |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC&dq=adal+sultanate+coffee&pg=PA73 |title=The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2003-07-03 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65702-0 |pages=73 |language=en))</ref> The first coffee houses in Europe opened in Venice in 1645. The first coffee house in the United States began in Boston in 1689. Demand for coffee increased drastically in the 1960s, leading to opening of the first Starbucks store in Seattle in 1971.<ref>((Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Sarada |date=2017-06-28 |title=Sustainable Coffee Production |url=https://oxfordre.com/environmentalscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.001.0001/acrefore-9780199389414-e-224 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.224 |isbn=978-0-19-938941-4))</ref>

=== Politics and the ECX ===
From 1974 to 1991, Ethiopia was ruled by a Marxist dictatorship. Coffee farms were consolidated into large, collective farms, and required to sell to the government at a subsidized price.<ref>((Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title=Ethiopia |url=https://coffeehunter.com/our-origins/ethiopia/ |website=Mercanta))</ref> After 1991, the government allowed farms to form cooperatives and set fair prices. In 2008, The [[Ethiopia Commodity Exchange]] (ECX) launched to ensure the development of the efficient trade of crops, which quickly expanded to include coffee. Through the ECX, coffee is repackaged and categorized, then sold to the highest bidder. The ECX has made coffee more taste-consistent and raised prices for growers. It has also eliminated the buyer's knowledge of the original regional source of a coffee. Tracing coffee is now difficult, and roaster's cannot provide fully accurate information regarding Ethiopian coffee purchased from the ECX. The ECX currently accounts for 90% of all of Ethiopia's coffee, but purchasing through cooperatives is being increasingly more common.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Gulilat |first=Taye |title=Coffee in the Ethiopian Economy |date=1963 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41965689 |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=47–56 |jstor=41965689 |issn=0304-2243))</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Ethiopia_Coffee_Map.png|thumb|right|250px|2018 map of Ethiopia's coffee zones and woredas]]Ethiopia is the world's fifth largest producer of coffee, and Africa's top producer, with 496,200 tonnes in 2022.<ref>((cite web
| url         = https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
| title       = Crops and livestock products
| publisher   = [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
| access-date  = 24 January 2024
))</ref> Over 4 million small-scale farmers produce coffee.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Aregay |first=Merid W. |date=March 1988 |title=The Early History of Ethiopia's Coffee Trade and the Rise of Shawa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700035969 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=19–25 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700035969 |s2cid=154548717 |issn=0021-8537|url-access=subscription ))</ref> Half of the coffee is consumed by Ethiopians,<ref name="Ethiopiacoffetrade" /> and the country leads the continent in domestic consumption.<ref name="discovery" /> The major markets for Ethiopian coffee are the EU (about half of exports), East Asia (about a quarter) and North America.<ref name="Keyzer33">((harvnb|Keyzer|Merbis|Overbosch|2000|p=33))</ref> The total area used for coffee cultivation is estimated to be about ((convert|4000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on)). The exact size is unknown due to the fragmented nature of the coffee farms.<ref name="Belda77">((harvnb|Belda|2006|p=77))</ref> The way of production has not changed much, with nearly all work, cultivating and drying, still done by hand.<ref name="Ethiopiacoffetrade">((cite web|last=Cousin |first=Tracey L |title=Ethiopia Coffee and Trade |publisher=[[American University]] |date=June 1997 |url=http://www.american.edu/TED/ethcoff.htm |access-date=May 10, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511232614/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ethcoff.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2015 ))</ref>

Ethiopia's coffees can be divided into three main categories, depending on their method of production: Forest Coffees, from wild coffee trees grown mostly in the southwest of the country; Garden Coffees, from trees typically planted around a homestead or other dwelling; Plantation Coffees, from trees grown intensively on large farms.<ref>((Cite book|last=Hoffmann|first=James|title=The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition|publisher=Mitchell Beazley|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78472-429-0|location=Great Britain|pages=133|language=English))</ref>[[File:Ethiopia coffee tasters (5762556065).jpg|thumb|A training seminar for coffee tasters (cuppers) in 2003]]The revenues from coffee exports account for 10% of the annual government revenue, because of the large share the industry is given very high priority, but there are conscious efforts by the government to reduce the coffee industry's share of the GDP by increasing the manufacturing sector.<ref name="Belda79">((harvnb|Belda|2006|p=79))</ref>

The Tea and Coffee Authority, part of the federal government, handles anything related to coffee and tea,<ref name="Belda77" /> such as fixing the price at which the washing stations buy coffee from the farmers. This is a legacy from a nationalization scheme set in action by the previous regime that turned over all the washing stations to farmers cooperatives.<ref name="Keyzer35" /> The domestic market is heavily regulated through licenses, with the goal of avoiding market concentration.<ref name="Keyzer35">((harvnb|Keyzer|Merbis|Overbosch|2000|p=35))</ref>

==Beans==
((More citations needed section|date=April 2021))
[[File:PC090346 coffee Bahar Dahr Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|right|A ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' tree on [[Lake Tana]] in [[Bahir Dar]]]]
Ethiopian [[coffee bean]]s of the species ''[[Coffea arabica]]'' can be divided into three categories: Longberry, Shortberry, and Mocha. Longberry varieties consist of the largest beans and are often considered of the highest quality in both value and flavour. Shortberry varieties are smaller than the Longberry beans but, are considered a high grade bean in Eastern Ethiopia where it originates. Also the Mocha variety is a highly prized commodity. Mocha Harars are known for their [[peaberry]] beans that often have complex chocolate, spice and citrus notes.

=== Regional varieties ===
[[File:Ethiopia Sidamo.jpg|thumb|Ethiopian Sidamo beans]]
Ethiopian coffee beans that are grown in either the [[Harar]], [[Yirgachefe (woreda)|Yirgacheffe]], [[Limmu (woreda)|Limu]], [[Jimma]] or Kaffa regions are kept apart and marketed under their regional name.<ref name="discovery">((cite news |title=Major coffee producers |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee/map.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991002140731/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/coffee/map.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 2, 1999 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=2010-05-07 ))</ref><ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&q=ethiopian+limu+coffee&pg=PA99 |title=The coffee paradox: global markets ... - Google Books |access-date=2011-02-07 |isbn=9781842774571 |year=2005 |last1=Daviron |first1=Benoit |last2=Ponte |first2=Stefano |publisher=Zed Books ))</ref> These regional varieties are trademarked names with the rights owned by Ethiopia.<ref>((cite news |title=Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee vow |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6225514.stm |quote=Starbucks has agreed a wide-ranging accord with Ethiopia to support and promote its coffee, ending a long-running dispute over the issue. |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=June 21, 2007 |access-date=2007-06-21 ))</ref>

==== Sidamo ====
It is very likely that in and around this region is where coffee had its origins.
Sidamo coffee is well-balanced with cupping notes exhibiting berries and citrus with complex acidity. The coffee hails from the [[Sidamo Province|province of Sidamo]] in the [[Ethiopian highlands]] at elevations from 1,500 up to 2,200 meters above sea level.
At these elevations the coffee beans can be qualified as “Strictly High Grown” (SHG). Here the Ethiopian coffees grow more slowly and therefore have more time to absorb nutrients and develop more robust flavors based on the local climate and soil conditions. The most distinctive flavour notes found in all Sidamo coffees are lemon and citrus with bright crisp acidity. Sidamo coffee includes Yirgachefe Coffee and Guji Coffee. Both coffee types are very high quality.

==== Genika ====
"Ethiopia Genika" is a type of [[Coffea arabica|Arabica coffee]] of [[Single-origin coffee|single origin]] grown exclusively in the [[Bench Maji Zone]] of [[Ethiopia]]. Like most African coffees, Ethiopia Guraferda features a small and greyish bean, yet is valued for its deep, spice and wine or chocolate-like taste and floral aroma.

==== Harar ====
Harar is in the Eastern highlands of [[Ethiopia]].  It is one of the oldest coffee beans still produced and is known for its distinctive fruity, wine flavour. The shells of the coffee bean are used in a tea called hasher-qahwa. The bean is medium in size with a greenish-yellowish colour. It has medium acidity and full body and a distinctive mocha flavour. Harar is a [[coffee production#Dry process|dry processed]] coffee bean with sorting and processing done almost entirely by hand. Though processing is done by hand, the laborers are extremely knowledgeable of how each bean is categorized.

====Kaffa====

Kaffa coffee is named after the region it comes from, Kaffa, located in south-west Ethiopia. It is also the birthplace of the Arabica plant, mother to all other Arabica coffee plants. Not cultivated nor maintained, the coffee grows wild in the middle of deep forests, between '''1,400 to 2,100''' meters above sea level. Kaffa is thus a forest coffee but can also be found as a semi-forest coffee.

== Impact of climate change ==
Previously, Ethiopia's altitude, temperature, and soil served as opportunities for coffee production.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |last1=Tadesse |first1=Tesfaye |last2=Tesfaye |first2=Bizuayehu |last3=Abera |first3=Girma |date=2020-01-01 |editor-last=Yildiz |editor-first=Fatih |title=Coffee production constraints and opportunities at major growing districts of southern Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Food & Agriculture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1741982 |doi=10.1080/23311932.2020.1741982 |s2cid=219086894|doi-access=free ))</ref> Now, Ethiopia faces constraints pertaining to climate change. The mean annual temperature of Ethiopia has increased rapidly; it is projected to increase by 1.1-3.1 degrees Celsius by 2060. Temperature increases are directly correlated with invasive pests and disease development, both of which can cause production lost when disregarded. Also increasing is the uncertainty of yearly weather patterns. The growing length of the dry season decreases the amount of rainfall in Ethiopian forests where coffee is grown. <ref>((Cite journal |last1=Tadesse |first1=Tesfaye |last2=Tesfaye |first2=Bizuayehu |last3=Abera |first3=Girma |date=2020-01-01 |editor-last=Yildiz |editor-first=Fatih |title=Coffee production constraints and opportunities at major growing districts of southern Ethiopia |journal=Cogent Food & Agriculture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1741982 |doi=10.1080/23311932.2020.1741982 |s2cid=219086894|doi-access=free ))</ref> In addition, dramatic forest loss in Ethiopia threatens coffee cultivation by eliminating factors needed, such as forest cover needed to reduce air and soil temperatures.<ref name=":1">((Cite web |title=Building a climate resilient coffee economy for Ethiopia ((!)) Kew |url=https://www.kew.org/read-and-watch/building-climate-resilient-economy-ethiopia |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.kew.org))</ref> These climate-related abiotic factors have the potential to decrease coffee yield by 70%.<ref name=":0" /> To build resilience, relocation of coffee farms into more suitable areas, likely at higher elevation, may be required to sustain Ethiopian coffee production and the Ethiopian economy. Further, farming adaptations could ensure resilience and improve productivity. These adaptions include irrigation to maintain soil water, tree shade management to protect forest cover, mulching to better soil fertility, terracing to improve [[soil quality]] and reduce water run-off, and pruning to maximize crop potential.<ref name=":1" />

==Starbucks and Ethiopian coffee==
On 26 October 2006, [[Oxfam]] accused [[Starbucks]] of asking the [[National Coffee Association]] (NCA) to block a [[United States trademark law|US trademark]] application from [[Ethiopia]] for three of the country's coffee beans, Sidamo, Harar and [[Irgachefe|Yirgacheffe]].<ref name=BBCStarbucks>((cite news | location = UK | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6086330.stm |date= 26 October 2006 |work= BBC News |title= Starbucks in Ethiopia coffee row |access-date=2 November 2009))</ref> They claimed this could result in denying Ethiopian coffee farmers potential annual earnings of up to [[pound sterling|£]]47m.

Ethiopia and Oxfam America urged Starbucks to sign a licensing agreement with Ethiopia to help boost prices paid to farmers. At issue was Starbucks' use of Ethiopia's famed coffee brands—Guji, Sidamo, Yirgacheffe and Harar—that generate high margins for Starbucks and cost consumers a premium, yet generated very low prices to Ethiopian farmers.

Robert Nelson, the head of the NCA, added that his organization initiated the opposition for economic reasons, "For the U.S. industry to exist, we must have an economically stable coffee industry in the producing world&nbsp;... This particular scheme is going to hurt the Ethiopian coffee farmers economically." The NCA claimed the Ethiopian government was being badly advised and this move could price them out of the market.<ref name=BBCStarbucks />

Facing more than 92,000 letters of concern, Starbucks had placed pamphlets in its stores accusing Oxfam of "misleading behavior" and insisting that its "campaign need[s] to stop". On 7 November, ''[[The Economist]]'' derided Oxfam's "simplistic" stance and Ethiopia's "economically illiterate" government, arguing that Starbucks' (and [[Illy]]'s) standards-based approach would ultimately benefit farmers more.<ref>((cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/daily/columns/businessview/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8129387 |title=Oxfam versus Starbucks: And this time, Oxfam may be wrong |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=7 November 2006 |access-date=2 November 2009)) ((Subscription required))</ref> In conclusion of this issue, on 20 June 2007, representatives of the Government of Ethiopia and senior leaders from Starbucks Coffee Company announced that they had executed an agreement regarding distribution, marketing and licensing that recognizes the importance and integrity of Ethiopia's specialty coffee designations.<ref name=bucks>((Cite news |author=Craig Harris |title = Starbucks chairman, Ethiopia talk beans |publisher=Seattle PI |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Starbucks-chairman-Ethiopia-talk-beans-1257087.php |date = 28 November 2007 |access-date=20 March 2015))</ref> Financial terms regarding this agreement were not disclosed.

Starbucks, as part of the deal, also was set to market Ethiopian coffee during two promotional periods in 2008. A Starbucks spokesman said the announcement is "another development" in the relationship with Ethiopia and a way to raise the profile of Ethiopian coffee around the world.

An [[Oxfam]] spokesman said the deal sounds like a "useful step" as long as farmers are benefiting, and it's a big step from a year ago when Starbucks "wasn't engaging directly (with) Ethiopians on adding value to their [[coffee]]".<ref name="bucks" />

==See also==
((commons category|Coffee in Ethiopia))
((portal|Coffee))
* [[Agriculture in Ethiopia]]
* [[Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea|Coffee ceremony]]
* [[Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union]]
* [[List of countries by coffee production]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161224165049/http://www.fassica.com/product-page/42f19cc8-72a4-58bf-e1a3-ec0f2aff4840 Fassica.com - Yirgacheffe Ethiopian Whole Coffe Bean]
;
;Bibliography
*((citation|last=Belda|first=Pascal|year=2006|title=Ethiopia|publisher=MTH Multimedia S.L.|isbn=978-84-607-9667-1|postscript=.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7X6YOGVaJ7QC))
*((citation|last1=Keyzer|first1=Michiel|last2=Merbis|first2=Max|last3=Overbosch|first3=Geert|year=2000|title=WTO, agriculture, and developing countries: the case of Ethiopia|publisher=Food & Agriculture Org.|isbn=978-92-5-104423-0|postscript=.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5ezuomqfCUC))
*((cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Bennett Alan |last2=Bealer |first2=Bonnie K |title=The world of caffeine : the science and culture of the world's most popular drug |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-92722-6 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn|url-access=registration ))

((Economy of Ethiopia))
((Coffee|nocat=1))
((Coffee production))

[[Category:Economy of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Coffee production by country|Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Coffee in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Ethiopian cuisine]]

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